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Ye S, Jin N, Liu N, Cheng F, Hu L, Zhang G, Li Q, Jing J. Gases and gas-releasing materials for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3273-3292. [PMID: 38727636 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds are a common consequence of skin ulceration in diabetic patients, with severe cases such as diabetic foot even leading to amputations. The interplay between pathological factors like hypoxia-ischemia, chronic inflammation, bacterial infection, impaired angiogenesis, and accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), resulting from the dysregulation of the immune microenvironment caused by hyperglycemia, establishes an unending cycle that hampers wound healing. However, there remains a dearth of sufficient and effective approaches to break this vicious cycle within the complex immune microenvironment. Consequently, numerous scholars have directed their research efforts towards addressing chronic diabetic wound repair. In recent years, gases including Oxygen (O2), Nitric oxide (NO), Hydrogen (H2), Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Ozone (O3), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Nitrous oxide (N2O), along with gas-releasing materials associated with them have emerged as promising therapeutic solutions due to their ability to regulate angiogenesis, intracellular oxygenation levels, exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects while effectively minimizing drug residue-induced damage and circumventing drug resistance issues. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the mechanisms of action and treatment of these gases and related gas-releasing materials in diabetic wound repair. We hope that this review can provide different ideas for the future design and application of gas therapy for chronic diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Neng Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Feixiang Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Guiyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
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Ghaffari-Bohlouli P, Jafari H, Okoro OV, Alimoradi H, Nie L, Jiang G, Kakkar A, Shavandi A. Gas Therapy: Generating, Delivery, and Biomedical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301349. [PMID: 38193272 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2 ), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), and hydrogen (H2 ) with direct effects, and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) with complementary effects on the condition of various diseases are known as therapeutic gases. The targeted delivery and in situ generation of these therapeutic gases with controllable release at the site of disease has attracted attention to avoid the risk of gas poisoning and improve their performance in treating various diseases such as cancer therapy, cardiovascular therapy, bone tissue engineering, and wound healing. Stimuli-responsive gas-generating sources and delivery systems based on biomaterials that enable on-demand and controllable release are promising approaches for precise gas therapy. This work highlights current advances in the design and development of new approaches and systems to generate and deliver therapeutic gases at the site of disease with on-demand release behavior. The performance of the delivered gases in various biomedical applications is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Ghaffari-Bohlouli
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hafez Jafari
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Houman Alimoradi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Lei Nie
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Guohua Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Amin Shavandi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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Hirano SI, Ichikawa Y, Sato B, Takefuji Y, Satoh F. Clinical Use and Treatment Mechanism of Molecular Hydrogen in the Treatment of Various Kidney Diseases including Diabetic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2817. [PMID: 37893190 PMCID: PMC10603947 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As diabetes rates surge globally, there is a corresponding rise in the number of patients suffering from diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a common complication of diabetes. DKD is a significant contributor to chronic kidney disease, often leading to end-stage renal failure. However, the effectiveness of current medical treatments for DKD leaves much to be desired. Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an antioxidant that selectively reduces hydroxyl radicals, a reactive oxygen species with a very potent oxidative capacity. Recent studies have demonstrated that H2 not only possesses antioxidant properties but also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, regulates cell lethality, and modulates signal transduction. Consequently, it is now being utilized in clinical applications. Many factors contribute to the onset and progression of DKD, with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation being strongly implicated. Recent preclinical and clinical trials reported that substances with antioxidant properties may slow the progression of DKD. Hence, we undertook a comprehensive review of the literature focusing on animal models and human clinical trials where H2 demonstrated effectiveness against a variety of renal diseases. The collective evidence from this literature review, along with our previous findings, suggests that H2 may have therapeutic benefits for patients with DKD by enhancing mitochondrial function. To substantiate these findings, future large-scale clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Hirano
- Department of Research and Development, MiZ Company Limited, 2-19-15 Ofuna, Kamakura 247-0056, Japan; (Y.I.); (B.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Yusuke Ichikawa
- Department of Research and Development, MiZ Company Limited, 2-19-15 Ofuna, Kamakura 247-0056, Japan; (Y.I.); (B.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Bunpei Sato
- Department of Research and Development, MiZ Company Limited, 2-19-15 Ofuna, Kamakura 247-0056, Japan; (Y.I.); (B.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Yoshiyasu Takefuji
- Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan;
- Faculty of Data Science, Musashino University, 3-3-3 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8181, Japan
| | - Fumitake Satoh
- Department of Research and Development, MiZ Company Limited, 2-19-15 Ofuna, Kamakura 247-0056, Japan; (Y.I.); (B.S.); (F.S.)
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Rohovyi YY, Tsitrin VY, Bilookiy VV, Sheremet MI, Kolesnik OV. Effect of water diuresis with hydrogen saturation on the course of acute kidney damage during the separation of oxidation and phosphorylation. J Med Life 2022; 15:1397-1402. [PMID: 36567846 PMCID: PMC9762360 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2022-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen has the ability to penetrate cells, easily reach mitochondria, overcome body barriers, penetrate areas of ischemia, edema and inflammation, improve energy supply by supplying additional electrons and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by neutralizing highly reactive hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite. In this experiment, we included 60 nonlinear male rats weighing 0.16-0.18 kg and investigated the effect of a negative redox potential solution -297.3±5.27 mV with a molecular hydrogen saturation of 1.2 ppm on the functional-biochemical processes of the kidneys in tissue hypoxia in moderately resistant rats during the separation of oxidation and phosphorylation with the introduction of 2,4-dinitrophenol at a dose of 3 mg/kg. All studies were performed on moderately stable rats. Experimental, functional, biochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, physicochemical, histoenzymochemical, and statistical research methods were used. Under conditions of renal hypoxia in the separation of oxidation and phosphorylation, the use of a solution of negative redox reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal nephron reduces the manifestations of tubular proteinuria, increases the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in the proximal nephron and reduces the redox potential of urine to negative values. Negative redox potential solution with molecular hydrogen saturation has a protective effect on the kidneys and reduces elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1-β, and interleukin-6 in blood plasma, and causes oxidative modification of proteins in the renal cortex for their hypoxia in the separation of oxidation and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Yevgenivich Rohovyi
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine,Corresponding Author: Yurii Yevgenivich Rohovyi, Department of Pathological Physiology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine. E-mail:
| | - Volf Yakovich Tsitrin
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
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Kasamatsu M, Arima T, Ikebukuro T, Nakano Y, Tobita Y, Uchiyama M, Shimizu A, Takahashi H. Prophylactic Instillation of Hydrogen-Rich Water Decreases Corneal Inflammation and Promotes Wound Healing by Activating Antioxidant Activity in a Rat Alkali Burn Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179774. [PMID: 36077171 PMCID: PMC9455958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of hydrogen in pathological conditions such as inflammation; however, little is known about its prophylactic effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prophylactic effects of hydrogen-rich water instillation in a rat corneal alkali burn model. Hydrogen-rich water (hydrogen group) or physiological saline (vehicle group) was instilled continuously to the normal rat cornea for 5 min. At 6 h after instillation, the cornea was exposed to alkali. The area of corneal epithelial defect (CED) was measured every 6 h until 24 h after alkali exposure. In addition, at 6 and 24 h after injury, histological and immunohistochemical observations were made and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to investigate superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD)1, SOD2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) mRNA expression. CED at 12 h and the number of inflammatory infiltrating cells at 6 h after injury were significantly smaller in the hydrogen group than the vehicle group. Furthermore, SOD1 expression was significantly higher in the hydrogen group than the vehicle group at both 6 and 24 h, and the number of PGC-1α-positive cells was significantly larger in the hydrogen group than the vehicle group at 6 h after injury. In this model, prophylactic instillation of hydrogen-rich water suppressed alkali burn-induced inflammation, likely by upregulating expression of antioxidants such as SOD1 and PGC-1α. Hydrogen has not only therapeutic potential but also prophylactic effects that may suppress corneal scarring following injury and promote wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kasamatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Takeshi Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3822-2131
| | - Toyo Ikebukuro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Yutaro Tobita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Masaaki Uchiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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Hydrogen as a Clean and Sustainable Energy Vector for Global Transition from Fossil-Based to Zero-Carbon. CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cleantechnol3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen is recognized as a promising and attractive energy carrier to decarbonize the sectors responsible for global warming, such as electricity production, industry, and transportation. However, although hydrogen releases only water as a result of its reaction with oxygen through a fuel cell, the hydrogen production pathway is currently a challenging issue since hydrogen is produced mainly from thermochemical processes (natural gas reforming, coal gasification). On the other hand, hydrogen production through water electrolysis has attracted a lot of attention as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using low-carbon sources such as renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro) and nuclear energy. In this context, by providing an environmentally-friendly fuel instead of the currently-used fuels (unleaded petrol, gasoline, kerosene), hydrogen can be used in various applications such as transportation (aircraft, boat, vehicle, and train), energy storage, industry, medicine, and power-to-gas. This article aims to provide an overview of the main hydrogen applications (including present and future) while examining funding and barriers to building a prosperous future for the nation by addressing all the critical challenges met in all energy sectors.
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Molecular Hydrogen as a Novel Antitumor Agent: Possible Mechanisms Underlying Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168724. [PMID: 34445428 PMCID: PMC8395776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While many antitumor drugs have yielded unsatisfactory therapeutic results, drugs are one of the most prevalent therapeutic measures for the treatment of cancer. The development of cancer largely results from mutations in nuclear DNA, as well as from those in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Molecular hydrogen (H2), an inert molecule, can scavenge hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which are known to be the strongest oxidizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body that causes these DNA mutations. It has been reported that H2 has no side effects, unlike conventional antitumor drugs, and that it is effective against many diseases caused by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Recently, there has been an increasing number of papers on the efficacy of H2 against cancer and its effects in mitigating the side effects of cancer treatment. In this review, we demonstrate the efficacy and safety of H2 as a novel antitumor agent and show that its mechanisms may not only involve the direct scavenging of ·OH, but also other indirect biological defense mechanisms via the regulation of gene expression.
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Yamamoto H, Ichikawa Y, Hirano SI, Sato B, Takefuji Y, Satoh F. Molecular Hydrogen as a Novel Protective Agent against Pre-Symptomatic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7211. [PMID: 34281264 PMCID: PMC8268741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mibyou, or pre-symptomatic diseases, refers to state of health in which a disease is slowly developing within the body yet the symptoms are not apparent. Common examples of mibyou in modern medicine include inflammatory diseases that are caused by chronic inflammation. It is known that chronic inflammation is triggered by the uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines by neutrophils and macrophages in the innate immune system. In a recent study, it was shown that molecular hydrogen (H2) has the ability to treat chronic inflammation by eliminating hydroxyl radicals (·OH), a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). In doing so, H2 suppresses oxidative stress, which is implicated in several mechanisms at the root of chronic inflammation, including the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. This review explains these mechanisms by which H2 can suppress chronic inflammation and studies its applications as a protective agent against different inflammatory diseases in their pre-symptomatic state. While mibyou cannot be detected nor treated by modern medicine, H2 is able to suppress the pathogenesis of pre-symptomatic diseases, and thus exhibits prospects as a novel protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Bldg #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
- MiZ Inc., 39899 Balentine Drive Suite 200, Newark, CA 94560, USA;
| | - Yusuke Ichikawa
- MiZ Inc., 39899 Balentine Drive Suite 200, Newark, CA 94560, USA;
| | - Shin-ichi Hirano
- Department of Research and Development, MiZ Company Limited, 2-19-15 Ofuna, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-0056, Japan; (S.-i.H.); (B.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Bunpei Sato
- Department of Research and Development, MiZ Company Limited, 2-19-15 Ofuna, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-0056, Japan; (S.-i.H.); (B.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Yoshiyasu Takefuji
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa 252-0882, Japan;
- Faculty of Data Science, Musashino University, 3-3-3 Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo 134-8181, Japan
| | - Fumitake Satoh
- Department of Research and Development, MiZ Company Limited, 2-19-15 Ofuna, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-0056, Japan; (S.-i.H.); (B.S.); (F.S.)
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Molecular Hydrogen as a Potential Clinically Applicable Radioprotective Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094566. [PMID: 33925430 PMCID: PMC8123813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ionizing radiation (radiation) is commonly used for medical diagnosis and cancer treatment, radiation-induced damages cannot be avoided. Such damages can be classified into direct and indirect damages, caused by the direct absorption of radiation energy into DNA and by free radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), generated in the process of water radiolysis. More specifically, radiation damage concerns not only direct damages to DNA, but also secondary damages to non-DNA targets, because low-dose radiation damage is mainly caused by these indirect effects. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has the potential to be a radioprotective agent because it can selectively scavenge •OH, a reactive oxygen species with strong oxidizing power. Animal experiments and clinical trials have reported that H2 exhibits a highly safe radioprotective effect. This paper reviews previously reported radioprotective effects of H2 and discusses the mechanisms of H2, not only as an antioxidant, but also in intracellular responses including anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and the regulation of gene expression. In doing so, we demonstrate the prospects of H2 as a novel and clinically applicable radioprotective agent.
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Potential Therapeutic Applications of Hydrogen in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Possible Inhibiting Role on Mitochondrial Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052549. [PMID: 33806292 PMCID: PMC7961517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the largest source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are intracellular organelles that produce large amounts of the most potent hydroxyl radical (·OH). Molecular hydrogen (H2) can selectively eliminate ·OH generated inside of the mitochondria. Inflammation is induced by the release of proinflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages and neutrophils. However, an uncontrolled or exaggerated response often occurs, resulting in severe inflammation that can lead to acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have reported that ROS activate NLRP3 inflammasomes, and that this stimulation triggers the production of proinflammatory cytokines. It has been shown in literature that H2 can be based on the mechanisms that inhibit mitochondrial ROS. However, the ability for H2 to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation via mitochondrial oxidation is poorly understood. In this review, we hypothesize a possible mechanism by which H2 inhibits mitochondrial oxidation. Medical applications of H2 may solve the problem of many chronic inflammation-based diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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