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Redkov A. Spiral growth of multicomponent crystals: theoretical aspects. Front Chem 2023; 11:1189729. [PMID: 37252372 PMCID: PMC10213516 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1189729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents recent advances in the theory of multicomponent crystal growth from gas or solution, focusing on the most common step-flow mechanisms: Burton-Cabrera-Frank, Chernov, and Gilmer-Ghez-Cabrera. Analytical expressions for the spiral crystal growth rate are presented, taking into account the properties of all species involved in the growth process. The paper also outlines theoretical approaches to consider these mechanisms in multicomponent systems, providing a foundation for future developments and exploration of previously unexplored effects. Some special cases are discussed, including the formation of nanoislands of pure components on the surface and their self-organization, the impact of applied mechanical stress on the growth rate, and the mechanisms of its influence on growth kinetics. The growth due to chemical reactions on the surface is also considered. Possible future directions for developing the theory are outlined. A brief overview of numerical approaches and software codes that are useful in theoretical studies of crystal growth is also given.
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Turner TD, Dawson N, Edwards M, Pickering JH, Hammond RB, Docherty R, Roberts KJ. A Digital Mechanistic Workflow for Predicting Solvent-Mediated Crystal Morphology: The α and β Forms of l-Glutamic Acid. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:3042-3059. [PMID: 35529067 PMCID: PMC9073950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The solvent-mediated crystal morphologies of the α and β polymorphic forms of l-glutamic acid are presented. This work applies a digital mechanistically based workflow that encompasses calculation of the crystal lattice energy and its constituent intermolecular synthons, their interaction energies, and their key role in understanding and predicting crystal morphology as well as assessing the surface chemistry, topology, and solvent binding on crystal habit growth surfaces. Through a comparison between the contrasting morphologies of the conformational polymorphs of l-glutamic acid, this approach highlights how the interfacial chemistry of organic crystalline materials and their inherent anisotropic interactions with their solvation environments direct their crystal habit with potential impact on their further downstream processing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Turner
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Neil Dawson
- Pfizer
R&D Ltd, Ramsgate
Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K.
| | - Martin Edwards
- Britest
Limited, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4FS, U.K.
| | - Jonathan H. Pickering
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Robert B. Hammond
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Robert Docherty
- Pfizer
R&D Ltd, Ramsgate
Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K.
| | - Kevin J. Roberts
- Centre
for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
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3
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Eder C, Briesen H. Interferometric Probing of Physical and Chemical Properties of Solutions: Noncontact Investigation of Liquids. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:99-121. [PMID: 35300516 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-123822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interferometry is a highly versatile tool for probing physical and chemical phenomena. In addition to the benefit of noncontact investigations, even spatially resolved information can be obtained by choosing a suitable setup. This review presents the evolution of the various setups that have evolved since the first interferometers were developed in the mid-nineteenth century and highlights the benefits, limitations, and typical areas of application. This review focuses on interferometry based on electromagnetic waves in the near-infrared and visible range applied to liquid samples, categorizes the chemical/physical properties (e.g., pressure, temperature, composition) and phenomena (e.g., evaporation, crystal growth, diffusion, thermophoresis) that can be assessed, and presents a comprehensive literature review of specific existing applications. Finally, it discusses some fundamental open questions with respect to geometric considerations and overlapping effects. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Eder
- Process Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany;
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Process Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany;
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Intermolecular Forces Driving Hexamethylenetetramine Co-Crystal Formation, a DFT and XRD Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195746. [PMID: 34641290 PMCID: PMC8510214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in co-crystals formation has been constantly growing since their discovery, almost a century ago. Such success is due to the ability to tune the physical-chemical properties of the components in solid state by avoiding a change in their molecular structure. The properties influenced by the co-crystals formation range from an improvement of mechanical features and chemical stability to different solubility. In the scientific research area, the pharmacological field is undoubtedly one of those in which an expansion of the co-crystal knowledge can offer wide benefits. In this work, we described the crystalline structure of hexamethylenetetramine co-crystallized with the isophthalic acid, and we compared it with another co-crystal, showing the same components but different stoichiometry. To give a wider overview on the nature of the interactions behind the observed crystal packing and to rationalize the reasons of its formation, a computational analysis on such structures was carried out.
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5
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Marinova V, Dodd L, Lee SJ, Wood GPF, Marziano I, Salvalaglio M. Identifying Conformational Isomers of Organic Molecules in Solution via Unsupervised Clustering. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:2263-2273. [PMID: 33913713 PMCID: PMC8278389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a systematic approach for the identification of statistically relevant conformational macrostates of organic molecules from molecular dynamics trajectories. The approach applies to molecules characterized by an arbitrary number of torsional degrees of freedom and enables the transferability of the macrostates definition across different environments. We formulate a dissimilarity measure between molecular configurations that incorporates information on the characteristic energetic cost associated with transitions along all relevant torsional degrees of freedom. Such metric is employed to perform unsupervised clustering of molecular configurations based on the Fast Search and Find of Density Peaks algorithm. We apply this method to investigate the equilibrium conformational ensemble of Sildenafil, a conformationally complex pharmaceutical compound, in different environments including the crystal bulk, the gas phase, and three different solvents (acetonitrile, 1-butanol, and toluene). We demonstrate that while Sildenafil can adopt more than 100 metastable conformational configurations, only 12 are significantly populated across all of the environments investigated. Despite the complexity of the conformational space, we find that the most abundant conformers in solution are the closest to the conformers found in the most common Sildenafil crystal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Marinova
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Laurence Dodd
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Song-Jun Lee
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Geoffrey P F Wood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ivan Marziano
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, Kent, U.K
| | - Matteo Salvalaglio
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
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6
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Elts E, Briesen H. Capturing Crystal Shape Evolution from Molecular Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:6109-6119. [PMID: 33284626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient algorithm for tracking shape evolution of small-molecule organic crystals during molecular simulations is described. It is based on the reconstruction of a crystal surface from molecular coordinates using an alpha-shape triangulation algorithm followed by the DBSCAN clustering of neighboring triangles with similar normal vectors to crystal faces. No information except the unit cell parameters is needed beforehand, enabling the user to automatically detect not only existing but also new forming crystal faces and edges, which is valuable for prediction of growth and dissolution kinetics. The results are demonstrated for aspirin and paracetamol crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Elts
- Chair for Process Systems Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Chair for Process Systems Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Zaborenko N, Shi Z, Corredor CC, Smith-Goettler BM, Zhang L, Hermans A, Neu CM, Alam MA, Cohen MJ, Lu X, Xiong L, Zacour BM. First-Principles and Empirical Approaches to Predicting In Vitro Dissolution for Pharmaceutical Formulation and Process Development and for Product Release Testing. AAPS J 2019; 21:32. [PMID: 30790200 PMCID: PMC6394641 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript represents the perspective of the Dissolution Working Group of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ) and of two focus groups of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS): Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and In Vitro Release and Dissolution Testing (IVRDT). The intent of this manuscript is to show recent progress in the field of in vitro predictive dissolution modeling and to provide recommended general approaches to developing in vitro predictive dissolution models for both early- and late-stage formulation/process development and batch release. Different modeling approaches should be used at different stages of drug development based on product and process understanding available at those stages. Two industry case studies of current approaches used for modeling tablet dissolution are presented. These include examples of predictive model use for product development within the space explored during formulation and process optimization, as well as of dissolution models as surrogate tests in a regulatory filing. A review of an industry example of developing a dissolution model for real-time release testing (RTRt) and of academic case studies of enabling dissolution RTRt by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is also provided. These demonstrate multiple approaches for developing data-rich empirical models in the context of science- and risk-based process development to predict in vitro dissolution. Recommendations of modeling best practices are made, focused primarily on immediate-release (IR) oral delivery products for new drug applications. A general roadmap is presented for implementation of dissolution modeling for enhanced product understanding, robust control strategy, batch release testing, and flexibility toward post-approval changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Zaborenko
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Technology Center North, B302, Drop 3210, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Zhenqi Shi
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Technology Center North, B302, Drop 3210, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA.
| | - Claudia C Corredor
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| | | | - Limin Zhang
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| | - Andre Hermans
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033, USA
| | - Colleen M Neu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033, USA
| | - Md Anik Alam
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Michael J Cohen
- Global Chemistry and Manufacturing Controls, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Xujin Lu
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| | - Leah Xiong
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033, USA
| | - Brian M Zacour
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
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Hashimoto H, Inagaki Y, Momma H, Kwon E, Yamaguchi K, Setaka W. Polarized fluorescence of a crystal having uniaxially oriented molecules by a carbazole-diyl-bridged macrocage. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00706g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An axially oriented π-electron system is achieved in a single crystal of a macrocage molecule, and polarized fluorescence of the single crystal was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Momma
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus
- Tokushima Bunri University
- Sanuki
- Japan
| | - Wataru Setaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji
- Japan
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Marinova V, Wood GPF, Marziano I, Salvalaglio M. Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Ibuprofen Conformational Isomerism at the Crystal/Solution Interface. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:6484-6494. [PMID: 30359527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conformational flexibility of molecules involved in crystal growth and dissolution is rarely investigated in detail and usually considered to be negligible in the formulation of mesoscopic models of crystal growth. In this work, we set out to investigate the conformational isomerism of ibuprofen as it approaches and is incorporated in the morphologically dominant {100} crystal face, in a range of different solvents: water, 1-butanol, toluene, cyclohexanone, cyclohexane, acetonitrile, and trichloromethane. To this end, we combine extensive molecular dynamics and well-tempered metadynamics simulations to estimate the equilibrium distribution of conformers, compute conformer-conformer transition rates, and extract the characteristic relaxation time of the conformer population in solution, adsorbed at the solid/liquid interface, incorporated in the crystal in contact with the mother solution, and in the crystal bulk. We find that, while the conformational equilibrium distribution is weakly dependent on the solvent, relaxation times are instead significantly affected by it. Furthermore, differences in the relaxation dynamics are enhanced on the crystal surface, where conformational transitions become slower and specific conformational transition pathways are hindered. This leads us to observe that the dominant mechanisms of conformational transition can also change significantly moving from the bulk solution to the crystal interface, even for a small molecule with limited conformational flexibility such as ibuprofen. Our findings suggest that understanding conformational flexibility is key to provide an accurate description of the solid/liquid interface during crystal dissolution and growth, and therefore, its relevance should be systematically assessed in the formulation of mesoscopic growth models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Marinova
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
| | - Geoffrey P F Wood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ivan Marziano
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Sandwich , Kent CT13 9NJ , U.K
| | - Matteo Salvalaglio
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
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10
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Abstract
This special issue discusses recent advances in computer simulation studies of crystal growth. Crystal growth is a key to innovation in science and technology. Owing to recent progress in computer performance, computer simulation studies of crystal growth have become increasingly important. This special issue covers a variety of simulation methods, including the Monte Carlo, molecular dynamics, first-principles, multiscale, and continuum simulation methods, which are used for studies on the fundamentals and applications of crystal growth and related phenomena for different materials, such as hard-sphere systems, ice, organic crystals, semiconductors, and graphene.
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