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Sonmez M, Pelin CE, Pelin G, Rusu B, Stefan A, Stelescu MD, Ignat M, Gurau D, Georgescu M, Nituica M, Oprea OC, Motelica L, Waśniewski B, Ortyl P, Trușcă RD. Development, Testing, and Thermoforming of Thermoplastics Reinforced with Surface-Modified Aramid Fibers for Cover of Electronic Parts in Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using 3D-Printed Molds. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2136. [PMID: 39125163 PMCID: PMC11314249 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the development, characterization, and testing of PP/PE-g-MA composites with 10 and 15 wt% surface-modified aramid fibers, and aluminum-based pigment, as covers for a small drone body for collision protection. The successful fiber surface modification with SiO2 by the sol-gel method using TEOS was confirmed by FTIR, SEM, and EDS analyses. The composites were characterized by FTIR and SEM analyses and surface energy and water contact angle measurements and tested in terms of tensile, flexural, impact, and thermal properties. The materials exhibited hydrophobic character and compact and uniform morphostructures, with increased surface energy with fiber content owed to improved adhesion between modified fibers and the matrix. Compared to the control sample, composites with modified fibers showed an increase by 20% in tensile strength, and 36-52% in the modulus, and an increase by 26-33% in flexural strength and 30-47% in the modulus, with higher values at room temperature. Impact resistance of modified fiber composites showed an increase by 20-40% compared to the control sample, due to improved interaction between SiO2-modified fibers and maleic anhydride, which inhibits crack formation, allowing higher energies' absorption. The composites were vacuum-thermoformed on 3D-printed molds as a two-part cover for the body of a drone, successfully withstanding the flight test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sonmez
- INCDTP-ICPI—National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather—Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Ion Minulescu St. 93, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (M.D.S.); (M.I.); (D.G.); (M.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Cristina-Elisabeta Pelin
- INCAS—National Institute for Aerospace Research “Elie Carafoli”, Bd. Iuliu Maniu 220, 061126 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (B.R.); (A.S.)
| | - George Pelin
- INCAS—National Institute for Aerospace Research “Elie Carafoli”, Bd. Iuliu Maniu 220, 061126 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (B.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Bogdan Rusu
- INCAS—National Institute for Aerospace Research “Elie Carafoli”, Bd. Iuliu Maniu 220, 061126 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (B.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Adriana Stefan
- INCAS—National Institute for Aerospace Research “Elie Carafoli”, Bd. Iuliu Maniu 220, 061126 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (B.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- INCDTP-ICPI—National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather—Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Ion Minulescu St. 93, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (M.D.S.); (M.I.); (D.G.); (M.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Madalina Ignat
- INCDTP-ICPI—National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather—Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Ion Minulescu St. 93, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (M.D.S.); (M.I.); (D.G.); (M.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Dana Gurau
- INCDTP-ICPI—National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather—Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Ion Minulescu St. 93, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (M.D.S.); (M.I.); (D.G.); (M.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Mihai Georgescu
- INCDTP-ICPI—National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather—Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Ion Minulescu St. 93, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (M.D.S.); (M.I.); (D.G.); (M.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Mihaela Nituica
- INCDTP-ICPI—National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather—Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Ion Minulescu St. 93, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (M.D.S.); (M.I.); (D.G.); (M.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu St., 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (O.-C.O.); (L.M.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov St., 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ludmila Motelica
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu St., 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (O.-C.O.); (L.M.)
| | - Bartłomiej Waśniewski
- Centre for Composite Technologies, Lukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Aviation, Krakowska 110/114, 02-256 Warsaw, Poland; (B.W.); (P.O.)
| | - Paweł Ortyl
- Centre for Composite Technologies, Lukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Aviation, Krakowska 110/114, 02-256 Warsaw, Poland; (B.W.); (P.O.)
| | - Roxana Doina Trușcă
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials and National Centre for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
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Kukle S, Valisevskis A, Briedis U, Balgale I, Bake I. Hybrid Soft Ballistic Panel Packages with Integrated Graphene-Modified Para-Aramid Fabric Layers in Combinations with the Different Ballistic Kevlar Textiles. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2106. [PMID: 39125133 PMCID: PMC11313971 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the research discussed in this article is to explore the possibility of creating hybrid soft ballistic panel (BP) package variants by integrating into their composition layers of graphene-modified para-aramid fabrics in combinations with the different ballistic Kevlar textiles to improve the durability of the first layers of the soft ballistic panel. To address this goal, the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method was used for integrating dispersions into composites to solve a number of topical problems in the stages of the technological sequence development of processing methods and optimizing processing parameters in accordance with the processing specifics of aramid textiles to achieve the desired properties of modified ballistic fabric, including the provision of coating adhesion to the surface to be modified. To test the results, ballistic experiments were performed and the back-face signature (BFS) of bullet impact on a backing material was analysed according to standards. Bullet impacts on the first ballistic protective fabric layers were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ugis Briedis
- Institute of Architecture and Design, Riga Technical University, 1048 Riga, Latvia; (S.K.); (A.V.); (I.B.); (I.B.)
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Ilyin SO, Kotomin SV. Mesophase state and shear-affected phase separation of poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide) solutions in N,N-dimethylacetamide. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hanifa SM, Venkatakrishnan S. Randomized solid state bulk functionalization of aramid fiber pulp and its application in elastomer compositions. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Mohammed Hanifa
- Department of Rubber and Plastics Technology, MIT Campus Anna University Chennai India
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Palola S, Javanshour F, Kolahgar Azari S, Koutsos V, Sarlin E. One Surface Treatment, Multiple Possibilities: Broadening the Use-Potential of Para-Aramid Fibers with Mechanical Adhesion. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183114. [PMID: 34578015 PMCID: PMC8468653 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aramid fibers are high-strength and high-modulus technical fibers used in protective clothing, such as bulletproof vests and helmets, as well as in industrial applications, such as tires and brake pads. However, their full potential is not currently utilized due to adhesion problems to matrix materials. In this paper, we study how the introduction of mechanical adhesion between aramid fibers and matrix material the affects adhesion properties of the fiber in both thermoplastic and thermoset matrix. A microwave-induced surface modification method is used to create nanostructures to the fiber surface and a high throughput microbond method is used to determine changes in interfacial shear strength with an epoxy (EP) and a polypropylene (PP) matrix. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the surface morphology of the fibers and differences in failure mechanism at the fiber-matrix interface. We were able to increase interfacial shear strength (IFSS) by 82 and 358%, in EP and PP matrix, respectively, due to increased surface roughness and mechanical adhesion. Also, aging studies were conducted to confirm that no changes in the adhesion properties would occur over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarianna Palola
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (F.J.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Farzin Javanshour
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (F.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Shadi Kolahgar Azari
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (S.K.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Vasileios Koutsos
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (S.K.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Essi Sarlin
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (F.J.); (E.S.)
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