1
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Kulkarni H, Dagar N, Gaikwad AB. Targeting polo-like kinase 1 to treat kidney diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4099. [PMID: 39016459 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Globally, ∼850 million individuals suffer from some form of kidney disease. This staggering figure underscores the importance of continued research and innovation in the field of nephrology to develop effective treatments and improve overall global kidney health. In current research, the polo-like kinase (Plk) family has emerged as a group of highly conserved enzyme kinases vital for proper cell cycle regulation. Plks are defined by their N-terminal kinase domain and C-terminal polo-box domain, which regulate their catalytic activity, subcellular localization, and substrate recognition. Among the Plk family members, Plk1 has garnered significant attention due to its pivotal role in regulating multiple mitotic processes, particularly in the kidneys. It is a crucial serine-threonine (Ser-Thr) kinase involved in cell division and genomic stability. In this review, we delve into the types and functions of Plks, focusing on Plk1's significance in processes such as cell proliferation, spindle assembly, and DNA damage repair. The review also underscores Plk1's vital contributions to maintaining kidney homeostasis, elucidating its involvement in nuclear envelope breakdown, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome activation, and the regulation of mRNA translation machinery. Furthermore, the review discusses how Plk1 contributes to the development and progression of kidney diseases, emphasizing its overexpression in conditions such as acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and so forth. It also highlights the importance of exploring Plk1 modulators as targeted therapies for kidney diseases in future. This review will help in understanding the role of Plk1 in kidney disease development, paving the way for the discovery and development of novel therapeutic approaches to manage kidney diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrushikesh Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neha Dagar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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2
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Rasbach L, Caliskan A, Saderi F, Dandekar T, Breitenbach T. An orchestra of machine learning methods reveals landmarks in single-cell data exemplified with aging fibroblasts. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302045. [PMID: 38630692 PMCID: PMC11023401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, a Python framework for characteristic feature extraction is developed and applied to gene expression data of human fibroblasts. Unlabeled feature selection objectively determines groups and minimal gene sets separating groups. ML explainability methods transform the features correlating with phenotypic differences into causal reasoning, supported by further pipeline and visualization tools, allowing user knowledge to boost causal reasoning. The purpose of the framework is to identify characteristic features that are causally related to phenotypic differences of single cells. The pipeline consists of several data science methods enriched with purposeful visualization of the intermediate results in order to check them systematically and infuse the domain knowledge about the investigated process. A specific focus is to extract a small but meaningful set of genes to facilitate causal reasoning for the phenotypic differences. One application could be drug target identification. For this purpose, the framework follows different steps: feature reduction (PFA), low dimensional embedding (UMAP), clustering ((H)DBSCAN), feature correlation (chi-square, mutual information), ML validation and explainability (SHAP, tree explainer). The pipeline is validated by identifying and correctly separating signature genes associated with aging in fibroblasts from single-cell gene expression measurements: PLK3, polo-like protein kinase 3; CCDC88A, Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 88A; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3; ZNF7, Zinc Finger Protein 7; SLC24A2, solute carrier family 24 member 2 and lncRNA RP11-372K14.2. The code for the preprocessing step can be found in the GitHub repository https://github.com/AC-PHD/NoLabelPFA, along with the characteristic feature extraction https://github.com/LauritzR/characteristic-feature-extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauritz Rasbach
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aylin Caliskan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Saderi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Breitenbach
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Fu J, Ling J, Li CF, Tsai CL, Yin W, Hou J, Chen P, Cao Y, Kang Y, Sun Y, Xia X, Jiang Z, Furukawa K, Lu Y, Wu M, Huang Q, Yao J, Hawke DH, Pan BF, Zhao J, Huang J, Wang H, Bahassi EIM, Stambrook PJ, Huang P, Fleming JB, Maitra A, Tainer JA, Hung MC, Lin C, Chiao PJ. Nardilysin-regulated scission mechanism activates polo-like kinase 3 to suppress the development of pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3149. [PMID: 38605037 PMCID: PMC11009390 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) develops through step-wise genetic and molecular alterations including Kras mutation and inactivation of various apoptotic pathways. Here, we find that development of apoptotic resistance and metastasis of KrasG12D-driven PDAC in mice is accelerated by deleting Plk3, explaining the often-reduced Plk3 expression in human PDAC. Importantly, a 41-kDa Plk3 (p41Plk3) that contains the entire kinase domain at the N-terminus (1-353 aa) is activated by scission of the precursor p72Plk3 at Arg354 by metalloendopeptidase nardilysin (NRDC), and the resulting p32Plk3 C-terminal Polo-box domain (PBD) is removed by proteasome degradation, preventing the inhibition of p41Plk3 by PBD. We find that p41Plk3 is the activated form of Plk3 that regulates a feed-forward mechanism to promote apoptosis and suppress PDAC and metastasis. p41Plk3 phosphorylates c-Fos on Thr164, which in turn induces expression of Plk3 and pro-apoptotic genes. These findings uncover an NRDC-regulated post-translational mechanism that activates Plk3, establishing a prototypic regulation by scission mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jianhua Ling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ching-Fei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chi-Lin Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenjuan Yin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Junwei Hou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yichen Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xianghou Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kenei Furukawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David H Hawke
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bih-Fang Pan
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - E I Mustapha Bahassi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Peter J Stambrook
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John A Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Cancer Biology, Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
| | - Chunru Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Paul J Chiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Shi M, Chen T, Wei S, Zhao C, Zhang X, Li X, Tang X, Liu Y, Yang Z, Chen L. Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and Free Energy Calculation Insights into the Binding Mechanism between VS-4718 and Focal Adhesion Kinase. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32442-32456. [PMID: 36119979 PMCID: PMC9476166 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a 125 kDa nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in many carcinomas. Thus, the targeting of FAK by small molecules is considered to be promising for cancer therapy. Some FAK inhibitors have been reported as potential anticancer drugs and have entered into clinical development; for example, VS-4718 is currently undergoing clinical trials. However, the lack of crystal structural data for the binding of VS-4718 with FAK has hindered the optimization of this anticancer agent. In this work, the VS-4718/FAK interaction model was obtained by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The binding free energies of VS-4718/FAK were also calculated using the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area method. It was found that the aminopyrimidine group formed hydrogen bonds with the C502 residue of the hinge loop, while the D564 residue of the T-loop interacted with the amide group. In addition, I428, A452, V484, M499, G505, and L553 residues formed hydrophobic interactions with VS-4718. The obtained results therefore provide an improved understanding of the interaction between human FAK and VS-4718. Based on the obtained binding mechanism, 47 novel compounds were designed to target the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-binding pocket of human FAK, and ensemble docking was performed to assess the effects of these modifications on the inhibitor binding affinity. This work is also expected to provide additional insights into potential future target design strategies based on VS-4718.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsong Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China
Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China
Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Siping Wei
- Key
Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chenyu Zhao
- West
China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- West
China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- West
China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- West
China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China
Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China
Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- . Phone: +86-28-85164063
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China
Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- . Phone: +86-28-85164063
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5
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Kressin M, Fietz D, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Modelling the Functions of Polo-Like Kinases in Mice and Their Applications as Cancer Targets with a Special Focus on Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1176. [PMID: 34065956 PMCID: PMC8151477 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) belong to a five-membered family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases (PLK1-5) that play differentiated and essential roles as key mitotic kinases and cell cycle regulators and with this in proliferation and cellular growth. Besides, evidence is accumulating for complex and vital non-mitotic functions of PLKs. Dysregulation of PLKs is widely associated with tumorigenesis and by this, PLKs have gained increasing significance as attractive targets in cancer with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential. PLK1 has proved to have strong clinical relevance as it was found to be over-expressed in different cancer types and linked to poor patient prognosis. Targeting the diverse functions of PLKs (tumor suppressor, oncogenic) are currently at the center of numerous investigations in particular with the inhibition of PLK1 and PLK4, respectively in multiple cancer trials. Functions of PLKs and the effects of their inhibition have been extensively studied in cancer cell culture models but information is rare on how these drugs affect benign tissues and organs. As a step further towards clinical application as cancer targets, mouse models therefore play a central role. Modelling PLK function in animal models, e.g., by gene disruption or by treatment with small molecule PLK inhibitors offers promising possibilities to unveil the biological significance of PLKs in cancer maintenance and progression and give important information on PLKs' applicability as cancer targets. In this review we aim at summarizing the approaches of modelling PLK function in mice so far with a special glimpse on the significance of PLKs in ovarian cancer and of orthotopic cancer models used in this fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kressin
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (K.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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6
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Zhang Z, Xing X, Guan P, Song S, You G, Xia C, Liu T. Recent progress in agents targeting polo-like kinases: Promising therapeutic strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113314. [PMID: 33765606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play important roles in regulating multiple aspects of cell cycle and cell proliferation. In many cancer types, PLK family members are often dysregulated, which can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and aberrant cell division and has been shown to associate with poor prognosis of cancers. The key roles of PLK kinases in cancers lead to an enhanced interest in them as promising targets for anticancer drug development. In consideration of PLK inhibitors and some other anticancer agents, such as BRD4, EEF2K and Aurora inhibitors, exert synergy effects in cancer cells, dual-targeting of PLK and other cancer-related targets is regarded as an rational and potent strategy to enhance the effectiveness of single-targeting therapy for cancer treatment. This review introduces the PLK family members at first and then focuses on the recent advances of single-target PLK inhibitors and summarizes the corresponding SARs of them. Moreover, we discuss the synergisms between PLK and other anti-tumor targets, and sum up the current dual-target agents based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Xing
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Shanghai Haini Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Pudong, Shanghai, 201100, PR China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Shubin Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, PR China
| | - Guirong You
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China.
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7
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Stolarova L, Kleiblova P, Janatova M, Soukupova J, Zemankova P, Macurek L, Kleibl Z. CHEK2 Germline Variants in Cancer Predisposition: Stalemate Rather than Checkmate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122675. [PMID: 33322746 PMCID: PMC7763663 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline alterations in many genes coding for proteins regulating DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) to DNA double-strand breaks (DDSB) have been recognized as pathogenic factors in hereditary cancer predisposition. The ATM-CHEK2-p53 axis has been documented as a backbone for DDR and hypothesized as a barrier against cancer initiation. However, although CHK2 kinase coded by the CHEK2 gene expedites the DDR signal, its function in activation of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest is dispensable. CHEK2 mutations rank among the most frequent germline alterations revealed by germline genetic testing for various hereditary cancer predispositions, but their interpretation is not trivial. From the perspective of interpretation of germline CHEK2 variants, we review the current knowledge related to the structure of the CHEK2 gene, the function of CHK2 kinase, and the clinical significance of CHEK2 germline mutations in patients with hereditary breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid, and colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Stolarova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Kleiblova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marketa Janatova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Jana Soukupova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Petra Zemankova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Libor Macurek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdenek Kleibl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-22496-745
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