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Wu Y, Liu Y, Zhuang H, Cao J, Yang Y, Zhu X, Sun D, Shi Y, Tao R. High-Sensitivity Curvature Fiber Sensor Based on Miniature Two-Path Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:963. [PMID: 39203614 PMCID: PMC11355968 DOI: 10.3390/mi15080963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new high-sensitivity curvature fiber sensor based on a miniature two-path Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MTP-MZI). The sensor is fabricated by coupling and fusing the multimode fiber (MMF) with the single-mode fiber (SMF) using arc fusion technology (AFT), resulting in a centimeter-level two-path MZI structure. The sensor represents an innovative approach to MZI coupling technology, which reduces device size, simplifies manufacturing, and lowers costs. In curvature-sensing experiments, the MTP-MZI sensor achieves a maximum curvature sensitivity of -96.70 dB/m-1 in the curvature range of 0.0418 m-1 to 0.0888 m-1, which is an extremely high sensitivity among intensity-modulated curvature sensors. Additionally, temperature-sensing measurements of the MTP-MZI sensor show a maximum temperature sensitivity of 212 pm/°C in the range of 30 °C to 70 °C, which is low temperature sensitivity and solves the cross-sensitivity problem. Thanks to the miniature two-path structure of the MTP-MZI, it provides a new perspective for developing multidimensional and multiparameter measurement methods in MZI fiber sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Haoran Zhuang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Juan Cao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yongjie Yang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- School of Microelectronics, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226019, China;
| | | | - Rumao Tao
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
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Bianki MA, Guertin R, Lemieux-Leduc C, Peter YA. Temperature Sensitivity Control of an Inkjet-Printed Optical Resonator on Pillar. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5067-5074. [PMID: 38231197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
We report a whispering gallery mode resonator on a pillar using inkjet printing combined with traditional microfabrication techniques. This approach enables several different polymers on the same chip for sensing applications. However, polymers inherently exhibit sensitivity to multiple stimuli. To mitigate temperature sensitivity, careful selection of design parameters is crucial. By precisely tuning the undercut-to-radius ratio of the resonator, a linear dependence in temperature sensitivity ranging from -41.5 pm/°C to 23.4 pm/°C, with a zero-crossing point at 47.6% is achieved. Consequently, it is feasible to fabricate sensing devices based on undercut microdroplets with minimal temperature sensitivity. The lowest measured temperature sensitivity obtained was 5.9 pm/°C, for a resonator with an undercut-to-radius ratio of 53%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Bianki
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Régis Guertin
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Cédric Lemieux-Leduc
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Yves-Alain Peter
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Savović S, Aidinis K, Djordjevich A, Min R. Investigation of mode coupling in strained and unstrained multimode step-index POFs using the Langevin equation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18156. [PMID: 37539129 PMCID: PMC10393611 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Langevin equation (LE) is used to evaluate mode coupling in multimode step-index polymer optical fiber (SI POF) that is both unstrained and strained. The numerical solution of the LE matches the numerical solution of the power flow equation (PFE). Strain-induced mode coupling is noticeably stronger in strained fiber than in unstrained fiber of the same types. Therefore, compared to similar lengths for unstrained fibers, the coupling length of the equilibrium mode distribution (EMD) is attained and the length of fiber required to produce a steady-state distribution (SSD) are both much shorter for strained fibers. We have demonstrated that the mode coupling in strained and unstrained multimode SI POFs that comes from the random perturbations (RPs) of the fiber can be successfully treated by the LE. The study's findings can be used to improve communication and sensory systems that use multimode SI POFs under different bending circumstances. Additionally, it is crucial to be able to compute the modal distribution of the SI POFs used in the optical fiber sensory system at a specific length and under various bending scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetislav Savović
- University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Konstantinos Aidinis
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, P. O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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Chowdhury HR, Han M. Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor System Using Air-Filled Fabry-Pérot Cavity with Variable Pressure. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3302. [PMID: 36992012 PMCID: PMC10053490 DOI: 10.3390/s23063302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-resolution fiber optic temperature sensor system based on an air-filled Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity, whose spectral fringes shift due to a precise pressure variation in the cavity. The absolute temperature can be deduced from the spectral shift and the pressure variation. For fabrication, a fused-silica tube is spliced with a single-mode fiber at one end and a side-hole fiber at the other to form the FP cavity. The pressure in the cavity can be changed by passing air through the side-hole fiber, causing the spectral shift. We analyzed the effect of sensor wavelength resolution and pressure fluctuation on the temperature measurement resolution. A computer-controlled pressure system and sensor interrogation system were developed with miniaturized instruments for the system operation. Experimental results show that the sensor had a high wavelength resolution (<0.2 pm) with minimal pressure fluctuation (~0.015 kPa), resulting in high-resolution (±0.32 ℃) temperature measurement. It shows good stability from the thermal cycle testing with the maximum testing temperature reaching 800 ℃.
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May-Arrioja DA, Fuentes-Fuentes MA, Hernández-Romano I, Martínez-Manuel R, Cuando-Espitia N. Ratiometric Temperature Sensing Using Highly Coupled Seven-Core Fibers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:484. [PMID: 36617081 PMCID: PMC9823318 DOI: 10.3390/s23010484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a ratiometric approach to sensing temperature variations is shown using specialty fiber optic devices. We analyzed the transmission response of cascaded segments of multicore fibers (MCFs), and dissimilar lengths were found to generate an adequate scheme for ratiometric operation. The perturbation of optical parameters in the MCFs translates to a rich spectral behavior in which some peaks increase their intensity while others decrease their intensity. Thus, by selecting opposite-behavior peaks, highly sensitive ratiometric measurements that provide robustness against spurious fluctuations can be performed. We implemented this approach using seven-core fiber (SCF) segments of 5.8 cm and 9.9 cm. To test the system's response under controlled perturbations, we heated one of the segments from ambient temperature up to 150 °C. We observed defined peaks with opposite behavior as a function of temperature. Two pairs of peaks within the interrogation window were selected to perform ratiometric calculations. Ratiometric measurements exhibited sensitivities 6-14 times higher than single-wavelength measurements. A similar trend with enhanced sensitivity in both peak pairs was obtained. In contrast to conventional interferometric schemes, the proposed approach does not require expensive facilities or micrometric-resolution equipment. Moreover, our approach has the potential to be realized using commercial splicers, detectors, and filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. May-Arrioja
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Prol. Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, Aguascalientes 20200, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Fuentes-Fuentes
- Coordinación de Matemáticas, Universidad Tecnológica de Aguascalientes, Blvd. Juan Pablo II 1302 Exhacienda la Cantera, Aguascalientes 20200, Mexico
| | - Iván Hernández-Romano
- CONACyT-Electronics Department, Sede Palo Blanco, University of Guanajuato, Carr. Salamanca-Valle de Santiago Km 3.5 + 1.8, Salamanca 36885, México
| | - Rodolfo Martínez-Manuel
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Prol. Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, Aguascalientes 20200, Mexico
| | - Natanael Cuando-Espitia
- CONACyT-Electronics Department, Sede Palo Blanco, University of Guanajuato, Carr. Salamanca-Valle de Santiago Km 3.5 + 1.8, Salamanca 36885, México
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Szczerska M, Wityk P, Listewnik P. Impact of temperature on optical sensing in biology based on investigation of SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200186. [PMID: 36153308 PMCID: PMC9537954 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an investigation of the influence of the temperature on the sensing of biological samples. We used biofunctionalized microsphere-based fiber-optic sensor to detect immunoglobulin G attached to the sensor head at temperatures relevant in biological research: 5°C, 25°C, and 55°C. The construction of the sensor allowed us to perform measurements in the small amount of solution. The results of our experiment confirm substantial changes in the measured reflected optical power, indicating the need to control the temperature during such measurements. The sensitivity of the sensor used in this research is 8.82 nW/°C. Coefficient R was also calculated and it equals 0.998, which shows good fit between theoretical linear fit and obtained measured data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szczerska
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and InformaticsGdańsk University of TechnologyGdańskPoland
| | - Paweł Wityk
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and PharmacodynamicsMedical University of GdańskGdańskPoland
| | - Paulina Listewnik
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and InformaticsGdańsk University of TechnologyGdańskPoland
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Prasanna Kumaar S, Sivasubramanian A. Analysis of BCB and SU 8 photonic waveguide in MZI architecture for point-of-care devices. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
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Zhang Y, Meng Z, Wang J, Chen M, Liang Y, Hu X. The Two-Stage Suspension System of the Fiber Optic Vector Hydrophone for Isolating the Vibration from the Mooring Rope. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9261. [PMID: 36501961 PMCID: PMC9739926 DOI: 10.3390/s22239261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The two-stage suspension system (TSSS) is designed for the fiber optic vector hydrophone (FOVH) to isolate the vibration from the mooring rope. The acceleration transmissibility of the TSSS is studied theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the TSSS has a major advantage over the traditional one-stage suspension system (OSSS). Typically, the vibration isolation of the TSSS is demonstrated to be over 25 dB higher than that of the OSSS at 100 Hz. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated that the TSSS has little negative influence on the in-band acceleration response of the FOVH. The TSSS has the prospect of reducing the mechanical noise of the FOVH, which is conducive to suppressing the self-noise and enhancing the ability of weak signal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichi Zhang
- College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Academy of Artillery and Air Defense, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Zhou Meng
- College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jianfei Wang
- College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Mo Chen
- College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xiaoyang Hu
- College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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