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Mladenović Nikolić N, Kljajević L, Nenadović SS, Potočnik J, Knežević S, Dolenec S, Trivunac K. Adsorption Efficiency of Cadmium (II) by Different Alkali-Activated Materials. Gels 2024; 10:317. [PMID: 38786234 PMCID: PMC11121154 DOI: 10.3390/gels10050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential utilization of fly ash (FA), wood ash (WA), and metakaolin (MK) in developing new alkali-activated materials (AAMs) for the removal of cadmium ions from waste water. The synthesis of AAMs involved the dissolution of solid precursors, FA, WA, and MK, by a liquid activator (Na2SiO3 and NaOH). In concentrated solutions of the activator, the formation of an aluminosilicate gel structure occurred. DRIFT spectroscopy of the AAMs indicated main vibration bands between 1036 cm-1 and 996 cm-1, corresponding to Si-O-Si/Si-O-Al bands. Shifting vibration bands were seen at 1028 cm-1 to 1021 cm-1, indicating that the Si-O-Si/Si-O-Al bond is elongating, and the bond angle is decreasing. Based on the X-ray diffraction results, alkali-activated samples consist of an amorphous phase and residual mineral phases. The characteristic "hump" of an amorphous phase in the range from 20 to 40° 2θ was observed in FA and in all AWAFA samples. By the XRD patterns of the AAMs obtained by the activation of a solid three-component system, a new crystalline phase, gehlenite, was identified. The efficiency of AAMs in removing cadmium ions from aqueous solutions was tested under various conditions. The highest values of adsorption capacity, 64.76 mg/g (AWAFA6), 67.02 mg/g (AWAFAMK6), and 72.84 mg/g mg/g (AWAMK6), were obtained for materials activated with a 6 M NaOH solution in the alkali activator. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second kinetic order provided the best fit for all investigated AAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Mladenović Nikolić
- Department for Materials, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Ljiljana Kljajević
- Department for Materials, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Snežana S. Nenadović
- Department for Materials, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Jelena Potočnik
- Department of Atomic Physics, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Sanja Knežević
- Department for Materials, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Sabina Dolenec
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Trivunac
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Manninen M, Kangas T, Hu T, Varila T, Lassi U, Runtti H. Zn(II) removal from wastewater by an alkali-activated material prepared from steel industry slags: optimization and modelling of a fixed-bed process. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2519-2530. [PMID: 36756951 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2177565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Removal of dissolved zinc (Zn) from water by a novel alkali-activated material (AAM) prepared from steel industry slags in a fixed-bed column was investigated. Design of experiments was used to find the optimum operation parameters [flow rate ( Q ) , adsorbent mass, (m ads ), and initial Zn concentration (C 0 )] for the removal of Zn2+ from a ZnCl2 solution. Regression models for the breakthrough (q b ), and saturation (q sat ) capacities of the bed and three other response parameters as functions of Q , m ads and C 0 were fitted with coefficients of determination (R 2 ) ranging from 0.48 to 0.99. Experimental values of q b and q sat varied within 1.42-7.03 mg Zn/g and 10.57-17.25 mg Zn/g, respectively. The optimum operation parameters were determined to be Q = 1.64 ml/min and m ads = 4.5 g, whereas C 0 had negligible effect on the response parameters in the range 73-107 mg Zn/l. Finally, three empirical breakthrough curve (BTC) models were employed to describe the individual BTCs of which the modified dose - response model was found to give the best fit (0.960 ≤ R 2 ≤ 0.998). The results of the present work demonstrate that the novel AAM has considerable potential to be utilized in water purification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Manninen
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Teija Kangas
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tao Hu
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni Varila
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulla Lassi
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Runtti
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Aprilita N, Luqman M, Suratman A. Removal of cobalt (II) by dithizone-immobilized nickel slag. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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Abdelbasir SM, Khalek MAA. From waste to waste: iron blast furnace slag for heavy metal ions removal from aqueous system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:57964-57979. [PMID: 35355191 PMCID: PMC9395503 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inordinate levels of heavy metals in water sources have long been a matter of concern, posing serious environmental and public health risks. Adsorption, on the other hand, is a viable technique for removing heavy metals from water due to its high efficiency, low cost, and ease of operation. Blast furnace slag (BFS) is considered a cheap sorbent for the get rid of Co2+ and Pb2+ ions from aqueous media. The nonmodified slag is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zeta potential. The removal of Co2+ and Pb2+ ions was carried out using batch adsorption experiments from an aqueous medium. The influence of several variables as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, temperature, and initial ions concentration was considered. The isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic, and recyclability were also conducted. The maximum uptake capacity for Co2+ and Pb2+ was 43.8 and 30.2 mg g-1 achieved at pH 6 after 60 min contact time. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of BFS for Co2+ and Pb2+ fitted well to Avrami and Freundlich models, respectively. The main adsorption mechanism between BFS and the metal ions was ion exchange. The regeneration of the used slag was studied for reuse many cycles. In terms of economics and scalability, nonmodified BFS treatment has great potential as a cost-effective adsorbent that could be used in water pollution treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah M Abdelbasir
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 87, Helwan, 11421, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Abdel Khalek
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 87, Helwan, 11421, Cairo, Egypt
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Mondal SK, Wu C, Nwadire FC, Rownaghi A, Kumar A, Adewuyi Y, Okoronkwo MU. Examining the Effect of a Chitosan Biopolymer on Alkali-Activated Inorganic Material for Aqueous Pb(II) and Zn(II) Sorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:903-913. [PMID: 35025522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers and alkali-activated materials have attracted a great deal of attention as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal contaminants from aqueous solutions. Both materials are sustainable and feature unique properties, but biopolymers are relatively more expensive or difficult to prepare and exhibit low mechanical and surface properties, a narrow pH range, and thermal stability. In this study, hybrid adsorbents were prepared from both types of material, by alkali activation of low-cost fly ash precursors accompanied by incorporation of 0-2%mass chitosan biopolymer. Two types of alkaline activating solutions, NaOH and Na2SiO3, were employed to generate two sets of hybrid adsorbents with varying chitosan contents. The effect of the chitosan dosage on the aqueous Pb(II) and Zn(II) sorption efficiency was also investigated. The adsorbents exhibited 98-100% removal efficiencies for both metals, but the sorption of Zn(II) was generally higher than that of Pb(II). The addition of 0.1-2.0%mass chitosan resulted in very little improvement in the overall efficiency of the adsorbents. In contrast, 0.05%mass chitosan led to a decrease in the sorption efficiency; this was linked to the decrease in the adsorbents' ζ potential. The Na2SiO3-activated materials featured larger BET surface areas and better overall sorption performance, while the NaOH-activated materials showed the worst Pb(II) sorption performance and hence more noticeable improvement upon addition of chitosan. Mechanistic investigation shows that the sorption process follows second-order kinetics and is a chemisorption-driven process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta K Mondal
- Sustainable Materials Laboratory (SusMatLab), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Chenglin Wu
- Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Felix C Nwadire
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia, Nigeria
| | - Ali Rownaghi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Yusuf Adewuyi
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Monday U Okoronkwo
- Sustainable Materials Laboratory (SusMatLab), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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Rheological and the Fresh State Properties of Alkali-Activated Mortars by Blast Furnace Slag. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14082069. [PMID: 33924013 PMCID: PMC8073173 DOI: 10.3390/ma14082069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fresh and rheological properties of alkali mortars activated by blast furnace slag (BFS) were investigated. Consistency tests, squeeze flow, dropping ball, mass density in the hardened state, incorporated air, and water retention were performed. Mortars were produced with the ratio 1:2:0.45 (binder:sand:water), using not only ordinary Portland cement for control but also BFS, varying the sodium content of the activated alkali mortars from 2.5 to 15%. The results obtained permitted understanding that mortars containing 2.5 to 7.5% sodium present a rheological behavior similar to cementitious mortars by the Bingham model. In turn, the activated alkali mortars containing 10 to 15% sodium showed a very significant change in the properties of dynamic viscosity, which is associated with a change in the type of model, starting to behave similar to the Herschel–Bulkley model. Evaluating the properties of incorporated air and water retention, it appears that mortars containing 12.5% and 15% sodium do not have compatible properties, which is related to the occupation of sodium ions in the interstices of the material. Thus, it is concluded that the techniques used were consistent in the rheological characterization of activated alkali mortars.
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