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Schneider B, Ornaghi Jr. HL, Monticeli FM, Romanzini D. Effect of the Graphene Quantum Dot Content on the Thermal, Dynamic-Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4531. [PMID: 38231951 PMCID: PMC10708301 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Different amounts of graphene quantum dots (CQDs) (0, 1, 2.5, and 5 wt%) were incorporated into an epoxy matrix. The thermal conductivity, density, morphology, and dynamic mechanical thermal (DMTA) properties were reused from the study of Seibert et al.. The Pearson plot showed a high correlation between mass loading, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity. A poorer correlation with density and heat capacity was observed. At lower CQD concentrations (0.1 wt%), the fracture surface showed to be more heterogeneous, while at higher amounts (2.5 and 5 wt%), a more homogeneous surface was observed. The storage modulus values did not change with the CQD amount. But the extension of the glassy plateau increased with higher CQD contents, with an increase of ~40 °C for the 5 wt% compared to the 2.5 wt% and almost twice compared to the neat epoxy. This result is attributed to the intrinsic characteristics of the filler. Additionally, lower energy dissipation and a higher glass transition temperature were observed with the CQD amount. The novelty and importance are related to the fact that for more rigid matrices (corroborated with the literature), the mechanical properties did not change, because the polymer bridging mechanism was not present, in spite of the excellent CQD dispersion as well as the filler amount. On the other hand, thermal conductivity is directly related to particle size and dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Schneider
- Mantova Indústria de Tubos Plásticos Ltd.a., Rua Archimedes Manenti, 574, B. Centenário, Caxias do Sul 950450-175, RS, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Technology and Materials Engineering (PPGTEM), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), R. Princesa Isabel, 60, Feliz 95770-000, RS, Brazil; (H.L.O.J.); (D.R.)
| | - Heitor Luiz Ornaghi Jr.
- Postgraduate Program in Technology and Materials Engineering (PPGTEM), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), R. Princesa Isabel, 60, Feliz 95770-000, RS, Brazil; (H.L.O.J.); (D.R.)
| | - Francisco Maciel Monticeli
- Department of Aerospace Structures and Materials, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 5, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daiane Romanzini
- Postgraduate Program in Technology and Materials Engineering (PPGTEM), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), R. Princesa Isabel, 60, Feliz 95770-000, RS, Brazil; (H.L.O.J.); (D.R.)
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Understanding the Effect of Side Reactions on the Recyclability of Furan-Maleimide Resins Based on Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051106. [PMID: 36904347 PMCID: PMC10007558 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of side reactions on the reversibility of epoxy with thermoreversible Diels-Alder (DA) cycloadducts based on furan and maleimide chemistry. The most common side reaction is the maleimide homopolymerization which introduces irreversible crosslinking in the network adversely affecting the recyclability. The main challenge is that the temperatures at which maleimide homopolymerization can occur are approximately the same as the temperatures at which retro-DA (rDA) reactions depolymerize the networks. Here we conducted detailed studies on three different strategies to minimize the effect of the side reaction. First, we controlled the ratio of maleimide to furan to reduce the concentration of maleimide groups which diminishes the effects of the side reaction. Second, we applied a radical-reaction inhibitor. Inclusion of hydroquinone, a known free radical scavenger, is found to retard the onset of the side reaction both in the temperature sweep and isothermal measurements. Finally, we employed a new trismaleimide precursor that has a lower maleimide concentration and reduces the rate of the side reaction. Our results provide insights into how to minimize formation of irreversible crosslinking by side reactions in reversible DA materials using maleimides, which is important for their application as novel self-healing, recyclable, and 3D-printable materials.
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3
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Cerdan K, Brancart J, De Coninck H, Van Hooreweder B, Van Assche G, Van Puyvelde P. Laser sintering of self-healable and recyclable thermoset networks. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Terryn S, Brancart J, Roels E, Verhelle R, Safaei A, Cuvellier A, Vanderborght B, Van Assche G. Structure–Property Relationships of Self-Healing Polymer Networks Based on Reversible Diels–Alder Chemistry. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Roels
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Verhelle
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ali Safaei
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Cuvellier
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Cerdan K, Brancart J, Roels E, Vanderborght B, Van Puyvelde P. Humins Blending in Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Networks for Stiffness Tuning and Enhanced Healing Performance for Soft Robotics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1657. [PMID: 35566827 PMCID: PMC9101211 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humins waste valorization is considered to be an essential pathway to improve the economic viability of many biorefinery processes and further promote their circularity by avoiding waste formation. In this research, the incorporation of humins in a Diels-Alder (DA) polymer network based on furan-maleimide thermoreversible crosslinks was studied. A considerable enhancement of the healing efficiency was observed by just healing for 1 h at 60 °C at the expense of a reduction of the material mechanical properties, while the unfilled material showed no healing under the same conditions. Nevertheless, the thermal healing step favored the irreversible humins polycondensation, thus strengthening the material while keeping the enhanced healing performance. Our hypothesis states a synergistic healing mechanism based on humins flowing throughout the damage, followed by thermal humins crosslinking during the healing trigger, together with DA thermoreversible bonds recombination. A multi-material soft robotic gripper was manufactured out of the proposed material, showing not only improved recovery of the functional performance upon healing but also stiffness-tunable features by means of humins thermal crosslinking. For the first time, both damage healing and zone reinforcement for further damage prevention are achieved in a single intrinsic self-healing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Cerdan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Ellen Roels
- Brubotics and Imec, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (E.R.); (B.V.)
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics and Imec, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (E.R.); (B.V.)
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
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van den Tempel P, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Designing End-of-life Recyclable Polymers via Diels-Alder Chemistry: A Review on the Kinetics of Reversible Reactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200023. [PMID: 35238107 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to critically assess the kinetic behaviour of the furan/maleimide Diels-Alder click reaction. The popularity of this reaction is evident and still continues to grow, which is likely attributed to its reversibility at temperatures above 100°C, and due to its bio-based "roots" in terms of raw materials. This chemistry has been used to form thermo-reversible crosslinks in polymer networks, and thus allows the polymer field to design strong, but also end-of-life recyclable thermosets and rubbers. In this context, the rate at which the forward reaction (Diels-Alder for crosslinking) and its reverse (retro Diels-Alder for de-crosslinking) proceed as function of temperature is of crucial importance in assessing the feasibility of the design in real-life products. Differences in kinetics based from various studies are not well understood, but are potentially caused by chemical side groups, mass transfer limitations, and on the analysis methods being employed. In this work we attempt to place all the relevant studies in perspective with respect to each other, and thereby offer a general guide on how to assess their recycling kinetics. This review sheds light on the kinetics on the furan/maleimide Diels-Alder reaction. This popular reaction opens up a path to develop end-of-life recyclable polymer networks with self-healing properties. The factors affecting reaction kinetics are discussed, and the importance of accurate reaction kinetics in the context of polymer reprocessing is highlighted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul van den Tempel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ranjita K Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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Thys M, Brancart J, Van Assche G, Vendamme R, Van den Brande N. Reversible Lignin-Containing Networks Using Diels–Alder Chemistry. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Thys
- 1Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- 2Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- 1Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- 1Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard Vendamme
- 2Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Niko Van den Brande
- 1Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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The Influence of the Furan and Maleimide Stoichiometry on the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152522. [PMID: 34372124 PMCID: PMC8347837 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent work, the thermoreversible Diels–Alder reaction between furan and maleimide functional groups has been studied extensively in the context of self-healing elastomers and thermosets. To elaborate the influence of the stoichiometric ratio between the maleimide and furan reactive groups on the thermomechanical properties and viscoelastic behavior of formed reversible covalent polymer networks, a series of Diels–Alder-based networks with different stoichiometric ratios was synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and dynamic rheology measurements were performed on the reversible polymer networks, to relate the reversible network structure to the material properties and reactivity. Such knowledge allows the design and optimization of the thermomechanical behavior of the reversible networks for intended applications. Lowering the maleimide-to-furan ratio creates a deficit of maleimide functional groups, resulting in a decrease in the crosslink density of the system, and a consequent decrease in the glass transition temperature, Young’s modulus, and gel transition temperature. The excess of unreacted furan in the system results in faster reaction and healing kinetics and a shift of the reaction equilibrium.
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Orozco F, Niyazov Z, Garnier T, Migliore N, Zdvizhkov AT, Raffa P, Moreno-Villoslada I, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Maleimide Self-Reaction in Furan/Maleimide-Based Reversibly Crosslinked Polyketones: Processing Limitation or Potential Advantage? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082230. [PMID: 33924288 PMCID: PMC8069175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers crosslinked via furan/maleimide thermo-reversible chemistry have been extensively explored as reprocessable and self-healing thermosets and elastomers. For such applications, it is important that the thermo-reversible features are reproducible after many reprocessing and healing cycles. Therefore, side reactions are undesirable. However, we have noticed irreversible changes in the mechanical properties of such materials when exposing them to temperatures around 150 °C. In this work, we study whether these changes are due to the self-reaction of maleimide moieties that may take place at this rather low temperature. In order to do so, we prepared a furan-grafted polyketone crosslinked with the commonly used aromatic bismaleimide (1,1'-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide), and exposed it to isothermal treatments at 150 °C. The changes in the chemistry and thermo-mechanical properties were mainly studied by infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and rheology. Our results indicate that maleimide self-reaction does take place in the studied polymer system. This finding comes along with limitations over the reprocessing and self-healing procedures for furan/maleimide-based reversibly crosslinked polymers that present their softening (decrosslinking) point at relatively high temperatures. On the other hand, the side reaction can also be used to tune the properties of such polymer products via in situ thermal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Orozco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Zafarjon Niyazov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Timon Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Nicola Migliore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Alexander T. Zdvizhkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Patrizio Raffa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Ranjita K. Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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A novel approach for the closure of large damage in self-healing elastomers using magnetic particles. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Gaina V, Nechifor M, Gaina C, Ursache O. Maleimides – a versatile platform for polymeric materials designed/tailored for high performance applications. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1811315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Gaina
- Laboratory of Poliaddition and Photochemistry, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - M. Nechifor
- Laboratory of Poliaddition and Photochemistry, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - C. Gaina
- Laboratory of Poliaddition and Photochemistry, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - O. Ursache
- Laboratory of Poliaddition and Photochemistry, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
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Self-Healing and High Interfacial Strength in Multi-Material Soft Pneumatic Robots via Reversible Diels–Alder Bonds. ACTUATORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/act9020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In new-generation soft robots, the actuation performance can be increased by using multiple materials in the actuator designs. However, the lifetime of these actuators is often limited due to failure that occurs at the weak multi-material interfaces that rely almost entirely on physical interactions and where stress concentration appears during actuation. This paper proposes to develop soft pneumatic actuators out of multiple Diels–Alder polymers that can generate strong covalent bonds at the multi-material interface by means of a heat–cool cycle. Through tensile testing it is proven that high interfacial strength can be obtained between two merged Diels–Alder polymers. This merging principle is exploited in the manufacturing of multi-material bending soft pneumatic actuators in which interfaces are no longer the weakest links. The applicability of the actuators is illustrated by their operation in a soft hand and a soft gripper demonstrator. In addition, the use of Diels–Alder polymers incorporates healability in bending actuators. It is experimentally illustrated that full recovery of severe damage can be obtained by subjecting the multi-material actuators to a healing cycle.
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Jourdain A, Asbai R, Anaya O, Chehimi MM, Drockenmuller E, Montarnal D. Rheological Properties of Covalent Adaptable Networks with 1,2,3-Triazolium Cross-Links: The Missing Link between Vitrimers and Dissociative Networks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Jourdain
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Rawnaq Asbai
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, Catalyse, Chimie, Polymères et Procédés, UMR 5265, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Omaima Anaya
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Mohamed M. Chehimi
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, UMR 7182, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Eric Drockenmuller
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Damien Montarnal
- Univ Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, Catalyse, Chimie, Polymères et Procédés, UMR 5265, F-69003 Lyon, France
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Abstract
There is a wide range of self-healing mechanisms that provide the recovery of specific functionalities in coatings. Moreover, it is well known that computational simulation is a complementary tool that can help in the optimization and cost reduction of the experimental development of materials. This work critically discusses the current status of the models that are of interest for the advance of self-healing coatings, and proposes future paths of improvement.
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