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Li H, Lalwani SM, Eneh CI, Braide T, Batys P, Sammalkorpi M, Lutkenhaus JL. A Perspective on the Glass Transition and the Dynamics of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers and Complexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:14823-14839. [PMID: 37819874 PMCID: PMC10863056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) or polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), formed by layer-by-layer assembly or the mixing of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes (PEs) in aqueous solution, respectively, have potential applications in health, energy, and the environment. PEMs and PECs are very tunable because their structure and properties are influenced by factors such as pH, ionic strength, salt type, humidity, and temperature. Therefore, it is increasingly important to understand how these factors affect PECs and PEMs on a molecular level. In this Feature Article, we summarize our contributions to the field in the development of approaches to quantify the swelling, thermal properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of PEMs and PECs. First, the role of water as a plasticizer and in the glass-transition temperature (Tg) in both strong poly(diallyldimethylammonium)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PDADMA/PSS) and weak poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAH/PAA) systems is presented. Then, factors influencing the dynamics of PECs and PEMs are discussed. We also reflect on the swelling of PEMs in response to different salts and solvent additives. Last, the nature of water's microenvironment in PEMs/PECs is discussed. A special emphasis is placed on experimental techniques, along with molecular simulations. Taken together, this review presents an outlook and offers recommendations for future research directions, such as studying the additional effects of hydrogen-bonding hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Li
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Suvesh Manoj Lalwani
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Chikaodinaka I. Eneh
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Tamunoemi Braide
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Academy
of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials
(LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77840, United States
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Nikolić J, Ivančić A, Klačić T, Kovačević D. Synthetic versus Natural Precursor Layer: A Study on the Properties of Biocompatible Chitosan/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanofilms. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20031-20041. [PMID: 37305256 PMCID: PMC10249384 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers are nanofilms with vast applications in numerous areas such as medicine and food industry. Recently, they have been getting a lot of attention as potential food coatings for the prevention of fruit decay during transportation and storage, and therefore the coatings need to be biocompatible. In this study, we fabricated thin films made of biocompatible polyelectrolytes, positively charged polysaccharide chitosan, and negatively charged carboxymethyl cellulose on a model silica surface. Typically, to enhance the properties of the prepared nanofilms, the first layer (precursor layer) of poly(ethyleneimine) is used. However, for the construction of completely biocompatible coatings, this could be problematic due to potential toxicity. This study offers an option for a viable candidate as a replacement precursor layer: chitosan itself was adsorbed from a more concentrated solution. In the case of chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose films, using chitosan over poly(ethyleneimine) as a precursor layer has shown a twofold increase in film thickness, as well as an increase in film roughness. In addition, these properties can be tuned by the presence of a biocompatible background salt (e.g., sodium chloride) in the deposition solution that has proven to change the film thickness and surface roughness depending on the salt concentration. Such a straightforward way of tuning the properties of these films combined with their biocompatibility makes this precursor material a prime candidate for use as a potential food coating.
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Kosmotropes and chaotropes: Specific ion effects to tailor layer-by-layer membrane characteristics and performances. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Klačić T, Bohinc K, Kovačević D. Suppressing the Hofmeister Anion Effect by Thermal Annealing of Thin-Film Multilayers Made of Weak Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2022; 55:9571-9582. [PMID: 36397937 PMCID: PMC9661731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Thin films made of
weak polyelectrolytes poly(allylamine hydrochloride)
(PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) have been fabricated on silicon
wafers using the layer-by-layer (LbL) method. To study the influence
of counteranion type on the growth and properties of PAH/PAA multilayers,
the nature of the supporting sodium salt was varied from cosmotropic
to chaotropic anions (F–, Cl–,
and ClO4–). Results of ellipsometry and
AFM measurements indicate that the film thickness and surface roughness
systematically increase on the order F– < Cl– < ClO4–. Furthermore,
we found that the hydrophobicity of the PAH/PAA multilayer also follows
the described trend when a polycation is the terminating layer. However,
the heating of PAH/PAA multilayers to 60 °C during the LbL assembly
suppressed the influence of background anions on the multilayer formation
and properties. On the basis of the obtained results, it could be
concluded that thermal annealing induces changes at the polymer–air
interface in the sense of reorientation and migration of polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Klačić
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klemen Bohinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Davor Kovačević
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Eneh CI, Kastinen T, Oka S, Batys P, Sammalkorpi M, Lutkenhaus JL. Quantification of Water-Ion Pair Interactions in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Method. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:287-298. [PMID: 35971421 PMCID: PMC9374166 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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Water existing within
thin polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films
has significant influence on their physical, chemical, and thermal
properties, having implications for applications including energy
storage, smart coatings, and biomedical systems. Ionic strength, salt
type, and terminating layer are known to influence PEM swelling. However,
knowledge of water’s microenvironment within a PEM, whether
that water is affiliated with intrinsic or extrinsic ion pairs, remains
lacking. Here, we examine the influence of both assembly and post-assembly
conditions on the water–ion pair interactions of poly(styrene
sulfonate)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PSS/PDADMA) PEMs in NaCl
and KBr. This is accomplished by developing a methodology in which
quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring is applied
to estimate the number of water molecules affiliated with an ion pair
(i), as well as the hydration coefficient, πsaltH2O. PSS/PDADMA PEMs are assembled in varying ionic strengths of either
NaCl and KBr and then exposed post-assembly to increasing ionic strengths
of matching salt type. A linear relationship between the total amount
of water per intrinsic ion pair and the post-assembly salt concentration
was obtained at post-assembly salt concentrations >0.5 M, yielding
estimates for both i and πsaltH2O. We observe higher
values of i and πsaltH2O in KBr-assembled PEMs due
to KBr being more effective in doping the assembly because of KBr’s
more chaotropic nature as compared to NaCl. Lastly, when PSS is the
terminating layer, i decreases in value due to PSS’s
hydrophobic nature. Classical and ab initio molecular
dynamics provide a microstructural view as to how NaCl and KBr interact
with individual polyelectrolytes and the involved water shells. Put
together, this study provides further insight into the understanding
of existing water microenvironments in PEMs and the effects of both
assembly and post-assembly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikaodinaka I Eneh
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Tuuva Kastinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Chemistry & Advanced Materials, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Suyash Oka
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow 30-239, Poland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.,Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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Role of Substrate Type in the Process of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Formation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132566. [PMID: 35808612 PMCID: PMC9269168 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers are coatings formed by the alternate deposition of polycations and polyanions on a charged surface. In this study we examined how the type of substrate affects a multilayer prepared from poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid). Silicon and titanium wafers were used as substrates. Their properties were systematically studied using ellipsometry, tensiometry, atomic force microscopy and streaming potential measurements. Multilayers were built up at pH = 7 with tetramethylammonium chloride as the background salt. The growth of films was monitored by ellipsometry, while the morphology and surface roughness were determined by atomic force microscopy. It was found that the thickness of multilayers containing 10 layers on silicon is 10 nm, whereas the thickness of the same film on titanium is three times higher. It was shown that multilayers formed on silicon display a grain-like structure, which was not the case for a film formed on titanium. Such morphological properties are also reflected in the surface roughness. Finally, it was shown that, in addition to the electrostatic interactions, the hydrophobicity of the substrate also plays an important role in the polyelectrolyte multilayer formation process and influences its thickness and properties.
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Khavani M, Batys P, Lalwani SM, Eneh CI, Leino A, Lutkenhaus JL, Sammalkorpi M. Effect of Ethanol and Urea as Solvent Additives on PSS–PDADMA Polyelectrolyte Complexation. Macromolecules 2022; 55:3140-3150. [PMID: 35492577 PMCID: PMC9052311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The effect of urea
and ethanol additives on aqueous solutions of
poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), poly(diallyldimethylammonium)
(PDADMA), and their complexation interactions are examined here via
molecular dynamics simulations, interconnected laser Doppler velocimetry,
and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. It is found that
urea and ethanol have significant, yet opposite influences on PSS
and PDADMA solvation and interactions. Notably, ethanol is systematically
depleted from solvating the charge groups but condenses at the hydrophobic
backbone of PSS. As a consequence of the poorer solvation environment
for the ionic groups, ethanol significantly increases the extent of
counterion condensation. On the other hand, urea readily solvates
both polyelectrolytes and replaces water in solvation. For PSS, urea
causes disruption of the hydrogen bonding of the PSS headgroup with
water. In PSS–PDADMA complexation, these differences influence
changes in the binding configurations relative to the case of pure
water. Specifically, added ethanol leads to loosening of the complex
caused by the enhancement of counterion condensation; added urea pushes
polyelectrolyte chains further apart because of the formation of a
persistent solvation shell. In total, we find that the effects of
urea and ethanol rise from changes in the microscopic-level solvation
environment and conformation resulting from solvating water being
replaced by the additive. The differences cannot be explained purely
via considering relative permittivity and continuum level electrostatic
screening. Taken together, the findings could bear significance in
tuning polyelectrolyte materials’ mechanical and swelling characteristics
via solution additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khavani
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Leino
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Pigareva VA, Senchikhin IN, Bolshakova AV, Sybachin AV. Modification of Polydiallyldimethylammonium Chloride with Sodium Polystyrenesulfonate Dramatically Changes the Resistance of Polymer-Based Coatings towards Wash-Off from Both Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061247. [PMID: 35335577 PMCID: PMC8955630 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer coatings based on polycations represent a perspective class of protective antimicrobial coatings. Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and its water-soluble complexes with sodium polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) were studied by means of dynamic light-scattering, laser microelectrophoresis and turbidimetry. It was shown that addition of six mol.% of polyanion to polycation results in formation of interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) that was stable towards phase separation in water-salt media with a concentration of salts (NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4) up to 0.5 M. Most of the polyelectrolyte coatings are made by layer-by-layer deposition. The utilization of water-soluble IPEC for the direct deposition on the surface was studied. The coatings from the PDADMAC and the PSS/PDADMAC complex were formed on the surfaces of hydrophilic glass and hydrophobic polyvinylchloride. It was found that formation IPEC allows one to increase the stability of the coating towards wash-off with water in comparison to individual PDADMAC coating on both types of substrates. The visualization of the coatings was performed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava A. Pigareva
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Ivan N. Senchikhin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasia V. Bolshakova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (A.V.B.)
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey V. Sybachin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (A.V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4959393114
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