1
|
Chowdhury HR, Han M. Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor System Using Air-Filled Fabry-Pérot Cavity with Variable Pressure. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3302. [PMID: 36992012 PMCID: PMC10053490 DOI: 10.3390/s23063302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-resolution fiber optic temperature sensor system based on an air-filled Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity, whose spectral fringes shift due to a precise pressure variation in the cavity. The absolute temperature can be deduced from the spectral shift and the pressure variation. For fabrication, a fused-silica tube is spliced with a single-mode fiber at one end and a side-hole fiber at the other to form the FP cavity. The pressure in the cavity can be changed by passing air through the side-hole fiber, causing the spectral shift. We analyzed the effect of sensor wavelength resolution and pressure fluctuation on the temperature measurement resolution. A computer-controlled pressure system and sensor interrogation system were developed with miniaturized instruments for the system operation. Experimental results show that the sensor had a high wavelength resolution (<0.2 pm) with minimal pressure fluctuation (~0.015 kPa), resulting in high-resolution (±0.32 ℃) temperature measurement. It shows good stability from the thermal cycle testing with the maximum testing temperature reaching 800 ℃.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu S, Lv N, Geng Y, Chen X, Wang G, He S. Optical Fiber Fabry-Pérot Microfluidic Sensor Based on Capillary Fiber and Side Illumination Method. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3198. [PMID: 36991908 PMCID: PMC10053381 DOI: 10.3390/s23063198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an optical fiber Fabry-Pérot (FP) microfluidic sensor based on the capillary fiber (CF) and side illumination method is designed. The hybrid FP cavity (HFP) is naturally formed by the inner air hole and silica wall of CF which is side illuminated by another single mode fiber (SMF). The CF acts as a naturally microfluidic channel, which can be served as a potential microfluidic solution concentration sensor. Moreover, the FP cavity formed by silica wall is insensitive to ambient solution refractive index but sensitive to the temperature. Thus, the HFP sensor can simultaneously measure microfluidic refractive index (RI) and temperature by cross-sensitivity matrix method. Three sensors with different inner air hole diameters were selected to fabricate and characterize the sensing performance. The interference spectra corresponding to each cavity length can be separated from each amplitude peak in the FFT spectra with a proper bandpass filter. Experimental results indicate that the proposed sensor with excellent sensing performance of temperature compensation is low-cost and easy to build, which is suitable for in situ monitoring and high-precision sensing of drug concentration and the optical constants of micro-specimens in the biomedical and biochemical fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wu
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Nanfei Lv
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuhang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaolu Chen
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gaoxuan Wang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Sailing He
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pevec S, Kunavar J, Budinski V, Njegovec M, Donlagic D. An All-Fiber Fabry-Pérot Sensor for Emulsion Concentration Measurements. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1905. [PMID: 36850505 PMCID: PMC9967868 DOI: 10.3390/s23041905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a Fabry-Pérot sensor-based measuring system for measuring fluid composition in demanding industrial applications. The design of the sensor is based on a two-parametric sensor, which enables the simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index (RI). The system was tested under real industrial conditions, and enables temperature-compensated online measurement of emulsion concentration with a high resolution of 0.03 Brix. The measuring system was equipped with filtering of the emulsion and automatic cleaning of the sensor, which proved to be essential for successful implementation of a fiber optic RI sensor in machining emulsion monitoring applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pevec
- Laboratory for Electro Optics and Sensor Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska Cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Vedran Budinski
- Laboratory for Electro Optics and Sensor Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska Cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Matej Njegovec
- Laboratory for Electro Optics and Sensor Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska Cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Denis Donlagic
- Laboratory for Electro Optics and Sensor Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska Cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Volkov P, Lukyanov A, Goryunov A, Semikov D, Vopilkin E, Kraev S. Fiber Optic Impact Location System Based on a Tracking Tandem Low-Coherence Interferometer. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:772. [PMID: 36679568 PMCID: PMC9866004 DOI: 10.3390/s23020772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a method for detecting small-length fluctuations for fiber-optic sensors (FOS). The method is based on a tracking tandem low-coherence interferometer and enables the ability to compensate for temperature and deformation drifts in FOS. As a result, the constant high sensitivity of FOS over a wide frequency range is guaranteed. Sensitivity to the level of 2 nm in the frequency range of 200 kHz has been demonstrated. The operation of the circuit is demonstrated on the example of the 2D location of acoustic signals using a correlation algorithm for signal processing, known as the time reversal method. It is shown that this system enables us to determine the place of the impact on the sample under the test with an accuracy of about 2 cm using a single sensor.
Collapse
|
5
|
Radeschnig U, Bergmann A, Lang B. Flow-Enhanced Photothermal Spectroscopy. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7148. [PMID: 36236246 PMCID: PMC9570771 DOI: 10.3390/s22197148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal spectroscopy (PTS) is a promising sensing technique for the measurement of gases and aerosols. PTS systems using a Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI) are considered particularly promising owing to their robustness and potential for miniaturization. However, limited information is available on viable procedures for signal improvement through parameter tuning. In our work, we use an FPI-based PTS configuration, in which the excitation laser irradiates the target collinearly to the flowing gas. We demonstrate that the generated thermal wave, and thus the signal intensity, is significantly affected by the ratio between excitation modulation frequency and gas flow velocity towards another. We provide an analytical model that predicts the signal intensity with particular considerations of these two parameter settings and validate the findings experimentally. The results reveal the existence of an optimal working regime, depending on the modulation frequency and flow velocity.
Collapse
|
6
|
Schach P, Friedrich A, Williams JR, Schleich WP, Giese E. Tunneling gravimetry. EPJ Quantum Technol 2022; 9:20. [PMID: 35939269 PMCID: PMC9345841 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We examine the prospects of utilizing matter-wave Fabry-Pérot interferometers for enhanced inertial sensing applications. Our study explores such tunneling-based sensors for the measurement of accelerations in two configurations: (a) a transmission setup, where the initial wave packet is transmitted through the cavity and (b) an out-tunneling scheme with intra-cavity generated initial states lacking a classical counterpart. We perform numerical simulations of the complete dynamics of the quantum wave packet, investigate the tunneling through a matter-wave cavity formed by realistic optical potentials and determine the impact of interactions between atoms. As a consequence we estimate the prospective sensitivities to inertial forces for both proposed configurations and show their feasibility for serving as inertial sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Schach
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachbereich Physik, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Schlossgartenstr. 7, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Friedrich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jason R. Williams
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Wolfgang P. Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4242 USA
| | - Enno Giese
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachbereich Physik, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Schlossgartenstr. 7, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ortiz de Zárate D, Serna S, Ponce-Alcántara S, García-Rupérez J. Evaluation of Mesoporous TiO 2 Layers as Glucose Optical Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:5398. [PMID: 35891081 PMCID: PMC9316573 DOI: 10.3390/s22145398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials are currently the basis of many optical sensors because of their ability to provide a higher interaction between the light and the analyte, directly within the optical structure. In this study, mesoporous TiO2 layers were fabricated using a bottom-up synthesis approach in order to develop optical sensing structures. In comparison with more typical top-down fabrication strategies where the bulk constitutive material is etched in order to obtain the required porous medium, the use of a bottom-up fabrication approach potentially allows increasing the interconnectivity of the pore network, hence improving the surface and depth homogeneity of the fabricated layer and reducing production costs by synthesizing the layers on a larger scale. The sensing performance of the fabricated mesoporous TiO2 layers was assessed by means of the measurement of several glucose dilutions in water, estimating a limit of detection even below 0.15 mg/mL (15 mg/dL). All of these advantages make this platform a very promising candidate for the development of low-cost and high-performance optical sensors.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao C, Liu D, Cai Z, Du B, Zou M, Tang S, Li B, Xiong C, Ji P, Zhang L, Gong Y, Xu G, Liao C, Wang Y. A Wearable Breath Sensor Based on Fiber-Tip Microcantilever. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12030168. [PMID: 35323438 PMCID: PMC8946493 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Respiration rate is an essential vital sign that requires monitoring under various conditions, including in strong electromagnetic environments such as in magnetic resonance imaging systems. To provide an electromagnetically-immune breath-sensing system, we propose an all-fiber-optic wearable breath sensor based on a fiber-tip microcantilever. The microcantilever was fabricated on a fiber-tip by two-photon polymerization microfabrication based on femtosecond laser, so that a micro Fabry-Pérot (FP) interferometer was formed between the microcantilever and the end-face of the fiber. The cavity length of the micro FP interferometer was reduced as a result of the bending of the microcantilever induced by breath airflow. The signal of breath rate was rebuilt by detecting power variations of the FP interferometer reflected light and applying dynamic thresholds. The breath sensor achieved a high sensitivity of 0.8 nm/(m/s) by detecting the reflection spectrum upon applied flow velocities from 0.53 to 5.31 m/s. This sensor was also shown to have excellent thermal stability as its cross-sensitivity of airflow with respect to the temperature response was only 0.095 (m/s)/°C. When mounted inside a wearable surgical mask, the sensor demonstrated the capability to detect various breath patterns, including normal, fast, random, and deep breaths. We anticipate the proposed wearable breath sensor could be a useful and reliable tool for respiration rate monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhihao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Du
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Mengqiang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shuo Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.T.); (G.X.)
| | - Bozhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Cong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.T.); (G.X.)
| | - Changrui Liao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.Z.); (D.L.); (Z.C.); (B.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (C.X.); (P.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu L, Morgan SP, Correia R, Korposh S. A single-film fiber optical sensor for simultaneous measurement of carbon dioxide and relative humidity. Opt Laser Technol 2022; 147:None. [PMID: 35241861 PMCID: PMC8689145 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric measurement is a versatile, low-cost method for bio-/chemical sensing and that has importance in biomedical applications. General carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors based on colorimetric change of a pH indicator report only one parameter at a time and are cross-sensitive to relative humidity (RH). This work describes a novel optical fiber sensor with a thin film on the distal end of the fiber, combining colorimetric measurement and a white light Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI) for the simultaneous measurement of CO2 and RH. The CO2 sensitive dye ion-pair: thymol blue and tetramethylammonium hydroxide are encapsulated inside organically modified silica forming an extrinsic FPI cavity (refractive index of 1.501 ± 0.02 and thickness of 5.83 ± 0.09 μm). The sensor reversibly responds to 0-6% CO2 and 0-90% RH with negligible cross-sensitivity and allows measurement of both parameters simultaneously. A sensitivity of ∼0.19 nm/%RH is obtained for RH measurement based on the wavelength shift of the FPI and there is a polynomial correlation between the average intensity of selected wavelengths and the concentration of CO2. The applicability of the sensor is demonstrated by measuring the CO2 and RH exhaled from human breath with a percent error of 3.1% and 2.2% respectively compared to a commercial datalogger. A simulation model is provided for the dye-encapsulated FPI sensor allowing simulation of spectra of sensors with different film thicknesses.
Collapse
|
10
|
Maeda T, Kanamori R, Choi YJ, Taki M, Noda T, Sawada K, Takahashi K. Bio-Interface on Freestanding Nanosheet of Microelectromechanical System Optical Interferometric Immunosensor for Label-Free Attomolar Prostate Cancer Marker Detection. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22041356. [PMID: 35214266 PMCID: PMC8963056 DOI: 10.3390/s22041356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Various biosensors that are based on microfabrication technology have been developed as point-of-care testing devices for disease screening. The Fabry–Pérot interferometric (FPI) surface-stress sensor was developed to improve detection sensitivity by performing label-free biomarker detection as a nanomechanical deflection of a freestanding membrane to adsorb the molecules. However, chemically functionalizing the freestanding nanosheet with excellent stress sensitivity for selective molecular detection may cause the surface chemical reaction to deteriorate the nanosheet quality. In this study, we developed a minimally invasive chemical functionalization technique to create a biosolid interface on the freestanding nanosheet of a microelectromechanical system optical interferometric surface-stress immunosensor. For receptor immobilization, glutaraldehyde cross-linking on the surface of the amino-functionalized parylene membrane reduced the shape variation of the freestanding nanosheet to 1/5–1/10 of the previous study and achieved a yield of 95%. In addition, the FPI surface-stress sensor demonstrated molecular selectivity and concentration dependence for prostate-specific antigen with a dynamic range of concentrations from 100 ag/mL to 1 µg/mL. In addition, the minimum limit of detection of the proposed sensor was 2,000,000 times lower than that of the conventional nanomechanical cantilevers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Maeda
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan; (T.M.); (R.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Ryoto Kanamori
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan; (T.M.); (R.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Yong-Joon Choi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan; (T.M.); (R.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Miki Taki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan; (T.M.); (R.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Toshihiko Noda
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan; (T.M.); (R.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (K.S.)
- Electronics Inspired-Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sawada
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan; (T.M.); (R.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (K.S.)
- Electronics Inspired-Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan; (T.M.); (R.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-532-44-6740
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paixão T, Ferreira R, Domingues MF, Antunes P. Fiber Optic Load Cells with Enhanced Sensitivity by Optical Vernier Effect. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21227737. [PMID: 34833811 PMCID: PMC8623249 DOI: 10.3390/s21227737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing technologies capable of constantly assessing and optimizing day-to-day activities has been a research priority for several years. A key factor in such technologies is the use of highly sensitive sensors to monitor in real-time numerous parameters, such as temperature and load. Due to their unique features, optical fiber sensors became one of the most interesting and viable solutions for applications dependent on those parameters. In this work, we present an optical fiber load sensor, called load cell, based on Fabry-Pérot hollow cavities embedded in a polymeric material. By using the load cells in a parallel configuration with a non-embedded hollow cavity, the optical Vernier effect was generated, allowing maximum sensitivity values of 0.433 nm N-1 and 0.66 nm °C-1 to be attained for vertical load and temperature, respectively. The proposed sensor's performance, allied with the proposed configuration, makes it a viable and suitable device for a wide range of applications, namely those requiring high thermal and load sensitivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Paixão
- I3N and Physics Department, Campus of Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.F.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Ferreira
- I3N and Physics Department, Campus of Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.F.); (P.A.)
| | - M. Fátima Domingues
- IT—Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Antunes
- I3N and Physics Department, Campus of Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.F.); (P.A.)
- IT—Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Monteiro CS, Raposo M, Ribeiro PA, Silva SO, Frazão O. Acoustic Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Graphene Oxide Membrane. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:2336. [PMID: 33801581 PMCID: PMC8037124 DOI: 10.3390/s21072336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A Fabry-Pérot acoustic sensor based on a graphene oxide membrane was developed with the aim to achieve a faster and simpler fabrication procedure when compared to similar graphene-based acoustic sensors. In addition, the proposed sensor was fabricated using methods that reduce chemical hazards and environmental impacts. The developed sensor, with an optical cavity of around 246 µm, showed a constant reflected signal amplitude of 6.8 ± 0.1 dB for 100 nm wavelength range. The sensor attained a wideband operation range between 20 and 100 kHz, with a maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 32.7 dB at 25 kHz. The stability and sensitivity to temperatures up to 90 °C was also studied. Moreover, the proposed sensor offers the possibility to be applied as a wideband microphone or to be applied in more complex systems for structural analysis or imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina S. Monteiro
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Raposo
- Centro de Física e Investigação Tecnológica (CEFITEC), Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.R.); (P.A.R.)
| | - Paulo A. Ribeiro
- Centro de Física e Investigação Tecnológica (CEFITEC), Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.R.); (P.A.R.)
| | - Susana O. Silva
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Orlando Frazão
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jørgensen AL, Kjelstrup-Hansen J, Jensen B, Petrunin V, Fink SF, Jørgensen B. Acquisition and Analysis of Hyperspectral Thermal Images for Sample Segregation. Appl Spectrosc 2021; 75:317-324. [PMID: 33103492 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820972382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the first results of a new type of hyperspectral imager in the long-wave thermal radiation range from 8.0 to 14.0 µm which is simpler than readily available Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-based imagers. Conventional thermography images the thermal radiation from hot objects, but an accurate determination of temperature is hampered by the often unknown emissivities of different materials present in the same image. This paper describes the setup and development of a hyperspectral thermal camera based on a low-order scanning Fabry-Pérot interferometer acting as a bandpass filter. A three-dimensional hyperspectral data cube (two spatial and one spectral dimension) was measured by imaging a high-emissivity carbon nanotube-coated surface (Vantablack), black painted aluminum, borosilicate glass, Kapton tape, and bare aluminum. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the hyperspectral thermal image clearly segregates the individual samples. The most distinguishable sample from the PCA is the borosilicate Petri dish of which the Si-O-Si bond in borosilicate glass was the most noticeable. Additionally, it was found that the relatively large 1024 × 768 × 70 data cube can be reduced to a much smaller cube of size 1024 × 768 × 5 containing 92% of the variance in the original dataset. The possibility of discriminating between the samples by their spectroscopic signature was tested using a logistic regression classifier. The model was fitted to a chosen set of principal components obtained from a PCA of the original hyperspectral data cube. The model was used to predict all pixels in the original data cube resulting in estimates with very high true positive rate (TPR). The highest TPR was obtained for borosilicate glass with a value of 99% correctly predicted pixels. The remaining TPRs were 94% for black painted aluminum, 81% for bare aluminum, 79% for Kapton tape, and 70% for Vantablack. A standard thermographic image was acquired of the same objects where it was found that the samples were mutually indistinguishable in this image. This shows that the hyperspectral thermal image contains sample characteristics which are material related and therefore outperforms standard thermography in the amount of information contained in an image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Løchte Jørgensen
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark
- Research and Development, Newtec Engineering A/S, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Bjarke Jensen
- Research and Development, Newtec Engineering A/S, Odense, Denmark
| | - Victor Petrunin
- Research and Development, Newtec Engineering A/S, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Bjarke Jørgensen
- Research and Development, Newtec Engineering A/S, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kamińska AM, Strąkowski MR, Pluciński J. Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography for Thin Layer and Foil Measurements. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20195653. [PMID: 33023212 PMCID: PMC7582414 DOI: 10.3390/s20195653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this research was to assess if it is possible to evaluate the thickness of thin layers (both thin films on the surface and thin layers below the surface of the tested object) and foils using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for thickness assessment under the resolution of the standard commercially available OCT measurement system. In the proposed solution, light backscattered from the evaluated thin layer has been expressed as a multiple beam interference. Therefore, the OCT system was modeled as a two-beam interferometer (e.g., Michelson), in which one beam propagates from the reference arm and the other comes from a Fabry-Pérot interferometer. As a consequence, the mathematical model consists of the main Michelson interferometer, in which the measuring arm represents the Fabry-Pérot interferometer. The parameters of the layer (or foil) are evaluated by analyzing the minimum value of the interference contrast. The model developed predicts the behavior of the thin layers made from different materials (with different refractive indexes) with different thickness and located at different depths. To verify the correctness of the proposed model, an experiment with a wedge cell has been carried out. The wedge cell was shifted across the scanning beam using a linear translation stage with a micrometer screw under the scanning head. The relationship between the thickness of the gap of the wedge cell and the OCT output signal is presented. For the additional verification of the proposed model, the results of the measurements of the thickness of the thin foil were compared with the theoretical results of the simulations. The film thickness was evaluated based on the calculated positions of the minimum value of interference contrast. A combination of the standard potentialities of OCT with the proposed approach to analyzing the signal produces new metrological possibilities. The method developed allows us to evaluate thickness under the resolution of the system and the location of the layer as well. This produces the possibility of measuring a layer which is covered by another layer. Moreover, it is possible to create a thickness map with high sensitivity to thickness changes. These experiments and simulations are the culmination of preliminary research for evaluating the potential of the proposed measurement method.
Collapse
|
15
|
Shih YC, Tung PC, Wang YC, Shyu LH, Manske E. Linear Displacement Calibration System Integrated with a Novel Auto-Alignment Module for Optical Axes. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20092462. [PMID: 32357499 PMCID: PMC7249654 DOI: 10.3390/s20092462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The quality of processed workpieces is affected directly by the precision of the linear stage. Therefore, the linear displacement calibration of machine tools must be implemented before delivery and after employment for a period of time. How to perform a precise calibration with high inspection efficiency is a critical issue in the precision mechanical engineering industry. In this study, the self-developed system integrated by the measurement module based on the common path Fabry–Pérot interferometer for linear displacement and the auto-alignment module for optical axes was proposed to realize the automatic linear displacement calibration of the linear stages. The measurement performance of the developed structure was verified experimentally. With the auto-alignment module, the cosine error was reduced to 0.36 nm and the entire procedure accomplished within 75 s without the limitation of the perceived resolution of the human eye, operational experience, and the risk of misalignment and broken cable. According to the comparison of experimental results for the linear displacement, the repeatability of the proposed measurement module was less than 0.171 μm. After the compensation procedure according to the linear displacement calibration, the systematic positional deviation, repeatability, and accuracy of the linear axis could be improved to 4 μm, 1 μm, and 5 μm respectively. Hence, the calibration efficiency can be improved by 80% with the proposed compact system, which is beneficial for the linear displacement calibration of machine tools in the precision mechanical engineering industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Shih
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5-5342601 (ext. 4179)
| | - Pi-Cheng Tung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Cheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Horng Shyu
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan
| | - Eberhard Manske
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guillen Bonilla JT, Guillen Bonilla H, Rodríguez Betancourtt VM, Sánchez Morales ME, Reyes Gómez J, Casillas Zamora A, Guillen Bonilla A. Low-Finesse Fabry-Pérot Interferometers Applied in the Study of the Relation between the Optical Path Difference and Poles Location. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20020453. [PMID: 31941162 PMCID: PMC7013768 DOI: 10.3390/s20020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferometry sensors are frequently analyzed by applying the Fourier transform because the transformation separates all frequency components of its signal, making its study on a complex plane feasible. In this work, we study the relation between the optical path difference (OPD) and poles location theoretically and experimentally, using the Laplace transform and a pole-zero map. Theory and experiments are in concordance. For our study, only the cosine function was considered, which is filtered from the interference pattern. In experimental work, two unperturbed low-finesse Fabry-Pérot interferometers were used. First, a Fabry-Pérot interferometer that has a cavity length of ~1.6 mm was used. Its optical path difference was 2.33 mm and the poles were localized at points ±i12. rad/nm. Secondly, a Fabry-Pérot interferometer with a cavity length of ~5.2 mm was used, and its optical path difference was 7.59 mm and the poles were localized at points ±i40.4 rad/nm. Experimental results confirmed the theoretical analysis. Our proposal finds practical application for interferometer analysis, signal processing of optical fiber sensors, communication system analysis, and multiplexing systems based on interferometers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Trinidad Guillen Bonilla
- Departamento de Electrónica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (C.U.C.E.I.), Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara 44410, Mexico;
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (C.U.C.E.I.), Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara 44410, Mexico
| | - Héctor Guillen Bonilla
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (C.U.C.E.I.), Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara 44410, Mexico; (H.G.B.); (A.C.Z.)
| | - Verónica María Rodríguez Betancourtt
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (C.U.C.E.I.), Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara 44410, Mexico;
| | - María Eugenia Sánchez Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias Tecnológicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCienéga), Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad No. 1115, LindaVista, C.P., Ocotlán 47810, Mexico;
| | - Juan Reyes Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias químicas, Universidad de Colima, Las Víboras, Coquimatlan 28045, Mexico;
| | - Antonio Casillas Zamora
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (C.U.C.E.I.), Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara 44410, Mexico; (H.G.B.); (A.C.Z.)
| | - Alex Guillen Bonilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales e Ingenierías, Centro Universitario de los Valles (CUValles), Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca Km. 45.5, Ameca 46600, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(375)-7580-500 (ext. 47417)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martínez-Pérez P, García-Rupérez J. Commercial polycarbonate track-etched membranes as substrates for low-cost optical sensors. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2019; 10:677-683. [PMID: 30931209 PMCID: PMC6423561 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials have become one of the best options for the development of optical sensors, since they maximize the interaction between the optical field and the target substances, which boosts the sensitivity. In this work, we propose the use of a readily available mesoporous material for the development of such sensors: commercial polycarbonate track-etched membranes. In order to demonstrate their utility for this purpose, we firstly characterized their optical response in the near-infrared range. This response is an interference fringe pattern, characteristic of a Fabry-Pérot interferometer, which is an optical device typically used for sensing purposes. Afterwards, several refractive index sensing experiments were performed by placing different concentrations of ethanol solution on the polycarbonate track-etched membranes. As a result, a sensitivity value of around 56 nm/RIU was obtained and the reusability of the substrate was demonstrated. These results pave the way for the development of optical porous sensors with such easily available mesoporous material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez-Pérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|