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Alonso-Fernández I, Haugen HJ, López-Peña M, González-Cantalapiedra A, Muñoz F. Use of 3D-printed polylactic acid/bioceramic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in preclinical in vivo studies: A systematic review. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:1-21. [PMID: 37454707 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
3D-printed composite scaffolds have emerged as an alternative to deal with existing limitations when facing bone reconstruction. The aim of the study was to systematically review the feasibility of using PLA/bioceramic composite scaffolds manufactured by 3D-printing technologies as bone grafting materials in preclinical in vivo studies. Electronic databases were searched using specific search terms, and thirteen manuscripts were selected after screening. The synthesis of the scaffolds was carried out using mainly extrusion-based techniques. Likewise, hydroxyapatite was the most used bioceramic for synthesizing composites with a PLA matrix. Among the selected studies, seven were conducted in rats and six in rabbits, but the high variability that exists regarding the experimental process made it difficult to compare them. Regarding the results, PLA/Bioceramic composite scaffolds have shown to be biocompatible and mechanically resistant. Preclinical studies elucidated the ability of the scaffolds to be used as bone grafts, allowing bone growing without adverse reactions. In conclusion, PLA/Bioceramics scaffolds have been demonstrated to be a promising alternative for treating bone defects. Nevertheless, more care should be taken when designing and performing in vivo trials, since the lack of standardization of the processes, which prevents the comparison of the results and reduces the quality of the information. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 3D-printed polylactic acid/bioceramic composite scaffolds have emerged as an alternative to deal with existing limitations when facing bone reconstruction. Since preclinical in vivo studies with animal models represent a mandatory step for clinical translation, the present manuscript analyzed and discussed not only those aspects related to the selection of the bioceramic material, the synthesis of the implants and their characterization. But provides a new approach to understand how the design and perform of clinical trials, as well as the selection of the analysis methods, may affect the obtained results, by covering authors' knowledgebase from veterinary medicine to biomaterial science. Thus, this study aims to systematically review the feasibility of using polylactic acid/bioceramic scaffolds as grafting materials in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Alonso-Fernández
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mónica López-Peña
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Cantalapiedra
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando Muñoz
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Mocanu AC, Miculescu F, Constantinescu AE, Pandele MA, Voicu ȘI, Cîmpean A, Miculescu M, Negrescu AM. Selection Route of Precursor Materials in 3D Printing Composite Filament Development for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2359. [PMID: 36984239 PMCID: PMC10058857 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing technologies might advance the fabrication sector of personalised biomaterials with high-tech precision. The selection of optimal precursor materials is considered the first key-step for the development of new printable filaments destined for the fabrication of products with diverse orthopaedic/dental applications. The selection route of precursor materials proposed in this study targeted two categories of materials: prime materials, for the polymeric matrix (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA)); and reinforcement materials (natural hydroxyapatite (HA) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) of different dimensions). HA was isolated from bovine bones (HA particles size < 40 μm, <100 μm, and >125 μm) through a reproducible synthesis technology. The structural (FTIR-ATR, Raman spectroscopy), morphological (SEM), and, most importantly, in vitro (indirect and direct contact studies) features of all precursor materials were comparatively evaluated. The polymeric materials were also prepared in the form of thin plates, for an advanced cell viability assessment (direct contact studies). The overall results confirmed once again the reproducibility of the HA synthesis method. Moreover, the biological cytotoxicity assays established the safe selection of PLA as a future polymeric matrix, with GNP of grade M as a reinforcement and HA as a bioceramic. Therefore, the obtained results pinpointed these materials as optimal for future composite filament synthesis and the 3D printing of implantable structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura-Cătălina Mocanu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Elena Constantinescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mădălina-Andreea Pandele
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ștefan Ioan Voicu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anișoara Cîmpean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marian Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Mariana Negrescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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Influence of Ceramic Particles Size and Ratio on Surface-Volume Features of the Naturally Derived HA-Reinforced Filaments for Biomedical Applications. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040199. [PMID: 36278668 PMCID: PMC9590078 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The intersection of the bone tissue reconstruction and additive manufacturing fields promoted the advancement to a prerequisite and new feedstock resource for high-performance bone-like-scaffolds manufacturing. In this paper, the proposed strategy was directed toward the use of bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) for surface properties enhancement and mechanical features reinforcement of the poly(lactic acid) matrix for composite filaments extrusion. The involvement of completely naturally derived materials in the technological process was based on factors such as sustainability, low cost, and a facile and green synthesis route. After the HA isolation and extraction from bovine bones by thermal processing, milling, and sorting, two dependent parameters—the HA particles size (<40 μm, <100 μm, and >125 μm) and ratio (0−50% with increments of 10%)—were simultaneously modulated for the first time during the incorporation into the polymeric matrix. The resulting melt mixtures were divided for cast pellets and extruded filaments development. Based on the obtained samples, the study was further designed to examine several key features by complementary surface−volume characterization techniques. Hence, the scanning electron microscopy and micro-CT results for all specimens revealed a uniform and homogenous dispersion of HA particles and an adequate adhesion at the ceramic/polymer interface, without outline pores, sustained by the shape and surface features of the synthesized ceramic particles. Moreover, an enhanced wettability (contact angle in the ~70−21° range) and gradual mechanical takeover were indicated once the HA ratio increased, independent of the particles size, which confirmed the benefits and feasibility of evenly blending the natural ceramic/polymeric components. The results correlation led to the selection of optimal technological parameters for the synthesis of adequate composite filaments destined for future additive manufacturing and biomedical applications.
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Bone Cements Used for Hip Prosthesis Fixation: The Influence of the Handling Procedures on Functional Properties Observed during In Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15092967. [PMID: 35591302 PMCID: PMC9101139 DOI: 10.3390/ma15092967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The failure of hip prostheses is a problem that requires further investigation and analysis. Although total hip replacement is an extremely successful operation, the number of revision surgeries needed after this procedure is expected to continue to increase due to issues with both bone cement types and cementation techniques (depending on the producer). To conduct a comparative analysis, as a surgeon prepared the bone cement and introduced it in the body, this study’s team of researchers prepared three types of commercial bone cements with the samples mixed and placed them in specimens, following the timeline of the surgery. In order to evaluate the factors that influenced the chemical composition and structure of each bone cement sample under specific intraoperative conditions, analyses of the handling properties, mechanical properties, structure, and composition were carried out. The results show that poor handling can impede prosthesis–cement interface efficacy over time. Therefore, it is recommended that manual mixing be avoided as much as possible, as the manual preparation of the cement can sometimes lead to structural unevenness.
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Diez-Escudero A, Andersson B, Persson C, Hailer NP. Hexagonal pore geometry and the presence of hydroxyapatite enhance deposition of mineralized bone matrix on additively manufactured polylactic acid scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 125:112091. [PMID: 33965101 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the design of regenerative scaffolds for orthopaedic applications, enabling customizable geometric designs and material compositions that mimic bone. However, the available evidence is contradictory with respect to which geometric designs and material compositions are optimal. There is a lack of studies that systematically compare different pore sizes and geometries in conjunction with the presence or absence of calcium phosphates. We therefore evaluated the physicochemical and biological properties of additively manufactured scaffolds based on polylactic acid (PLA) in combination with hydroxyapatite (HA). HA was either incorporated in the polymeric matrix or introduced as a coating, yielding 15 and 2% wt., respectively. Pore sizes of the scaffolds varied between 200 and 450 μm and were shaped either triangularly or hexagonally. All scaffolds supported the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of both primary mouse osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells up to four weeks, with only small differences in the production of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) between cells grown on different pore geometries and material compositions. However, mineralization of the PLA scaffolds was substantially enhanced in the presence of HA, either embedded in the PLA matrix or as a coating at the surface level, and by larger hexagonal pores. In conclusion, customized HA/PLA composite porous scaffolds intended for the repair of critical size bone defects were obtained by a cost-effective AM method. Our findings indicate that the analysis of osteoblast adhesion and differentiation on experimental scaffolds alone is inconclusive without the assessment of mineralization, and the effects of geometry and composition on bone matrix deposition must be carefully considered in order to understand the regenerative potential of experimental scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Diez-Escudero
- Ortholab, Department of Surgical Sciences-Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Sweden; Biomaterial Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Brittmarie Andersson
- Ortholab, Department of Surgical Sciences-Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Biomaterial Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Nils P Hailer
- Ortholab, Department of Surgical Sciences-Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Miculescu F, Luță C, Constantinescu AE, Maidaniuc A, Mocanu AC, Miculescu M, Voicu ȘI, Ciocan LT. Considerations and Influencing Parameters in EDS Microanalysis of Biogenic Hydroxyapatite. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11040082. [PMID: 33203117 PMCID: PMC7711801 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphates (CPs) used as biomaterials have been intensively studied in recent years. In most studies, the determination of the chemical composition is mandatory. Due to the versatility and possibilities of performing qualitative and quantitative compositional analyses, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) is a widely used technique in this regard. The range of calcium phosphates is very diverse, the first method of approximating the type of compound being EDS microanalysis, by assessing the atomic Ca/P ratio. The value of this ratio can be influenced by several factors correlated with instrumental parameters and analysed samples. This article highlights the influence of the electron beam acceleration voltage (1 kV-30 kV) and of the particle size of calcium phosphate powders on the EDS analysis results. The characterised powders were obtained from bovine bones heat-treated at 1200 °C for 2 h, which have been ground and granulometrically sorted by mechanical vibration. The granulometric sorting generated three types of samples, with particle sizes < 20 μm, < 40 μm and < 100 μm, respectively. These were morphologically and dimensionally analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compositionally by EDS, after the spectrometer was calibrated with a standard reference material (SRM) from NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). The results showed that the adjusting of acceleration voltage and of the powder particle size significantly influences the spectrum profile and the results of EDS analyses, which can lead to an erroneous primary identification of the analysed calcium phosphate type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Miculescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21-3169563
| | - Cristina Luță
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andreea Elena Constantinescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andreea Maidaniuc
- S.C. Nuclear NDT Research & Services S.R.L, 104 Berceni St., Central Laboratory Building, 041919 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aura-Cătălina Mocanu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marian Miculescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ștefan Ioan Voicu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lucian Toma Ciocan
- Department of Prosthetics Technology and Dental Materials, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020022 Bucharest, Romania;
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Magnesium Doped Hydroxyapatite-Based Coatings Obtained by Pulsed Galvanostatic Electrochemical Deposition with Adjustable Electrochemical Behavior. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10080727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to adapt the electrochemical behavior in synthetic body fluid (SBF) of hydroxyapatite-based coatings obtained by pulsed galvanostatic electrochemical deposition through addition of Mg in different concentrations. The coatings were obtained by electrochemical deposition in a typical three electrodes electrochemical cell in galvanic pulsed mode. The electrolyte was obtained by subsequently dissolving Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, NH4H2PO4, and Mg(NO3)2·6H2O in ultra-pure water and the pH value was set to 5. The morphology consists of elongated and thin ribbon-like crystals for hydroxyapatite (HAp), which after the addition of Mg became a little wider. The elemental and phase composition evidenced that HAp was successfully doped with Mg through pulsed galvanostatic electrochemical deposition. The characteristics and properties of hydroxyapatite obtained electrochemically can be controlled by adding Mg in different concentrations, thus being able to obtain materials with different properties and characteristics. In addition, the addition of Mg can lead to the control of hydroxyapatite bioactive ceramics in terms of dissolution rate.
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Abstract
With the rapid exhaustion of fossil resources, and environmental pollution relative to the use of fossil-based products, developing eco-friendly products using biomass and/or biodegradable resources is becoming increasingly conspicuous. In this study, ecofriendly and biodegradable composite membranes containing varying MC/PLA (methylcellulose/polylactic acid) mass ratios were prepared. The properties and structures of the MC/PLA membranes were studied by mechanical testing, 13C NMR techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and hot compression. The MC/PLA membranes displayed markedly improved tensile strength and elongation at the MC/PLA mass ratio range of 99:1 to 9:1. The tensile strength and elongation of the MC/PLA (97:3) membrane was found to be the optimum, at 30% and 35% higher than the neat MC, respectively. It was also found that hot compression could improve the tensile strength and elongation of the membranes. At the same time, the membranes showed enough good thermal stability. In addition, the effect of MC/PLA mass ratio on morphologies of the membranes were studied by microscopy technique.
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