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Mock MB, Summers RM. Microbial metabolism of caffeine and potential applications in bioremediation. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae080. [PMID: 38549434 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
With increasing global consumption of caffeine-rich products, such as coffee, tea, and energy drinks, there is also an increase in urban and processing waste full of residual caffeine with limited disposal options. This waste caffeine has been found to leach into the surrounding environment where it poses a threat to microorganisms, insects, small animals, and entire ecosystems. Growing interest in harnessing this environmental contaminant has led to the discovery of 79 bacterial strains, eight yeast strains, and 32 fungal strains capable of metabolizing caffeine by N-demethylation and/or C-8 oxidation. Recently observed promiscuity of caffeine-degrading enzymes in vivo has opened up the possibility of engineering bacterial strains capable of producing a wide variety of caffeine derivatives from a renewable resource. These engineered strains can be used to reduce the negative environmental impact of leached caffeine-rich waste through bioremediation efforts supplemented by our increasing understanding of new techniques such as cell immobilization. Here, we compile all of the known caffeine-degrading microbial strains, discuss their metabolism and related enzymology, and investigate their potential application in bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Mock
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
| | - Ryan M Summers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
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Bouhzam I, Cantero R, Margallo M, Aldaco R, Bala A, Fullana-i-Palmer P, Puig R. Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Spent Coffee Grounds Using Ethanol and Acetone Aqueous Solutions. Foods 2023; 12:4400. [PMID: 38137204 PMCID: PMC10742567 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Given global coffee consumption, substantial quantities of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are generated annually as a by-product of brewing coffee. SCG, although rich in bioactive compounds, is nowadays disposed of. The objective of this study is to compare, for the first time and from the same SCG, the efficiency of ethanol-water mixtures and acetone-water mixtures for the recovery of total polyphenols, chlorogenic acid, and caffeine. Acetone at 20% (m/m) was the most convenient solvent to extract all three bioactive compounds simultaneously, yielding 4.37 mg of GAE/g SCG for total polyphenols, chlorogenic acid (0.832 mg 5-CQA/g SCG), and caffeine (1.47 mg/g SCG). Additionally, this study aims to address some challenges associated with the industrial-scale utilization of SCG as a raw material, encompassing factors such as pre-treatment conditions (natural drying and oven drying), storage duration, and the kinetics of the extraction process. No significant difference was observed between the natural drying and oven drying of SCG. In terms of storage duration, it is advisable to process the SCG within less than 3-4 months of storage time. A significant decline of 82% and 70% in chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and caffeine contents, respectively, was observed after eight months of storage. Furthermore, the kinetic study for the recovery of total polyphenols revealed that the optimal extraction times were 10 min for acetone at 20% and 40 min for water, with a yield increase of 28% and 34%, respectively. What is remarkable from the present study is the approach considered, using the simplest operating conditions (minimal time and solvent-to-solid ratio, and ambient temperature); hence, at an industrial scale, energy and resource consumption and equipment dimensions can be together reduced, leading to a more industrially sustainable extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Bouhzam
- Department of Industrial and building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), Pla de la Massa, 8, 08700 Igualada, Spain; (I.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Rosa Cantero
- Department of Industrial and building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), Pla de la Massa, 8, 08700 Igualada, Spain; (I.B.); (R.C.)
| | - María Margallo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rubén Aldaco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Alba Bala
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (P.F.-i.-P.)
| | - Pere Fullana-i-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (P.F.-i.-P.)
| | - Rita Puig
- Department of Industrial and building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), Pla de la Massa, 8, 08700 Igualada, Spain; (I.B.); (R.C.)
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Giulia S, Eloisa B, Giulia R, Gloria P, Carlo B, Erica L. Evaluation of the behaviour of phenols and alkaloids in samples of roasted and ground coffee stored in different types of packaging: Implications for quality and shelf life. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113548. [PMID: 37986514 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The most important factor in determining coffee quality and consumer choice is the flavour. During roasting, hundreds of simultaneous chemical reactions take place that contribute to the formation of the basic flavour of the coffee drink, imparting bitterness, astringency and acidity. The main chemical compounds responsible for these qualitative sensory properties are chlorogenic acids (CQAs), hydroxycinnamic acids and alkaloids. However, during storage, roasted and ground coffee can undergo several chemical and physical reactions that alter its flavour. This study focuses on LC-DAD analysis to investigate the effects of storing commercial coffee blends in different packaging, namely standard (multilayer film with aluminium barrier) and Eco-capsules. The results show relative stability of the phenolic and alkaloid fractions, although the CQA isomers behave differently and a decrease in caffeine and caffeic acid is observed during prolonged storage under 75% relative humidity compared to 65%, especially in Eco-friendly packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Strocchi Giulia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Bagnulo Eloisa
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Bicchi Carlo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Liberto Erica
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy.
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Environmental and Yield Comparison of Quick Extraction Methods for Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid from Spent Coffee Grounds. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040779. [PMID: 36832852 PMCID: PMC9955646 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to provide an overview of different extraction methods to obtain chlorogenic acid (CA) and caffeine (Caf) from spent coffee grounds (SCG). This overview shows that the quantity extracted is highly dependent on the type of SCG, so experiments using the same SCG are needed to compare different methods. Three easy and simple extraction methods will be tested at a laboratory scale and environmentally compared. All three experiments were of 1 min duration: first, using supramolecular solvent; second, with water and vortex; and third, with water assisted by ultrasound. Water extraction assisted by ultrasound at room temperature yielded the greatest quantity of chlorogenic acid and caffeine, with 1.15 mg CA/g and 0.972 mg Caf/g, respectively. Extraction using supra-solvent leads to a lower content of CA in the supra-phase since it has more affinity for the water-based inferior phase. An environmental assessment using life cycle assessment has been carried out to compare water and supra extraction methods for the manufacture of two different commercial products: a face cream and an eye contour serum. Results show that the type of solvent and the amount of active substance extracted have a great influence on the environmental results. The results presented here are important for companies willing to obtain these active substances at an industrial scale.
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Zhang H, Xie C, Chen L, Duan J, Li F, Liu W. Different reaction mechanisms of SO 4• - and •OH with organic compound interpreted at molecular orbital level in Co(II)/peroxymonosulfate catalytic activation system. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119392. [PMID: 36446179 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (•OH) and sulfate radical (SO4•-) produced in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been widely studied for organic contaminants degradation, however, the different radical characteristics and reaction mechanisms on organics degradation are still needed. In this study, a homogeneous Co(II)/peroxymonosulfate activation system was established for caffeine (CAF) degradation, and pH was controlled to regulate the radicals production. The different attack routes driven by SO4•- and •OH were deeply explored by transformation products (TPs) identification and theoretical calculations. Specifically, a method on dynamic electronic structure analysis of reactants (R), transition state (TS) and intermediates (IMs) during reaction was proposed, which was applied to elucidate the underlying mechanism of CAF oxidation by •OH and SO4•- at the molecular orbital level. In total, SO4•- is kinetically more likely to attack CAF than •OH due to its higher oxidation potential and electrophilicity index. Single electron transfer reaction (SET) is only favorable for SO4•-due to its higher electron affinity than •OH, while only •OH can react with CAF via hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) route. Radical adduct formation (RAF) is the most favorable route for both •OH and SO4•- attack according to both kinetics and thermodynamics results. These findings can significantly promote the understanding on the degradation mechanism of organic pollutants driven by •OH and SO4•- in AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixuan Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenghan Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Duan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Presence of Water for the Valorization of Spent Coffee Grounds: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology and Investigation of Caffeine Extraction Mechanism. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244089. [PMID: 36553832 PMCID: PMC9777831 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds are a promising bioresource that naturally contain around 50 wt% moisture which requires, for a valorization, a drying step of high energy and economic costs. However, the natural water in spent coffee grounds could bring new benefits as a co-solvent during the supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2). This work reports the influence and optimization of pressure (115.9-284.1 bars), temperature (33.2-66.8 °C), and moisture content (6.4-73.6 wt%) on simultaneous extraction of lipids and polar molecules contained in spent coffee grounds by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) using Central Composite Rotatable Design and Response Surface Methodology. The results show that for lipids extraction, pressure is the most influent parameter, although the influence of moisture content is statistically negligible. This suggests that water does not act as barrier to CO2 diffusion in the studied area. However, moisture content is the most influent parameter for polar molecules extraction, composed of 99 wt% of caffeine. Mechanism investigations highlight that H2O mainly act by (i) breaking caffeine interactions with chlorogenic acids present in spent coffee grounds matrix and (ii) transferring selectively caffeine without chlorogenic acid by liquid/liquid extraction with SC-CO2. Thus, the experiment for the optimization of lipids and polar molecules extraction is performed at a pressure of 265 bars, a temperature of 55 °C, and a moisture content of 55 wt%.
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Mazars F, Zaragoza G, Delaude L. Caffeine and theophylline as sustainable, biosourced NHC ligand precursors for efficient palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Serna‐Jiménez JA, Torres‐Valenzuela LS, Mejía‐Arango G. Evaluation and comparison in caffeine extraction under green conditions: Solvent selection and ultrasound‐assisted process. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Andrea Serna‐Jiménez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales Cordoba Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Agroindustria Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira Pereira Colombia
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Johnson K, Liu Y, Lu M. A Review of Recent Advances in Spent Coffee Grounds Upcycle Technologies and Practices. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.838605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee is the world’s second largest beverage only next to water. After coffee consumption, spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are usually thrown away and eventually end up in landfills. In recent years, technologies and policies are actively under development to change this century old practice, and develop SCGs into value added energy and materials. In this paper, technologies and practices are classified into two categories, those reuses SCGs entirely, and those breakdown SCGs and reuse by components. This article provided a brief review of various ways to reuse SCGs published after 2017, and provided more information on SCG quantity, SCG biochar development for pollutant removal and using SCG upcycle cases for education. SCG upcycle efforts align the best with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) #12 “ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns,” the resultant fuel products contribute to SDG #7 “affordable and clean energy,” and the resultant biochar products contribute to SDG #6, “clean water and sanitation.”
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Vamanu E, Dinu LD, Pelinescu DR, Gatea F. Therapeutic Properties of Edible Mushrooms and Herbal Teas in Gut Microbiota Modulation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061262. [PMID: 34200833 PMCID: PMC8230450 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible mushrooms are functional foods and valuable but less exploited sources of biologically active compounds. Herbal teas are a range of products widely used due to the therapeutic properties that have been demonstrated by traditional medicine and a supplement in conventional therapies. Their interaction with the human microbiota is an aspect that must be researched, the therapeutic properties depending on the interaction with the microbiota and the consequent fermentative activity. Modulation processes result from the activity of, for example, phenolic acids, which are a major component and which have already demonstrated activity in combating oxidative stress. The aim of this mini-review is to highlight the essential aspects of modulating the microbiota using edible mushrooms and herbal teas. Although the phenolic pattern is different for edible mushrooms and herbal teas, certain non-phenolic compounds (polysaccharides and/or caffeine) are important in alleviating chronic diseases. These specific functional compounds have modulatory properties against oxidative stress, demonstrating health-beneficial effects in vitro and/or In vivo. Moreover, recent advances in improving human health via gut microbiota are presented. Plant-derived miRNAs from mushrooms and herbal teas were highlighted as a potential strategy for new therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti Blvd, 1 District, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-742218240
| | - Laura Dorina Dinu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti Blvd, 1 District, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Diana Roxana Pelinescu
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, 36-46 Bd. M. Kogalniceanu, 5th District, 050107 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florentina Gatea
- Centre of Bioanalysis, National Institute for Biological Sciences, 296 Spl. Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
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