Association Analysis of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Proteomics Reveals a Vital Role of Ca2+ Signaling in the Determination of Skeletal Muscle Development Potential

Analyzing super-enhancer temporal dynamics reveals potential critical enhancers and their gene regulatory networks underlying skeletal muscle development

Super-enhancers (SEs) govern the expression of genes defining cell identity. However, the dynamic landscape of SEs and their critical constituent enhancers involved in skeletal muscle development remains unclear. In this study, using pig as a model, we employed cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&Tag) to profile the enhancer-associated histone modification marker H3K27ac in skeletal muscle across two prenatal and three postnatal stages, and investigated how SEs influence skeletal muscle development. We identify three SE families with distinct temporal dynamics: continuous (Con, 397), transient (TS, 434), and de novo (DN, 756). These SE families are associated with different temporal gene expression trajectories, biological functions, and DNA methylation levels. Notably, several lines of evidence suggest a potential prominent role of Con SEs in regulating porcine muscle development and meat traits. To pinpoint key cis-regulatory units in Con SEs, we developed an integrative approach that leverages information from eRNA annotation, genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals, and high-throughput capture self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR-seq) experiments. Within Con SEs, we identify 20 candidate critical enhancers with meat and carcass-associated DNA variations that affect enhancer activity, and infer their upstream transcription factors and downstream target genes. As a proof of concept, we experimentally validate the role of one such enhancer and its potential target gene during myogenesis. Our findings reveal the dynamic regulatory features of SEs in skeletal muscle development and provide a general integrative framework for identifying critical enhancers underlying the formation of complex traits.

Innovative Insights into Single-Cell Technologies and Multi-Omics Integration in Livestock and Poultry

In recent years, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has marked significant strides in livestock and poultry research, especially when integrated with multi-omics approaches. These advancements provide a nuanced view into complex regulatory networks and cellular dynamics. This review outlines the application of scRNA-seq in key species, including poultry, swine, and ruminants, with a focus on outcomes related to cellular heterogeneity, developmental biology, and reproductive mechanisms. We emphasize the synergistic power of combining scRNA-seq with epigenomic, proteomic, and spatial transcriptomic data, enhancing molecular breeding precision, optimizing health management strategies, and refining production traits in livestock and poultry. The integration of these technologies offers a multidimensional approach that not only broadens the scope of data analysis but also provides actionable insights for improving animal health and productivity.

A Single-Cell Atlas of Porcine Skeletal Muscle Reveals Mechanisms That Regulate Intramuscular Adipogenesis

Porcine skeletal muscle development is closely linked to meat production efficiency and quality. The accumulation of porcine intramuscular fat is influenced by the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipocytes within the muscle. However, the cellular profiles corresponding to the two stages of muscle development remain undetermined. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) can elucidate cell subsets in tissues, capture gene expression at the individual cell level, and provide innovative perspectives for studying muscle and intramuscular fat formation. In this study, a total of 78,302 nuclei and 9 clusters of cells, which included fibro/adipogenic progenitor (FAP), myonuclei, adipocytes, and other cell types, of Xidu black pigs, were identified on Day 1 and Day 180. The pattern of cell clustering varied between the two developmental stages. Notably, the percentage of adipocytes in the Day 180 group was higher than in the Day 1 group (0.51% vs. 0.15%). Pseudo-time sequence analysis indicated that FAPs could differentiate into adipocytes and myonuclei cells, respectively. The THRSP gene was identified as a biomarker for swine intramuscular fat cells, and its down-regulation resulted in significant reduction in lipid droplet formation in porcine preadipocytes. Our research provides new insights into the cellular characteristics of intramuscular fat formation, which may facilitate the development of novel strategies to enhance intramuscular fat deposition and improve pork quality.

Integrating spatial transcriptomics and single-nucleus RNA-seq revealed the specific inhibitory effects of TGF-β on intramuscular fat deposition

Intramuscular fat (IMF) is a complex adipose tissue within skeletal muscle, appearing specially tissue heterogeneous, and the factors influencing its formation remain unclear. In conditions such as diabetes, aging, and muscle wasting, IMF was deposited in abnormal locations in skeletal muscle, damaged the normal physiological functions of skeletal muscle. Here, we used Longissimus dorsi muscles from pigs with different IMF contents as samples and adopted a method combining spatial transcriptome (ST) and single-nucleus RNA-seq to identify the spatial heterogeneity of IMF. ST revealed that genes involved in TGF-β signaling pathways were specifically highly enriched in IMF. In lean pigs, IMF autocrine produces more TGF-β2, while in obese pigs, IMF received more endothelial-derived TGF-β1. In vitro experiments have proven that porcine endothelial cells in a simulated high-fat environment released more TGF-β1 than TGF-β2. Moreover, under obesity mice, the addition of TGF-β after muscle injury abolished IMF production and slowed muscle repair, whereas TGF-β inhibition accelerated muscle repair. Our findings demonstrate that the TGF-β pathway specifically regulates these processes, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for managing muscle atrophy in obese patients and enhancing muscle repair while reducing IMF deposition.

Advances in single-cell transcriptomics in animal research

Understanding biological mechanisms is fundamental for improving animal production and health to meet the growing demand for high-quality protein. As an emerging biotechnology, single-cell transcriptomics has been gradually applied in diverse aspects of animal research, offering an effective method to study the gene expression of high-throughput single cells of different tissues/organs in animals. In an unprecedented manner, researchers have identified cell types/subtypes and their marker genes, inferred cellular fate trajectories, and revealed cell‒cell interactions in animals using single-cell transcriptomics. In this paper, we introduce the development of single-cell technology and review the processes, advancements, and applications of single-cell transcriptomics in animal research. We summarize recent efforts using single-cell transcriptomics to obtain a more profound understanding of animal nutrition and health, reproductive performance, genetics, and disease models in different livestock species. Moreover, the practical experience accumulated based on a large number of cases is highlighted to provide a reference for determining key factors (e.g., sample size, cell clustering, and cell type annotation) in single-cell transcriptomics analysis. We also discuss the limitations and outlook of single-cell transcriptomics in the current stage. This paper describes the comprehensive progress of single-cell transcriptomics in animal research, offering novel insights and sustainable advancements in agricultural productivity and animal health.

Translatomics reveals the role of dietary calcium addition in regulating muscle fat deposition in pigs

Intramuscular fat (IMF) in pork holds significant importance for economic performance within the pig industry and dietary calcium supplementation enhances the accumulation of intramuscular fat. Additionally, calcium ions inhibit translation and reduce protein synthesis. However, the mechanism by which calcium regulates IMF deposition in muscle through translation remains largely unknown. In this study, we compared the ribosome profiles of the longissimus dorsi muscles of Duroc × Landrace × Large white pigs from the normal calcium (NC) group or calcium supplement (HC) group by Ribo-seq, and RNA-seq. By integrating multiple-omics analysis, we further discovered 437 genes that were transcriptionally unchanged but translationally altered and these genes were significantly enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation signaling pathway. Furthermore, experimental data showed that inhibiting the expression of COX10 and mtND4L increased triglyceride accumulation in C2C12 cells, providing new targets for intramuscular fat deposition. Finally, this work links dietary calcium, translation regulation and IMF deposition, providing a new strategy for both meat quality and economic performance within the pig industry.

A review of the role of epigenetic studies for intramuscular fat deposition in beef cattle

Intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition profoundly influences meat quality and economic value in beef cattle production. Meanwhile, contemporary developments in epigenetics have opened new outlooks for understanding the molecular basics of IMF regulation, and it has become a key area of research for world scholars. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to provide insight and synthesis into the intricate relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and IMF deposition in beef cattle. The methodology involves a thorough analysis of existing literature, including pertinent books, academic journals, and online resources, to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of epigenetic studies in IMF deposition in beef cattle. This review summarizes the contemporary studies in epigenetic mechanisms in IMF regulation, high-resolution epigenomic mapping, single-cell epigenomics, multi-omics integration, epigenome editing approaches, longitudinal studies in cattle growth, environmental epigenetics, machine learning in epigenetics, ethical and regulatory considerations, and translation to industry practices from perspectives of IMF deposition in beef cattle. Moreover, this paper highlights DNA methylation, histone modifications, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, non-coding RNAs, DNA hydroxymethylation, epigenetic readers, writers, and erasers, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing, whole genome bisulfite sequencing, epigenome-wide association studies, and their profound impact on the expression of crucial genes governing adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Nutrition and stress also have significant influences on epigenetic modifications and IMF deposition. The key findings underscore the pivotal role of epigenetic studies in understanding and enhancing IMF deposition in beef cattle, with implications for precision livestock farming and ethical livestock management. In conclusion, this review highlights the crucial significance of epigenetic pathways and environmental factors in affecting IMF deposition in beef cattle, providing insightful information for improving the economics and meat quality of cattle production.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals the Cellular Landscape of Longissimus Dorsi in a Newborn Suhuai Pig

The introduction of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has spurred additional advancements in analyzing the cellular composition of tissues. The longissimus dorsi (LD) in pigs serves as the primary skeletal muscle for studying meat quality in the pig industry. However, the single-cell profile of porcine LD is still in its infancy stage. In this study, we profiled the transcriptomes of 16,018 cells in the LD of a newborn Suhuai pig at single-cell resolution. Subsequently, we constructed a cellular atlas of the LD, identifying 11 distinct cell populations, including endothelial cells (24.39%), myotubes (18.82%), fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs, 18.11%), satellite cells (16.74%), myoblasts (3.99%), myocytes (5.74%), Schwann cells (3.81%), smooth muscle cells (3.22%), dendritic cells (2.99%), pericytes (1.86%), and neutrophils (0.33%). CellChat was employed to deduce the cell-cell interactions by evaluating the gene expression of receptor-ligand pairs across different cell types. The results show that FAPs and pericytes are the primary signal contributors in LD. In addition, we delineated the developmental trajectory of myogenic cells and examined alterations in the expression of various marker genes and molecular events throughout various stages of differentiation. Moreover, we found that FAPs can be divided into three subclusters (NR2F2-FAPs, LPL-FAPs, and TNMD-FAPs) according to their biological functions, suggesting that the FAPs could be associated with the differentiation of tendon cell. Taken together, we constructed the cellular atlas and cell communication network in LD of a newborn Suhuai pig, and analyzed the developmental trajectory of myogenic cells and the heterogeneity of FAPs subpopulation cells. This enhances our comprehension of the molecular features involved in skeletal muscle development and the meat quality control in pigs.

Advances in the discovery of genetic elements underlying longissimus dorsi muscle growth and development in the pig

As a major source of protein in human diets, pig meat plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security. Key determinants of meat production refer to the chemical and physical compositions or characteristics of muscle fibers, such as the number, hypertrophy potential, fiber-type conversion and intramuscular fat deposition. However, the growth and formation of muscle fibers comprises a complex process under spatio-temporal regulation, that is, the intermingled and concomitant proliferation, differentiation, migration and fusion of myoblasts. Recently, with the fast and continuous development of next-generation sequencing technology, the integration of quantitative trait loci mapping with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has greatly helped animal geneticists to discover and explore thousands of functional or causal genetic elements underlying muscle growth and development. However, owing to the underlying complex molecular mechanisms, challenges to in-depth understanding and utilization remain, and the cost of large-scale sequencing, which requires integrated analyses of high-throughput omics data, is high. In this review, we mainly elaborate on research advances in integrative analyses (e.g. GWAS, omics) for identifying functional genes or genomic elements for longissimus dorsi muscle growth and development for different pig breeds, describing several successful transcriptome analyses and functional genomics cases, in an attempt to provide some perspective on the future functional annotation of genetic elements for muscle growth and development in pigs.

Single-nucleus and bulk RNA sequencing reveal cellular and transcriptional mechanisms underlying lipid dynamics in high marbled pork

Pork is the most consumed meat in the world, and its quality is associated with human health. Intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition (also called marbling) is a key factor positively correlated with various quality traits and lipo-nutritional values of meat. However, the cell dynamics and transcriptional programs underlying lipid deposition in highly marbled meat are still unclear. Here, we used Laiwu pigs with high (HLW) or low (LLW) IMF contents to explore the cellular and transcriptional mechanisms underlying lipid deposition in highly-marbled pork by single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing. The HLW group had higher IMF contents but less drip loss than the LLW group. Lipidomics results revelled the changes of overall lipid classes composition (e.g., glycerolipids including triglycerides, diglycerides, and monoglycerides; sphingolipids including ceramides and monohexose ceramide significantly increased) between HLW and LLW groups. SnRNA-seq revealed nine distinct cell clusters, and the HLW group had a higher percentage of adipocytes (1.40% vs. 0.17%) than the LLW group. We identified 3 subpopulations of adipocytes, including PDE4D⁺/PDE7B⁺ (in HLW and LLW), DGAT2⁺/SCD⁺ (mostly in HLW) and FABP5⁺/SIAH1⁺ cells (mostly in HLW). Moreover, we showed that fibro/adipogenic progenitors could differentiate into IMF cells and contribute to 43.35% of adipocytes in mice. In addition, RNA-seq revealed different genes involved in lipid metabolism and fatty acid elongation. Our study provides new insights into the cellular and molecular signatures of marbling formation; such knowledge may facilitate the development of new strategies to increase IMF deposition and the lipo-nutritional quality of high marbled pork.

The Effects of Dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 Supplementation, as an Alternative to Antibiotics, on Growth Performance, Intestinal Immunity, Epithelial Barrier Integrity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Broilers

A total of 240 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly divided into five dietary treatments (control feed (CON), supplemented with 75 mg/kg aureomycin (ANT), supplemented with 7.5 × 108 CFU/kg (Ba1) and 2.5 × 109 CFU/kg (Ba1), and 7.5 × 109 CFU/kg (Ba3) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106, respectively) to investigate the probiotic effect of TL106 instead of antibiotics in broilers. On days 1−21, the average daily gain of broilers in the Ba groups was increased compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). In addition, the feed/gain ratio of broilers in the Ba groups was lower than that of broilers in the CON and ANT groups on days 22−42 and days 1−42 (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, dietary TL106 increased the digestibility of crude fiber and crude protein (p < 0.05), and the effect was similar to that of the ANT group. The levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-6 in serum, jejunum, and ileum of broilers fed TL106 were decreased compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of tight junction proteins in broilers of ANT and Ba groups was higher than the control group (p < 0.05). After 21 days, villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of duodenum and jejunum of broilers fed TL106 were higher than the control group (p < 0.05). The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids such as lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate in cecal digesta of broilers dietary TL106 were higher than the control group (p < 0.05). The supplementation with TL106 altered the compositions and diversity of the cecal microbiota of broilers. Moreover, supplementation with TL106 improved the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria on days 21 and 28, while the abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae was increased. On days 35 and 42, broilers fed TL106 had an increased total abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and decreased abundances of Lactobacillaceae, while the abundance of Barnesiellaceae was increased. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with TL106 improved the broiler’s growth performance, immune response capacity, gut health, modulated development, and composition of the gut microbiota in broilers. It is suggested that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 may be a suitable alternative to in-feed antibiotics to improve broiler health and performance.

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of mRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs in the Longissimus dorsi Muscles between Fat-Type and Lean-Type Pigs

In pigs, meat quality and production are two important traits affecting the pig industry and human health. Compared to lean-type pigs, fat-type pigs contain higher intramuscular fat (IMF) contents, better taste and nutritional value. To uncover genetic factors controlling differences related to IMF in pig muscle, we performed RNA-seq analysis on the transcriptomes of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of Laiwu pigs (LW, fat-type pigs) and commercial Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs (DLY, lean-type pigs) at 150 d to compare the expression profiles of mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA. A total of 225 mRNAs, 12 miRNAs and 57 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed at the criteria of |log2(foldchange)| > 1 and q < 0.05. The mRNA expression of LDHB was significantly higher in the LD muscle of LW compared to DLY pigs with log2(foldchange) being 9.66. Using protein interaction prediction method, we identified more interactions of estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRA) associated with upregulated mRNAs, whereas versican (VCAN) and proenkephalin (PENK) were associated with downregulated mRNAs in LW pigs. Integrated analysis on differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and miRNAs in the LD muscle between LW and DLY pigs revealed two network modules: between five upregulated mRNA genes (GALNT15, FKBP5, PPARGC1A, LOC110258214 and LOC110258215) and six downregulated miRNA genes (ssc-let-7a, ssc-miR190-3p, ssc-miR356-5p, ssc-miR573-5p, ssc-miR204-5p and ssc-miR-10383), and between three downregulated DE mRNA genes (IFRD1, LOC110258600 and LOC102158401) and six upregulated DE miRNA genes (ssc-miR1379-3p, ssc-miR1379-5p, ssc-miR397-5p, ssc-miR1358-5p, ssc-miR299-5p and ssc-miR1156-5p) in LW pigs. Based on the mRNA and ncRNA binding site targeting database, we constructed a regulatory network with miRNA as the center and mRNA and lncRNA as the target genes, including GALNT15/ssc-let-7a/LOC100523888, IFRD1/ssc-miR1379-5p/CD99, etc., forming a ceRNA network in the LD muscles that are differentially expressed between LW and DLY pigs. Collectively, these data may provide resources for further investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying differences in meat traits between lean- and fat-type pigs.

Ryanodine receptor RyR1-mediated elevation of Ca2+ concentration is required for the late stage of myogenic differentiation and fusion

Background

Cytosolic Ca²⁺ plays vital roles in myogenesis and muscle development. As a major Ca²⁺ release channel of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) key mutations are main causes of severe congenital myopathies. The role of RyR1 in myogenic differentiation has attracted intense research interest but remains unclear.

Results

In the present study, both RyR1-knockdown myoblasts and CRISPR/Cas9-based RyR1-knockout myoblasts were employed to explore the role of RyR1 in myogenic differentiation, myotube formation as well as the potential mechanism of RyR1-related myopathies. We observed that RyR1 expression was dramatically increased during the late stage of myogenic differentiation, accompanied by significantly elevated cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration. Inhibition of RyR1 by siRNA-mediated knockdown or chemical inhibitor, dantrolene, significantly reduced cytosolic Ca²⁺ and blocked multinucleated myotube formation. The elevation of cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration can effectively relieve myogenic differentiation stagnation by RyR1 inhibition, demonstrating that RyR1 modulates myogenic differentiation via regulation of Ca²⁺ release channel. However, RyR1-knockout-induced Ca²⁺ leakage led to the severe ER stress and excessive unfolded protein response, and drove myoblasts into apoptosis.

Conclusions

Therefore, we concluded that Ca²⁺ release mediated by dramatic increase in RyR1 expression is required for the late stage of myogenic differentiation and fusion. This study contributes to a novel understanding of the role of RyR1 in myogenic differentiation and related congenital myopathies, and provides a potential target for regulation of muscle characteristics and meat quality.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00668-x.

Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits

Skeletal muscle accounts for the largest proportion of human body mass, on average, and is a key tissue in complex diseases and mobility. It is composed of several different cell and muscle fiber types. Here, we optimize single-nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) to map skeletal muscle cell-specific chromatin accessibility landscapes in frozen human and rat samples, and single-nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) to map cell-specific transcriptomes in human. We additionally perform multi-omics profiling (gene expression and chromatin accessibility) on human and rat muscle samples. We capture type I and type II muscle fiber signatures, which are generally missed by existing single-cell RNA-seq methods. We perform cross-modality and cross-species integrative analyses on 33,862 nuclei and identify seven cell types ranging in abundance from 59.6% to 1.0% of all nuclei. We introduce a regression-based approach to infer cell types by comparing transcription start site-distal ATAC-seq peaks to reference enhancer maps and show consistency with RNA-based marker gene cell type assignments. We find heterogeneity in enrichment of genetic variants linked to complex phenotypes from the UK Biobank and diabetes genome-wide association studies in cell-specific ATAC-seq peaks, with the most striking enrichment patterns in muscle mesenchymal stem cells (∼3.5% of nuclei). Finally, we overlay these chromatin accessibility maps on GWAS data to nominate causal cell types, SNPs, transcription factor motifs, and target genes for type 2 diabetes signals. These chromatin accessibility profiles for human and rat skeletal muscle cell types are a useful resource for nominating causal GWAS SNPs and cell types.

Arginine promotes myogenic differentiation and myotube formation through the elevation of cytoplasmic calcium concentration

This study aimed to explore the mechanism underlying arginine-promoted myogenesis of myoblasts. C2C12 cells were cultured with a medium containing 0.1, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.2 mmol/L arginine, respectively. Cell proliferation, viability, differentiation indexes, cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration, and relative mRNA expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) and key Ca²⁺ channels were measured in the absence or presence of 2 chemical inhibitors, dantrolene (DAN, 10 μmol/L) and nisoldipine (NIS, 10 μmol/L), respectively. Results demonstrated that arginine promoted myogenic differentiation and myotube formation. Compared with the control (0.4 mmol/L arginine), 1.2 mmol/L arginine upregulated the relative mRNA expression levels of myogenin (MyoG) and Myomaker at d 2 during myogenic induction (P < 0.05). Cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentrations were significantly elevated by arginine supplementation at d 2 and 4 (P < 0.05). Relative mRNA expression levels of Ca²⁺ channels including the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) and voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channel (Cav1.1) were upregulated by 1.2 mmol/L arginine during 2-d myogenic induction (P < 0.01). However, arginine-promoted myogenic potential of myoblasts was remarkably compromised by DAN and NIS, respectively (P < 0.05). These findings evidenced that the supplementation of arginine promoted myogenic differentiation and myotube formation through increasing cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration from both extracellular and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺.

Global transcriptomic analysis reveals Lnc-ADAMTS9 exerting an essential role in myogenesis through modulating the ERK signaling pathway

Background

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging key regulators involved in a variety of biological processes such as cell differentiation and development. The balance between myogenesis and adipogenesis is crucial for skeletal muscle homeostasis in humans and meat quality in farm animals. The present study aimed to reveal the global transcriptomic profiles of adipogenic (Adi-) and myogenic (Myo-) precursors derived from porcine skeletal muscle and identify lncRNAs involved in the modulation of myogenesis homeostasis in porcine skeletal muscle.

Results

In this study, a total of 655 novel individual lncRNAs including differentially expressed 24 lncRNAs, and 755 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified (fold change ≥2 or ≤ 0.5 and adjusted P < 0.05). Integrated results of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis accompanied by the variation of intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration highlighted Lnc-ADAMTS9 involved in the modulation of myogenesis homeostasis in porcine skeletal muscle. Although Lnc-ADAMTS9 knock-down did not alter the mRNA expression of ADAMTS9, we demonstrated that Lnc-ADAMTS9 can promote myogenic proliferation and myogenic differentiation of myogenic precursors through inhibiting the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.

Conclusion

We deciphered a comprehensive catalog of mRNAs and lncRNAs that might be involved in the regulation of myogenesis and adipogenesis homeostasis in the skeletal muscle of pigs. The Lnc-ADAMTS9 exerts an essential role in myogenesis through the ERK signaling pathway.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-020-00524-4.

Global DNA methylation pattern involved in the modulation of differentiation potential of adipogenic and myogenic precursors in skeletal muscle of pigs

Background

Skeletal muscle is a complex and heterogeneous tissue accounting for approximately 40% of body weight. Excessive ectopic lipid accumulation in the muscle fascicle would undermine the integrity of skeletal muscle in humans but endow muscle with marbling-related characteristics in farm animals. Therefore, the balance of myogenesis and adipogenesis is of great significance for skeletal muscle homeostasis. Significant DNA methylation occurs during myogenesis and adipogenesis; however, DNA methylation pattern of myogenic and adipogenic precursors derived from skeletal muscle remains unknown yet.

Methods

In this study, reduced representation bisulfite sequencing was performed to analyze genome-wide DNA methylation of adipogenic and myogenic precursors derived from the skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and transcription profiles was further conducted. Based on the results of pathway enrichment analysis, myogenic precursors were transfected with CACNA2D2-overexpression plasmids to explore the function of CACNA2D2 in myogenic differentiation.

Results

As a result, 11,361 differentially methylated regions mainly located in intergenic region and introns were identified. Furthermore, 153 genes with different DNA methylation and gene expression level between adipogenic and myogenic precursors were characterized. Subsequently, pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DNA methylation programing was involved in the regulation of adipogenic and myogenic differentiation potential through mediating the crosstalk among pathways including focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, MAPK signaling pathway, and calcium signaling pathway. In particular, we characterized a new role of CACNA2D2 in inhibiting myogenic differentiation by suppressing JNK/MAPK signaling pathway.

Conclusions

This study depicted a comprehensive landmark of DNA methylome of skeletal muscle-derived myogenic and adipogenic precursors, highlighted the critical role of CACNA2D2 in regulating myogenic differentiation, and illustrated the possible regulatory ways of DNA methylation on cell fate commitment and skeletal muscle homeostasis.

Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02053-3.