1
|
Adams EJ, Scott ME, Amarante M, Ramírez CA, Rowley SJ, Noble KG, Troller-Renfree SV. Fostering inclusion in EEG measures of pediatric brain activity. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38565857 PMCID: PMC10987610 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen a rapid increase in neuroscientific evidence being used to characterize how contextual, structural, and societal factors shape cognition and school readiness. Measures of functional brain activity are increasingly viewed as markers of child development and biomarkers that could be employed to track the impact of interventions. While electroencephalography (EEG) provides a promising tool to understand educational inequities, traditional EEG data acquisition is commonly limited in some racial and ethnic groups due to hair types and styles. This ultimately constitutes unintentional systemic racism by disproportionately excluding participants from certain racial and ethnic groups from participation and representation in neuroscience research. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of how cultural considerations surrounding hair density, texture, and styling consistently skew samples to be less representative by disproportionately excluding Black and Latinx participants. We also provide recommendations and materials to promote best practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eryn J Adams
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA
| | - Molly E Scott
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Melina Amarante
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chanel A Ramírez
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Stephanie J Rowley
- School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly G Noble
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sonya V Troller-Renfree
- Department of Human Development, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwasa J, Peterson HM, Karrobi K, Jones L, Parker T, Nickerson N, Wood S. Demographic reporting and phenotypic exclusion in fNIRS. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1086208. [PMID: 37229429 PMCID: PMC10203458 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1086208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) promises to be a leading non-invasive neuroimaging method due to its portability and low cost. However, concerns are rising over its inclusivity of all skin tones and hair types (Parker and Ricard, 2022, Webb et al., 2022). Functional NIRS relies on direct contact of light-emitting optodes to the scalp, which can be blocked more by longer, darker, and especially curlier hair. Additionally, NIR light can be attenuated by melanin, which is accounted for in neither fNIRS hardware nor analysis methods. Recent work has shown that overlooking these considerations in other modalities like EEG leads to the disproportionate exclusion of individuals with these phenotypes-especially Black people-in both clinical and research literature (Choy, 2020; Bradford et al., 2022; Louis et al., 2023). In this article, we sought to determine if (Jöbsis, 1977) biomedical optics developers and researchers report fNIRS performance variability between skin tones and hair textures, (2a) fNIRS neuroscience practitioners report phenotypic and demographic details in their articles, and thus, (2b) is a similar pattern of participant exclusion found in EEG also present in the fNIRS literature. We present a literature review of top Biomedical Optics and Human Neuroscience journals, showing that demographic and phenotypic reporting is unpopular in both fNIRS development and neuroscience applications. We conclude with a list of recommendations to the fNIRS community including examples of Black researchers addressing these issues head-on, inclusive best practices for fNIRS researchers, and recommendations to funding and regulatory bodies to achieve an inclusive neuroscience enterprise in fNIRS and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Kwasa
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hannah M. Peterson
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kavon Karrobi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lietsel Jones
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Termara Parker
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nia Nickerson
- Combined Program in Education and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sossena Wood
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parker TC, Zhang X, Noah JA, Tiede M, Scassellati B, Kelley M, McPartland JC, Hirsch J. Neural and visual processing of social gaze cueing in typical and ASD adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.30.23284243. [PMID: 36778502 PMCID: PMC9915835 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.23284243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atypical eye gaze in joint attention is a clinical characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite this documented symptom, neural processing of joint attention tasks in real-life social interactions is not understood. To address this knowledge gap, functional-near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and eye-tracking data were acquired simultaneously as ASD and typically developed (TD) individuals engaged in a gaze-directed joint attention task with a live human and robot partner. We test the hypothesis that face processing deficits in ASD are greater for interactive faces than for simulated (robot) faces. Consistent with prior findings, neural responses during human gaze cueing modulated by face visual dwell time resulted in increased activity of ventral frontal regions in ASD and dorsal parietal systems in TD participants. Hypoactivity of the right dorsal parietal area during live human gaze cueing was correlated with autism spectrum symptom severity: Brief Observations of Symptoms of Autism (BOSA) scores (r = âˆ'0.86). Contrarily, neural activity in response to robot gaze cueing modulated by visual acquisition factors activated dorsal parietal systems in ASD, and this neural activity was not related to autism symptom severity (r = 0.06). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that altered encoding of incoming facial information to the dorsal parietal cortex is specific to live human faces in ASD. These findings open new directions for understanding joint attention difficulties in ASD by providing a connection between superior parietal lobule activity and live interaction with human faces. Lay Summary Little is known about why it is so difficult for autistic individuals to make eye contact with other people. We find that in a live face-to-face viewing task with a robot, the brains of autistic participants were similar to typical participants but not when the partner was a live human. Findings suggest that difficulties in real-life social situations for autistic individuals may be specific to difficulties with live social interaction rather than general face gaze.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernandes C, Medronho B, Alves L, Rasteiro MG. On Hair Care Physicochemistry: From Structure and Degradation to Novel Biobased Conditioning Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030608. [PMID: 36771909 PMCID: PMC9921463 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair is constantly exposed to various adverse external stimuli, such as mechanical or thermal factors, that may cause damage or cause it to lose its shine and smooth appearance. These undesirable effects can be minimized by using hair conditioners, which repair the hair and restore the smooth effect desired by the consumer. Some of the currently used conditioning agents present low biodegradability and high toxicity to aquatic organisms. Consumers are also becoming more aware of environmental issues and shifting their preferences toward natural-based products. Therefore, developing novel, sustainable, natural-based derivatives that can act as conditioning agents in hair care products and thus compete with the traditional systems obtained from non-renewable sources is highly appealing. This paper presents the key physicochemical aspects of the hair conditioning process, including hair structure and degradation, and reviews some of the new alternative conditioning agents obtained from natural resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Fernandes
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, R. Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Bruno Medronho
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- FSCN, Surface and Colloid Engineering, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Luís Alves
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, R. Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Rasteiro
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, R. Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (M.G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdel Hay R, Sayed KS, Hegazi SA, Nada A, Amer MA. Trichoscopic features of hair and scalp in noncomplaining individuals: A descriptive study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:3934-3942. [PMID: 34932866 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoscopy is a simple noninvasive tool that is used in calculating different hair parameters and the diagnosis of different hair/scalp diseases at variable magnifications. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work is to describe the features and parameters of hair and scalp in a healthy sample of Egyptian population using videodermoscopy. This may help to provide standard range of measurements of normal hair in both males and females. METHODS A nonrandomized, observational study for features and parameters of hair structure, performed on 368 healthy Egyptian subjects with no hair/scalp complaint. RESULTS Each scalp area has its own vascular pattern. Male subjects showed different values regarding their hair parameters from the female subjects. No significant difference was seen after application of hair dye, except for few values. In both genders, there was a change in hair parameters with age. Smoking had a negative influence on hair parameters. CONCLUSION Hair features and parameters observed in our population are different from those reported by other populations. Smoking affects hair thickness and density. Dyed hair has greater thickness mostly due to the protective effect of hair conditioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Abdel Hay
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khadiga S Sayed
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soha Ahmad Hegazi
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Nada
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ahmed Amer
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Systemic Racism in EEG Research: Considerations and Potential Solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 3:14-20. [PMID: 36042782 PMCID: PMC9383002 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current theoretical paper discusses the unintended systemic racism and racial biases that impact neuroscience, specifically in research utilizing electroencephalography (EEG). As a popular technique in affective science research, EEG requires adherence between the electrode and scalp to measure brain activity. To obtain high-quality data, various factors such as hair length, hair type, body movement, and/or extraneous noise from the environment are taken into consideration. As EEG researchers attempt to gather good-quality data, the recruitment and retention of Black American participants is challenging due to hairstyles commonly worn by Black American participants (e.g., cornrows, braids) and hair type. Taken together, the systemic lack of data from Black American participants renders research findings less generalizable and causes disparities in theoretical knowledge applicable to this population. To address this disparity, innovative solutions invented by bioengineers are discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Special Issue “Recent Advances in Hair Science and Hair Care Technologies”. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scalp hair is very important for men and women especially in terms of fashion and appearance [...]
Collapse
|