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Schilling M, Levasseur M, Barbier M, Oliveira-Correia L, Henry C, Touboul D, Farine S, Bertsch C, Gelhaye E. Wood Degradation by Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer: Exploring Fungal Adaptation Using Metabolomic Networking. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050536. [PMID: 37233247 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer (Fmed) is a white-rot wood-decaying fungus associated with one of the most important and challenging diseases in vineyards: Esca. To relieve microbial degradation, woody plants, including Vitis vinifera, use structural and chemical weapons. Lignin is the most recalcitrant of the wood cell wall structural compounds and contributes to wood durability. Extractives are constitutive or de novo synthesized specialized metabolites that are not covalently bound to wood cell walls and are often associated with antimicrobial properties. Fmed is able to mineralize lignin and detoxify toxic wood extractives, thanks to enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases. Grapevine wood's chemical composition could be involved in Fmed's adaptation to its substrate. This study aimed at deciphering if Fmed uses specific mechanisms to degrade grapevine wood structure and extractives. Three different wood species, grapevine, beech, and oak. were exposed to fungal degradation by two Fmed strains. The well-studied white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (Tver) was used as a comparison model. A simultaneous degradation pattern was shown for Fmed in the three degraded wood species. Wood mass loss after 7 months for the two fungal species was the highest with low-density oak wood. For the latter wood species, radical differences in initial wood density were observed. No differences between grapevine or beech wood degradation rates were observed after degradation by Fmed or by Tver. Contrary to the Tver secretome, one manganese peroxidase isoform (MnP2l, jgi protein ID 145801) was the most abundant in the Fmed secretome on grapevine wood only. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on wood and mycelium samples, using metabolomic networking and public databases (GNPS, MS-DIAL) for metabolite annotations. Chemical differences between non-degraded and degraded woods, and between mycelia grown on different wood species, are discussed. This study highlights Fmed physiological, proteomic and metabolomic traits during wood degradation and thus contributes to a better understanding of its wood degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marceau Levasseur
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Lydie Oliveira-Correia
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, PAPPSO, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, PAPPSO, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David Touboul
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), UMR 9168, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Sibylle Farine
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 Rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Christophe Bertsch
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 Rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- INRAE, IAM, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
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Guan QX, Huang J, Huang J, Zhao CL. Five new species of Schizoporaceae (Basidiomycota, Hymenochaetales) from East Asia. MycoKeys 2023; 96:25-56. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.96.99327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Five new wood-inhabiting fungi, Lyomyces albopulverulentus, L. yunnanensis, Xylodon daweishanensis, X. fissuratus, and X. puerensisspp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Lyomyces albopulverulentus is characterized by brittle basidiomata, pruinose hymenophore with a white hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Lyomyces yunnanensis is characterized by a grandinioid hymenial surface, the presence of capitate cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodon daweishanensis is characterized by an odontioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and broad ellipsoid-to-subglobose basidiospores. Xylodon fissuratus is characterized by a cracking basidiomata with a grandinioid hymenial surface, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodon puerensis is characterized by a poroid hymenophore with an angular or slightly daedaleoid configuration, and ellipsoid-to-broad-ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogram based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions (Fig. 1) included six genera within the families Chaetoporellaceae, Hyphodontiaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, and Schizoporaceae (Hymenochaetales)—Fasciodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia, Kneifiella, Lyomyces, and Xylodon—in which the five new species were grouped into genera Lyomyces and Xylodon. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequences highlighted that Lyomyces albopulverulentus formed a monophyletic lineage and was then grouped closely with L. bambusinus, L. orientalis, and L. sambuci; additionally, L. yunnanensis was sister to L. niveus with strong supports. The topology, based on the ITS sequences, revealed that Xylodon daweishanensis was retrieved as a sister to X. hyphodontinus; X. fissuratus was grouped with the four taxa X. montanus, X. subclavatus, X. wenshanensis, and X. xinpingensis; and X. puerensis was clustered with X. flaviporus, X. ovisporus, X. subflaviporus, X. subtropicus, and X. taiwanianus.
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Temporiti MEE, Nicola L, Girometta CE, Roversi A, Daccò C, Tosi S. The Analysis of the Mycobiota in Plastic Polluted Soil Reveals a Reduction in Metabolic Ability. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121247. [PMID: 36547580 PMCID: PMC9785340 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a growing environmental issue that results in its accumulation and persistence in soil for many decades, with possible effects on soil quality and ecosystem services. Microorganisms, and especially fungi, are a keystone of soil biodiversity and soil metabolic capacity. The aim of this research was to study soil fungal biodiversity and soil microbial metabolic profiles in three different sites in northern Italy, where macro- and microplastic concentration in soil was measured. The metabolic analyses of soil microorganisms were performed by Biolog EcoPlates, while the ITS1 fragment of the 18S ribosomal cDNA was used as a target for the metabarcoding of fungal communities. The results showed an intense and significant decrease in soil microbial metabolic ability in the site with the highest concentration of microplastics. Moreover, the soil fungal community composition was significantly different in the most pristine site when compared with the other two sites. The metabarcoding of soil samples revealed a general dominance of Mortierellomycota followed by Ascomycota in all sampled soils. Moreover, a dominance of fungi involved in the degradation of plant residues was observed in all three sites. In conclusion, this study lays the foundation for further research into the effect of plastics on soil microbial communities and their activities.
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Flores GA, Girometta CE, Cusumano G, Angelini P, Tirillini B, Ianni F, Blasi F, Cossignani L, Pellegrino RM, Emiliani C, Venanzoni R, Venturella G, Colasuonno P, Cirlincione F, Gargano ML, Zengin G, Acquaviva A, Di Simone SC, Orlando G, Menghini L, Ferrante C. Untargeted Metabolomics Used to Describe the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Extracts from Pleurotus spp. Mycelium Grown in Different Culture Media. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1468. [PMID: 36358124 PMCID: PMC9686522 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus species isolated in vitro were studied to determine the effect of different media on their production of secondary metabolites, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity. The different metabolites among Pleurotus samples covered a total of 58 pathways. Comparisons were made between the metabolic profiles of Pleurotus spp. mycelia grown in two substrates: Potato-dextrose-agar-PDA, used as control (S1), and PDA enriched with 0.5 % of wheat straw (S2). The main finding was that the metabolic pathways are strongly influenced by the chemical composition of the growth substrate. The antibacterial effects were particularly evident against Escherichia coli, whereas Arthroderma curreyi (CCF 5207) and Trichophyton rubrum (CCF 4933) were the dermatophytes more sensitive to the mushroom extracts. The present study supports more in-depth investigations, aimed at evaluating the influence of growth substrate on Pleurotus spp. antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaia Cusumano
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Angelini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Tirillini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Blasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lina Cossignani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Center for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Venanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Venturella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Colasuonno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fortunato Cirlincione
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Gargano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Alessandra Acquaviva
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Simonetta Cristina Di Simone
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Buratti S, Girometta CE, Baiguera RM, Barucco B, Bernardi M, De Girolamo G, Malgaretti M, Oliva D, Picco AM, Savino E. Fungal Diversity in Two Wastewater Treatment Plants in North Italy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061096. [PMID: 35744613 PMCID: PMC9229248 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In urban wastewater treatment plants, bacteria lead the biological component of the depuration process, but the microbial community is also rich in fungi (mainly molds, yeasts and pseudo-yeasts), whose taxonomical diversity and relative frequency depend on several factors, e.g., quality of wastewater input, climate, seasonality, and depuration stage. By joining morphological and molecular identification, we investigated the fungal diversity in two different plants for the urban wastewater treatment in the suburbs of the two major cities in Lombardia, the core of industrial and commercial activities in Italy. This study presents a comparison of the fungal diversity across the depuration stages by applying the concepts of α-, β- and ζ-diversity. Eurotiales (mainly with Aspergillus and Penicillium), Trichosporonales (Trichosporon sensu lato), Saccharomycetales (mainly with Geotrichum) and Hypocreales (mainly with Fusarium and Trichoderma) are the most represented fungal orders and genera in all the stages and both the plants. The two plants show different trends in α-, β- and ζ-diversity, despite the fact that they all share a crash during the secondary sedimentation and turnover across the depuration stages. This study provides an insight on which taxa potentially contribute to each depuration stage and/or keep viable propagules in sludges after the collection from the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Buratti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant’Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.B.); (R.M.B.); (A.M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Carolina Elena Girometta
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant’Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.B.); (R.M.B.); (A.M.P.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rebecca Michela Baiguera
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant’Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.B.); (R.M.B.); (A.M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Barbara Barucco
- A2A Ciclo Idrico, Via Lamarmora 230, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (B.B.); (G.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Bernardi
- CAP Holding Spa, Centro Ricerche Salazzurra, Via Circonvallazione Est, 20054 Segrate, Italy; (M.B.); (D.O.)
| | - Giuseppe De Girolamo
- A2A Ciclo Idrico, Via Lamarmora 230, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (B.B.); (G.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Maura Malgaretti
- A2A Ciclo Idrico, Via Lamarmora 230, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (B.B.); (G.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Desdemona Oliva
- CAP Holding Spa, Centro Ricerche Salazzurra, Via Circonvallazione Est, 20054 Segrate, Italy; (M.B.); (D.O.)
| | - Anna Maria Picco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant’Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.B.); (R.M.B.); (A.M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Savino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant’Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.B.); (R.M.B.); (A.M.P.); (E.S.)
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Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Analyses of Three New Wood-Inhabiting Fungi of Xylodon (Basidiomycota) in a Forest Ecological System. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040405. [PMID: 35448636 PMCID: PMC9032152 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood-inhabiting fungi are a cosmopolitan group and show a rich diversity, growing in the vegetation of boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. Xylodon grandineus, X. punctus, and X. wenshanensis spp. nov. were found in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, China, suggested here to be new fungal species in light of their morphology and phylogeny. Xylodon grandineus is characterized by a grandinioid hymenophore and ellipsoid basidiospores; X. punctus has a membranous hymenophore, a smooth hymenial surface with a speckled distribution, and absent cystidia; X. wenshanensis has a grandinioid hymenophore with a cream to slightly buff hymenial surface and cystidia of two types. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. After a series of phylogenetic studies, the ITS+nLSU analysis of the order Hymenochaetales indicated that, at the generic level, six genera (i.e., Fasciodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia, Lyomyces, Kneiffiella, and Xylodon) should be accepted to accommodate the members of Hyphodontia sensu lato. According to a further analysis of the ITS dataset, X. grandineus was retrieved as a sister to X. nesporii; X. punctus formed a monophyletic lineage and then grouped with X. filicinus, X. hastifer, X. hyphodontinus, and X. tropicus; and X. wenshanensis was a sister to X. xinpingensis.
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Antifungal Sesquiterpenoids from Michelia formosana Leaf Essential Oil against Wood-Rotting Fungi. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072136. [PMID: 35408536 PMCID: PMC9000555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Michelia formosana (Kanehira) Masamune is a broad-leaved species widespread in East Asia; the wood extract and its constituents possess antifungal activity against wood-decay fungi. Antifungal activities of leaf essential oil and its constituents from M. formosana were investigated in the present study. Bioassay-guided isolation was applied to isolate the phytochemicals from leaf essential oil. 1D and 2D NMR, FTIR, and MS spectroscopic analyses were applied to elucidate the chemical structures of isolated compounds. Leaf essential oil displayed antifungal activity against wood decay fungi and was further separated into 11 fractions by column chromatography. Four sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified from the active fractions of leaf essential oil through bioassay-guided isolation. Among these sesquiterpenoids, guaiol, bulnesol, and β-elemol have higher antifungal activity against brown-rot fungus Laetiporus sulphureus and white-rot fungus Lenzites betulina. Leaf essential oil and active compounds showed better antifungal activity against L. sulphureus than against L. betulina. The molecular structure of active sesquiterpenoids all contain the hydroxyisopropyl group. Antifungal sesquiterpenoids from M. formosana leaf essential oil show potential as natural fungicides for decay control of lignocellulosic materials.
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Qu MH, Wang DQ, Zhao CL. A Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Study on Xylodon (Hymenochaetales): Focusing on Three New Xylodon Species from Southern China. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010035. [PMID: 35049975 PMCID: PMC8777917 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three wood-inhabiting fungal species, Xylodon laceratus, X. montanus, and X. tropicus spp. nov., were collected from southern China, here proposed as new taxa based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Xylodon laceratus is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with grandinioid hymenophore having cracked hymenial surface, and ellipsoid basidiospores; X. montanus is characterized by the annual basidiomata having the hard, brittle hymenophore with cream hymenial surface, and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (3.9–5.3 × 3.2–4.3 µm); and X. tropicus is characterized by its grandinioid hymenophore with buff to a pale brown hymenial surface and subglobose basidiospores measuring 2–4.8 × 1.6–4 µm. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The ITS+nLSU analysis of the order Hymenochaetales indicated that the three new species clustered into the family Schizoporaceae, located in genus Xylodon; based on further analysis of ITS dataset, X. laceratus was a sister to X. heterocystidiatus; X. montanus closely grouped with X. subclavatus and X. xinpingensis with high support; while X.tropicus was retrieved as a sister to X. hastifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Qu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (M.-H.Q.); (D.-Q.W.)
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Dong-Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (M.-H.Q.); (D.-Q.W.)
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Chang-Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (M.-H.Q.); (D.-Q.W.)
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence:
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Cartabia M, Girometta CE, Milanese C, Baiguera RM, Buratti S, Branciforti DS, Vadivel D, Girella A, Babbini S, Savino E, Dondi D. Collection and Characterization of Wood Decay Fungal Strains for Developing Pure Mycelium Mats. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1008. [PMID: 34946991 PMCID: PMC8703653 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood decay fungi (WDF) seem to be particularly suitable for developing myco-materials due to their mycelial texture, ease of cultivation, and lack of sporification. This study focused on a collection of WDF strains that were later used to develop mycelium mats of leather-like materials. Twenty-one WDF strains were chosen based on the color, homogeneity, and consistency of the mycelia. The growth rate of each strain was measured. To improve the consistency and thickness of the mats, an exclusive method (newly patented) was developed. The obtained materials and the corresponding pure mycelia grown in liquid culture were analyzed by both thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the principal components and texture. TGA provided a semi-quantitative indication on the mycelia and mat composition, but it was hardly able to discriminate differences in the production process (liquid culture versus patented method). SEM provided keen insight on the mycelial microstructure as well as that of the mat without considering the composition; however, it was able to determine the hyphae and porosity dimensions. Although not exhaustive, TGA and SEM are complementary methods that can be used to characterize fungal strains based on their desirable features for various applications in bio-based materials. Taking all of the results into account, the Fomitopsis iberica strain seems to be the most suitable for the development of leather-like materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cartabia
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.C.); (R.M.B.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
- MOGU S.r.l., Via S. Francesco 62, 21020 Inarzo, Italy;
| | - Carolina Elena Girometta
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.C.); (R.M.B.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.M.); (D.S.B.); (D.V.); (A.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Rebecca Michela Baiguera
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.C.); (R.M.B.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Simone Buratti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.C.); (R.M.B.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Diego Savio Branciforti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.M.); (D.S.B.); (D.V.); (A.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Dhanalakshmi Vadivel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.M.); (D.S.B.); (D.V.); (A.G.); (D.D.)
| | - Alessandro Girella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.M.); (D.S.B.); (D.V.); (A.G.); (D.D.)
| | | | - Elena Savino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.C.); (R.M.B.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Daniele Dondi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.M.); (D.S.B.); (D.V.); (A.G.); (D.D.)
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Additions to the Knowledge of Corticioid Xylodon (Schizoporaceae, Hymenochaetales): Introducing Three New Xylodon Species from Southern China. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three wood-inhabiting fungal species, Xylodon gossypinus, X. macrosporus, and X. sinensis spp. nov. were collected from southern China, with the similar function to decompose rotten wood, which are here proposed as new taxa based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Xylodon gossypinus is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with cotton hymenophore, and ellipsoid basidiospores; X.macrosporus is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata having the cracking hymenophore with pale yellowish hymenial surface, and larger basidiospores 8–10.5 × 7.5–9 µm; and X. sinensis differs by its grandinioid hymenial surface and subglobose basidiospores measuring as 3–5 × 2.5–4 µm. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The ITS+nLSU analysis in Hymenochaetales revealed that the three new species clustered into the Schizoporaceae family, located in genus Xylodon; based on the ITS dataset, X. gossypinus was a sister to X. ussuriensis; X. macrosporus closely grouped with X.follis with a high support; and X.sinensis was retrieved as two sisters to X. attenuatus and X. yarraensis with a lower support.
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Abstract
Wood-decaying fungi play crucial roles as decomposers in forest ecosystems. In this study, two new corticioid fungi, Rhizochaete fissurata and R. grandinosa spp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Rhizochaete fissurata is characterized by resupinate basidiomata with a cracking hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa generative hyphae, presence of subfusiform to conical cystidia encrusted at the apex or coarse on the upper half, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Rhizochaete grandinosa differs in its resupinate basidiomata with a smooth hymenial surface, presence of two types of cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were employed, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods on two datasets (ITS+nLSU and ITS). Both dataset analyses showed that two new species clustered into the genus Rhizochaete, in which, based on the ITS+nLSU dataset, R. fissurata was sister to R. belizensis, and R. grandinosa grouped with R. radicata; the phylogram inferred from ITS sequences inside Rhizochaete indicated that R. fissurata formed a monophyletic lineage with a lower support; R. grandinosa grouped closely with R. radicata. In addition, an identification key to all Rhizochaete species worldwide is provided.
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