Pectin-Based Films Loaded with Hydroponic Nopal Mucilages: Development and Physicochemical Characterization

Global Research Trends on the Utilization of Nopal (Opuntia Sp) Cladodes as a Functional Ingredient for Industrial Use

Although nopal cladodes are a valuable bioactive compound source, they have historically been underused. This review draws a parallel between quantitative and qualitative data from the most outstanding scientific research concerning nopal cladodes in the last five years by implementing a bibliometric analysis. Italy, Mexico, Brazil, and Morocco accounted for approximately 55% of the 111 articles selected for this review. Nopal cladodes are a great source of nourishing ingredients such as mucilage, pectin, insoluble fibers, minerals, ascorbic acid, and bioactive compounds such as carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene, lutein, and cryptoxanthin), flavonoids (e.g., isorhamnetin, quercetin, rutin, and catechin), phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol and β-campesterol). Additionally, they offer technological benefits as a food ingredient, allied to good sensory acceptability. The findings suggest that medium-aged cladodes (20 days) have the highest concentration of soluble fiber, protein, and bioactive compounds, rendering them the optimal maturity stage for consumption and processing. Therefore, nopal cladodes can be exploited for several industries, including biotechnology, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, and they have attracted attention as a promising ingredient for the food industry in the concept of the next generation of innovative and functional vegetable foods.

Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Nutritive Raw Bars: Assessment of Nutrient Bioavailability

Raw bars have become popular among health-conscious consumers due to their nutrient-dense ingredients and lack of additives and preservatives. However, the effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the nutrient content of these bars has yet to be extensively studied. In this study, four different raw bar recipes were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion to evaluate the impact on their nutrient content. The recipes have dates and almond flour as base ingredients and specific ingredients such as Maca root powder, Ginger powder, Aronia powder, Pollen, Propolis extract, Astragalus powder, and Cacao powder. These variations were intended to provide diverse flavors and potential health benefits to cater to different preferences and needs. The in vitro digestion model was designed to mimic the conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The results showed that the simulated gastrointestinal digestion significantly impacted the nutrient content of the bars, with varying degrees of nutrient loss observed depending on the recipe. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity were observed in the salivary phase for all samples. Vitamin B content generally decreases from the salivary to the intestinal stage. After digestion, the recovery rates of total phenols, antioxidant capacity, and vitamins B1, B3, and B6 varied across the recipes. The recovery rates of vitamins B1, B3, and B6 were generally high across all recipes, indicating their stability and retention during digestion. The findings suggest that simulated GI digestion provides insights into the nutrient bioavailability of raw bars. These results can inform the formulation and optimization of raw bars to enhance nutrient absorption and nutritional value. Further research is warranted to investigate the effects of different processing techniques and ingredient combinations on nutrient bioavailability.

Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Packaging Films Based on Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) and Glass Flakes

The majority of food packaging materials are petroleum-based polymers, which are neither easily recyclable nor ecologically friendly. Packaging films should preferably be transparent, light in weight, and easy to process, as well as mechanically flexible, and they should meet the criteria for food encapsulation. In this study, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films were developed by incorporating glass flakes into the films. The selection of PVA was based on its well-known biodegradability, whereas the selection of glass flakes was based on their natural impermeability to oxygen and moisture. The films were processed using the blade coating method and were characterized in terms of transparency, oxygen transmission rate, mechanical strength, and flexibility. We observed that the incorporation of glass flakes into the PVA matrix did not significantly change the transparency of the PVA films, and they exhibited a total transmittance of around 87% (at 550 nm). When the glass flakes were added to the PVA, a significant reduction in moisture permeation was observed. This reduction was also supported and proven by Bhardwaj’s permeability model. In addition, even after the addition of glass flakes to the PVA, the films remained flexible and showed no degradation in terms of the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), even after bending cycles of 23,000. The PVA film with glass flakes had decent tensile characteristics, i.e., around >50 MPa. Increasing the concentration of glass flakes also increased the hardness of the films. Finally, a piece of bread was packaged in a well-characterized composite film. We observed that the bread packaged in the PVA film with glass flakes did not show any degradation at all, even after 10 days, whereas the bread piece packaged in a commercial polyethylene bag degraded completely. Based on these results, the developed packaging films are the perfect solution to replace commercial non-biodegradable films.

Preparation and Chemical and Physical Characteristics of an Edible Film Based on Native Potato Starch and Nopal Mucilage

Edible films prepared from biological materials are being massively used. This study aimed to prepare edible films from native potato starch of the Allcca sipas variety (Solanum tuberosum subsp. Andigena), nopal mucilage (Opuntia ficus indica), and glycerol. Twelve edible films were prepared with starch, mucilage, and glycerin in different proportions by thermosynthesis. It was observed that mucilage and glycerol have a significant direct effect on film solubility and an inverse effect on a_w, while the effect of starch is the opposite. The a_w ranged from 0.562 to 0.639. The FTIR analysis showed the interaction of the components in the films being considerably influenced by the addition of mucilage. The TGA/DTA analysis reported low thermal stability in the films, retaining water around 100 °C, and showing a tendency to lose weight when the content of starch is high, while the opposite occurred with the addition of mucilage; it was also observed that around 310 °C, the maximum weight loss was observed between 53.6 and 86.1%. SEM images showed uniform films without cracks. The results are promising and show the possibility of preparing edible films from native potato starch and mucilage.

Nopal cladode as a novel reinforcing and antioxidant agent for starch-based films: A comparison with lignin and propolis extract

The potential use of nopal cladode flour (NC) as reinforcing/bioactive agent in cassava starch-based films was evaluated and compared with the use of propolis extract or lignin, which are commonly used for these purposes. Cassava starch-based films containing untreated NC (S-NC), NC treated at pH 12 (S-NC12), aqueous propolis extract at two different concentrations (SP1 or SP2), or lignin (S-L) were produced by the casting technique; glycerol was used as plasticizer. NC12 and NC affected the mechanical properties of the cassava starch-based film similarly as compared to propolis extract and lignin. Moreover, NC and NC12 had different performance as reinforcing and antioxidant agent in cassava starch-based film. Thus, S-NC12 film was more elongable (28.5 ± 6.5%), more hydrophobic (contact angle: 70.8° ± 0.1), less permeable to water vapor (0.8 ± 0.0 × 10^-10 g·m^-1·s^-1·Pa^-1) and had better antioxidant activity by ABTS^•+ (44.70 ± 0.3 μM Trolox·g^-1 of film) than the S-NC film. SEM and TGA analysis of films showed that NC12 was better incorporated into the cassava starch matrix than NC, lignin and propolis extract. Overall, nopal cladode flour has potential use in the production of active biodegradable packaging for the food preservation with high oxidation rate.