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Wang C, Chen Q, Wang H, Gang H, Zhou Y, Gu S, Zhang R, Xu W, Yang H. Biomechanical Scaffolds of Decellularized Heart Valves Modified by Electrospun Polylactic Acid. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:4256-4272. [PMID: 37922030 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of decellularized heart valves is the key to promote the application of biological heart valves. In order to further improve the mechanical properties, the electrospinning and non-woven processing methods are combined to prepare the polylactic acid (PLA)/decellularized heart valve nanofiber-reinforced sandwich structure electrospun scaffold. The effect of electrospinning time on the performance of decellularized heart valve is investigated from the aspects of morphology, mechanical properties, softness, and biocompatibility of decellularized heart valve. Results of the mechanical tests show that compared with the pure decellularized heart valve, the mechanical properties of the composite heart valve were significantly improved with the tensile strength increasing by 108% and tensile strain increased by 571% when the electrospinning time exceeded 2 h. In addition, with this electrospinning time, the composite heart valve has a certain promoting effect on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells proliferation behavior. This work provides a promising foundation for tissue heart valve reendothelialization to lay the groundwork for organoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaorong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, No.1 Yangguang Road, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, No.1 Yangguang Road, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Hanlin Gang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, No.1 Yangguang Road, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yingshan Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, No.1 Yangguang Road, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shaojin Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, No.1 Yangguang Road, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ruoyun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, No.1 Yangguang Road, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, No.1 Yangguang Road, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei Province, China.
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China.
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Jamnongkan T, Sirichaicharoenkol K, Kongsomboon V, Srinuan J, Srisawat N, Pangon A, Mongkholrattanasit R, Tammasakchai A, Huang CF. Innovative Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Based on Polylactic Acid Composited with Silver Nanoparticles for Medical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:409. [PMID: 38337298 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanofibers are some of the most attractive materials that can modify functionalities for developing new kinds of specific applications and are mainly used as a biomedical material. Herein, we designed and prepared antibacterial nonwoven fiber mats of PLA and PLA composited with Ag nanoparticles by electrospinning. The effects of varying filler contents on their chemical, surface morphology, thermal, water absorbency, and antibacterial properties were investigated using FTIR, SEM/EDS, DSC, swelling ratio, and qualitative and quantitative antibacterial tests. FTIR and EDS spectra indicated that Ag nanoparticles were incorporated in the PLA without chemical bonding. SEM revealed that the average diameter of the PLA nanofibers containing the Ag nanoparticles was more significant than those without those particles. In addition, fiber diameters are proportional to the amount of Ag nanoparticle contents. DSC indicated that the Ag nanoparticles can be incorporated within the PLA matrix without strongly affecting their thermal properties. Moreover, the crystallinity of the composite nonwoven fiber mats was higher than those of fiber mats in the neat PLA. However, TGA revealed that the loaded Ag can improve the thermal stability of the PLA electrospun fiber mats. Accordingly, the antibacterial activities revealed that all the composite nanofiber mats exhibited excellent resistance against S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strains. In addition, in the cell toxicity study, all produced hybrids of nonwoven fiber mats induced a reduction in cell viability for the L929 fibroblast cells. Our results suggest that the designed and prepared nonwoven fiber mats may have good potential for use in the biomedical field, particularly in wound dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongsai Jamnongkan
- Department of Fundamental Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Science at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Chonburi 20230, Thailand
| | - Kawisara Sirichaicharoenkol
- Department of Fundamental Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Science at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Chonburi 20230, Thailand
| | - Vanida Kongsomboon
- Department of Fundamental Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Science at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Chonburi 20230, Thailand
| | - Janitsata Srinuan
- Department of Fundamental Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Science at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Chonburi 20230, Thailand
| | - Natee Srisawat
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand
| | - Autchara Pangon
- Nano Functional Fiber Research Team, National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit
- Faculty of Industrial Textiles and Fashion Design, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Achiraya Tammasakchai
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Chih-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Soo XYD, Tan SY, Cheong AKH, Xu J, Liu Z, Loh XJ, Zhu Q. Electrospun PEO/PEG fibers as potential flexible phase change materials for thermal energy regulation. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20230016. [PMID: 38854494 PMCID: PMC10867375 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used as phase change materials (PCM) due to their versatile working temperature and high latent heat. However, the low molecular weight of PEG prevents from the formation of flexible microfibers, and the common leakage problem associated with solid-liquid PCM further hinders their applications in various fields. To address these challenges, polyethylene oxide (PEO) is incorporated as the supporting matrix for PEG, leading to a successful electrospinning of fibrous mats. Due to the similar chemical nature of both PEG and PEO, the blended composites show great compatibility and produce uniform electrospun fibers. The thermal properties of these fibers are characterized by DSC and TGA, and supercooling for the PEG(1050) component is effectively reduced by 75-85%. The morphology changes before and after leakage test are analyzed by SEM. Tensile and DMA tests show that the presence of PEG(1050) component contributes to plasticization effect, improving mechanical and thermomechanical strength. The ratio of PEO(600K):PEG(1050) at 7:3 affords the optimal performance with good chemical and form-stability, least shrinkage, and uniformity. These fibrous mats have potential applications in areas of food packaging, flexible wearable devices, or textiles to aid in thermal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Sze Yu Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Augustine Kok Heng Cheong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
- Institute of Sustainability for ChemicalsEnergy and Environment (ISCE2)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Jurong IslandSingapore
- Department of ChemistryNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT)Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShenzhenPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
- Institute of Sustainability for ChemicalsEnergy and Environment (ISCE2)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Jurong IslandSingapore
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
- Institute of Sustainability for ChemicalsEnergy and Environment (ISCE2)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Jurong IslandSingapore
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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Ding Y, Ma H, Liu X, Qin S, Liu J, Qu G, Bai Y, Zhao L. Improvement of the mechanical and shape memory properties in polylactide/polyethylene glycol blends by reactive graphene oxide. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127346. [PMID: 37832621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of biodegradable polylactide (PLA) is hindered by its brittleness. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly utilized as a plasticizer because of its favorable compatibility with PLA. However, the incorporation of PEG considerably diminishes the tensile strength of PLA. To address this issue, reactive isocyanate-modified graphene oxide (mGO) was synthesized and used as an enhancer in PLA/PEG blends. By virtue of the reaction between the isocyanate group in mGO and the terminal hydroxyl groups of PLA and PEG, graphene-based polyurethane (PU) in-situ formed and enhanced the interface between GO and the matrix. Consequently, the PLA/PEG/mGO composites exhibit simultaneously improved tensile and impact strengths, achieving an increase of 20.6% and 29.4%, respectively, compared to PLA/PEG blends. Moreover, the in situ formed PU reduces the relaxation time of the molecule motion and improved the entanglement density, thereby improving the shape-memory recovery rate and final recovery degree of the composites. This work provides a facile method to simultaneously improve the dispersion of GO and enhance its interface with polymer, thereby supplying well comprehensive properties of PLA and extending the applications of biodegradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Haotian Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Shengxue Qin
- College of mechanical and electronic engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of mechanical and electronic engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Guanhang Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Yaozong Bai
- Sinoma lithium Battery Separator Co. Ltd, Zaozhuang 277599, China
| | - Lifen Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
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Qiao H, Maazouz A, Lamnawar K. Study of Morphology, Rheology, and Dynamic Properties toward Unveiling the Partial Miscibility in Poly(lactic acid)-Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245359. [PMID: 36559725 PMCID: PMC9783289 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to gain a fundamental understanding of how the composition and physico-chemical properties affect the rheology, morphology, miscibility, and thermal stability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biopolymer blends obtained by melt mixing. First, restricted processing conditions were chosen, due to the inherent thermal degradation of PHBV, as proven by rheological dynamic time sweep (DTS) measurements and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Based on this, the composition dependence of the blends was investigated using small-amplitude oscillatory shear rheology (SAOS), and the results were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Subsequently, the changes in glass transition temperatures (Tgs) from the molten to the solid state, as observed by DMA and DSC, were verified by coupling SAOS to dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Herein, the thermo-rheological complexity of PLA/PHBV blends in the melt was revealed, especially for PLA-rich blends. Irregularly structured morphologies, caused by highly mismatched viscoelastic properties, illustrated the degree of partial miscibility. Moreover, the thermo-rheological complexity appeared in the molten state of the asymmetric PLA-rich phases could be correlated to the crystal-amorphous interfacial MWS polarization, because of the locally-induced phase separation and heterogeneity, and owing to the differences in their crystallization properties during cooling. The miscibility also suffered from the lower thermal stability of PLA and the even more unstable PHBV. Nevertheless, the melt-induced degradation process of the PLA/PHBV blends seemed to be responsible for some of the in situ self-compatibilization and plasticization mechanisms. As a result, the miscibility and thermo-rheological simplicity were improved for the intermediate and PHBV-rich compositions at low temperatures, since their properties were, to a large extent, governed by the significant degradation of PHBV. The present findings should increase the understanding of morphological changes in PLA/PHBV blends and help control their micro/nanostructure.
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Sempere-Torregrosa J, Ferri JM, de la Rosa-Ramírez H, Pavon C, Samper MD. Effect of Epoxidized and Maleinized Corn Oil on Properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Blend. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194205. [PMID: 36236152 PMCID: PMC9571960 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work analyzes the influence of modified, epoxidized and maleinized corn oil as a plasticizing and/or compatibilizing agent in the PLA-PHB blend (75% PLA and 25% PHB wt.%). The chemical modification processes of corn oil were successfully carried out and different quantities were used, between 0 and 10% wt.%. The different blends obtained were characterized by thermal, mechanical, morphological, and disintegration tests under composting conditions. It was observed that to achieve the same plasticizing effect, less maleinized corn oil (MCO) is needed than epoxidized corn oil (ECO). Both oils improve the ductile properties of the PLA-PHB blend, such as elongation at break and impact absorb energy, however, the strength properties decrease. The ones that show the highest ductility values are those that contain 10% ECO and 5% MCO, improving the elongation of the break of the PLA-PHB blend by more than 400% and by more than 800% for the sample PLA.
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The effect of polyethylene glycol on printability, physical and mechanical properties and osteogenic potential of 3D-printed poly (l-lactic acid)/polyethylene glycol scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1325-1334. [PMID: 36087749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the challenges in critical size bone defect repairing is the use of a porous degradable scaffold with appropriate properties to the host tissue. Nowadays, the three-dimensional (3D) printing method can produce custom and personalized scaffolds and overcome the problems of traditional methods by controlling the porosity and dimensions of biomaterial scaffolds. In this study, polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol (PLA/PEG) scaffolds were prepared with different PEG percentages (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) by fused deposition modeling (FDM) to optimize printability and achieve suitable physico-mechanical properties and also enhance cellular behavior for bone tissue engineering and actually, this study complements previous studies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed for chemical, morphological and thermal evaluations, respectively. It was shown that the adding of 20 wt% PEG to PLA 3D printed scaffolds reduced water contact angle (from 78.16 ± 3.27 to 60.00 ± 2.16), and increased surface wettability. The results also showed that the mechanical properties of the printed scaffolds were not significantly reduced by adding 5 and 10 wt% of PEG. The addition of PEG increased the degradability of scaffolds during immersion in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution for 8 weeks and PLA/PEG20 scaffold with 50.96 % had the highest rate of degradation. MTT assay showed that none of the studied scaffolds had cytotoxicity against MG-63 cells and increasing the PEG levels to 20 wt%, increased cell viability and adhesion and osteogenic differentiation. According to the obtained physical, mechanical and biological results, PLA/PEG scaffold printed by the FDM method can be an appropriate candidate for use in bone repair applications.
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Leonés A, Peponi L, Fiori S, Lieblich M. Effect of the Addition of MgO Nanoparticles on the Thermally-Activated Shape Memory Behavior of Plasticized PLA Electrospun Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132657. [PMID: 35808702 PMCID: PMC9268919 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the thermally-activated shape memory behavior of poly(lactic acid)-based electrospun fibers (PLA-based efibers) reinforced with different amounts of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) was studied at different temperatures. In particular, MgO NPs were added at different concentrations, such as 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3 wt%, with respect to the PLA matrix. The glass-transition temperature of PLA-based efibers was modulated by adding a 20 wt% of oligomer lactic acid as plasticizer. Once the plasticized PLA-based efibers were obtained and basically characterized in term of morphology as well as thermal and mechanical properties, thermo-mechanical cycles were carried out at 60 °C and 45 °C in order to study their thermally-activated shape memory response, demonstrating that their crystalline nature strongly affects their shape memory behavior. Importantly, we found that the plastificant effect in the mechanical response of the reinforced plasticized PLA efibers is balanced with the reinforcing effect of the MgO NPs, obtaining the same mechanical response of neat PLA fibers. Finally, both the strain recovery and strain fixity ratios of each of the plasticized PLA-based efibers were calculated, obtaining excellent thermally-activated shape memory response at 45 °C, demonstrating that 1 wt% MgO nanoparticles was the best concentration for the plasticized system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Leonés
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Interdisciplinary Platform for “Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy” (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Peponi
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Interdisciplinary Platform for “Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy” (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Fiori
- Condensia Química SA, R&D Department, C/La Cierva 8, 08184 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marcela Lieblich
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Wang B, Yao J, Wang H, Wang M. Construction of a ternary system: a strategy for the rapid formation of porous poly(lactic acid) fibers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6476-6483. [PMID: 35424639 PMCID: PMC8982102 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00018k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining electrospinning technology with nonsolvent induced phase separation (ESP-NIPS), 10 wt% poly(lactic acid) (PLA) spinning solutions are prepared by using chloroform as a good solvent and absolute ethanol as a nonsolvent. The “PLA/CHCl3/C2H5OH” ternary system is constituted to realize the rapid preparation of porous-structured PLA fibers. The morphologies, thermal properties and crystalline structures of the obtained fibers are characterized and the rapid forming mechanism of PLA porous fibers is investigated and discussed. The interaction parameters between the substances of the “PLA/CHCl3/C2H5OH” ternary system, binodal line, spinodal line and critical point are obtained by theoretical calculation and experiment, and the “PLA/CHCl3/C2H5OH” ternary phase diagram model is established. The results show that, when the mass ratio of chloroform/ethanol is around 75/25, the rapid “in situ” formation of the PLA fibers can be realized with porous structures within 5–10 s. The establishment of a “nonsolvent-solvent–polymer” ternary phase diagram model has laid a theoretical foundation for the rapid formation of polymer porous fibers by ESP-NIPS. The ESP-NIPS for the porous PLA fibers preparation provides a new resolution for the rapid formation of porous polymer materials, which is vital to further expand the application of electrospun fibers in emergency situations such as isolation, protection, insulation and flame retardant usage. Combining electrospinning technology with ESP-NIPS, using chloroform as a solvent and absolute ethanol as a nonsolvent, poly(lactic acid) porous fibres are prepared within 5–10 s. This preparation provides a new resolution for the rapid formation of porous polymer materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science & Technology of Shaanxi Province, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junyan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science & Technology of Shaanxi Province, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Queen Mary University of London Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- School of Queen Mary University of London Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China
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