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Gravholt CH, Andersen NH, Christin-Maitre S, Davis SM, Duijnhouwer A, Gawlik A, Maciel-Guerra AT, Gutmark-Little I, Fleischer K, Hong D, Klein KO, Prakash SK, Shankar RK, Sandberg DE, Sas TCJ, Skakkebæk A, Stochholm K, van der Velden JA, Backeljauw PF. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:G53-G151. [PMID: 38748847 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) affects 50 per 100 000 females. TS affects multiple organs through all stages of life, necessitating multidisciplinary care. This guideline extends previous ones and includes important new advances, within diagnostics and genetics, estrogen treatment, fertility, co-morbidities, and neurocognition and neuropsychology. Exploratory meetings were held in 2021 in Europe and United States culminating with a consensus meeting in Aarhus, Denmark in June 2023. Prior to this, eight groups addressed important areas in TS care: (1) diagnosis and genetics, (2) growth, (3) puberty and estrogen treatment, (4) cardiovascular health, (5) transition, (6) fertility assessment, monitoring, and counselling, (7) health surveillance for comorbidities throughout the lifespan, and (8) neurocognition and its implications for mental health and well-being. Each group produced proposals for the present guidelines, which were meticulously discussed by the entire group. Four pertinent questions were submitted for formal GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) evaluation with systematic review of the literature. The guidelines project was initiated by the European Society for Endocrinology and the Pediatric Endocrine Society, in collaboration with members from the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, the European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions, the Society for Endocrinology, and the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Australia and New Zealand Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Latin American Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Arab Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and the Asia Pacific Pediatric Endocrine Society. Advocacy groups appointed representatives for pre-meeting discussions and the consensus meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sophie Christin-Maitre
- Endocrine and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Center of Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development (CMERCD), FIRENDO, Endo ERN Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Shanlee M Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Anthonie Duijnhouwer
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Aneta Gawlik
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrea T Maciel-Guerra
- Area of Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 13083-888 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris Gutmark-Little
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Kathrin Fleischer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Nij Geertgen Center for Fertility, Ripseweg 9, 5424 SM Elsendorp, The Netherlands
| | - David Hong
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Karen O Klein
- Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, United States
| | - Siddharth K Prakash
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Roopa Kanakatti Shankar
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010, United States
| | - David E Sandberg
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, United States
- Division of Pediatric Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, United States
| | - Theo C J Sas
- Department the Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Pediatric and Adult Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Stochholm
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Janielle A van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
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Tallón-Walton V, Sánchez-Molins M, Hu W, Martínez-Abadías N, Casado A, Manzanares-Céspedes MC. Comprehensive Oral Diagnosis and Management for Women with Turner Syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:769. [PMID: 38611682 PMCID: PMC11011770 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Turner Syndrome (TS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects females when one of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing. Due to high genetic and phenotypic variability, TS diagnosis is challenging and is often delayed until adolescence, resulting in poor clinical management. Numerous oral, dental and craniofacial anomalies have been associated with TS, yet a comprehensive description is still lacking. This study addresses this gap through a detailed analysis of oral health and craniofacial characteristics in a cohort of 15 females with TS and their first-degree relatives. Subjects with TS ranged from 3 to 48 years old, none showed evidence of periodontal disease and only the youngest was in mixed dentition. Using the Multifunction System, we identified an aggregation of multiple signs and symptoms in each TS subject, including tooth anomalies (supernumerary molars, agenesis, microdontia, enamel defects, alterations in eruption patterns -advanced and delayed for chronological age-, crowding, rotations and transpositions), malocclusion (class II/1 and II/2) and Class II facial profile, while relatives exhibited fewer manifestations. The early detection of these signs and symptoms is crucial for appropriate referral and the optimal clinical management of TS, especially during the critical period of 9 to 10 years when congenital dental anomalies appear. The use of an established taxonomy to describe these phenotypic features is essential for early detection. Multidisciplinary teams are required to ensure holistic care management in rare diseases like TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tallón-Walton
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Department, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (V.T.-W.); (W.H.)
| | | | - Wenwen Hu
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Department, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (V.T.-W.); (W.H.)
| | - Neus Martínez-Abadías
- Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Aroa Casado
- Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - María Cristina Manzanares-Céspedes
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Department, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (V.T.-W.); (W.H.)
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Liao M, Wang L, Shang N, Hu X, He B, Liu X, Xiang G, Zhong W. Ultrasound measurements of fetal facial profile markers and their associations with congenital malformations during early pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:772. [PMID: 37925422 PMCID: PMC10625258 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal facial profile could be measured during the early pregnancy. Its abnormalities might be associated with certain congenital malformations. We aimed to study the associations between fetal facial profile measurements with crown-rump length and congenital malformations (cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, and open spina bifida) during early pregnancy. METHODS We performed a prospective cross-sectional study between June 2019 and April 2022. Pregnant women at a gestational age between 11-13+ 6 weeks were enrolled. Two sonographers performed fetal facial profile measurements independently. The associations between these measurements with crown-rump length and congenital malformations were evaluated. RESULTS There were 406 and 25 fetuses without or with congenital malformations, respectively. Two sonographers showed satisfactory inter- and intra-observer agreements and reproducibility. The maxillary gap was only observed in 7.6% of normal fetuses, whereas all cleft lip and palate fetuses had a maxillary gap ≥ 0.8 mm. The crown-rump length was negatively correlated with frontomaxillary facial angle, inferior facial angle, and profile line distance but positively correlated with maxilla-nasion-mandible angle, facial maxillary angle, frontal space distance, and palatine maxillary diameter. These measurements showed various significant changes with different congenital malformations. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of fetal facial profile in early pregnancy were feasible with satisfactory reproducibility. These measurements correlated with crown-rump length and showed significant differences with certain fetal congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Liao
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521 Xing-nan Avenue Pan-Yu, Guangzhou, 510499, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521 Xing-nan Avenue Pan-Yu, Guangzhou, 510499, China
| | - Ning Shang
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521 Xing-nan Avenue Pan-Yu, Guangzhou, 510499, China.
| | - Xueyi Hu
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521 Xing-nan Avenue Pan-Yu, Guangzhou, 510499, China
| | - Bingjia He
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Xiangjiao Liu
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521 Xing-nan Avenue Pan-Yu, Guangzhou, 510499, China
| | - Guanghua Xiang
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521 Xing-nan Avenue Pan-Yu, Guangzhou, 510499, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521 Xing-nan Avenue Pan-Yu, Guangzhou, 510499, China
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Antonarakis GS, Huanca Ghislanzoni L, Fisher DM. Sella turcica dimensions and maxillary growth in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:e916-e921. [PMID: 35697253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate associations between sella turcica dimensions and maxillary growth in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). METHODS Forty-nine patients with non-syndromic UCLP, prior to secondary alveolar bone-grafting, were included. The outcomes measured were sella turcica and maxillary cephalometric measurements, and scores representing dental arch relationships derived from dental casts. On lateral cephalograms, sella width, height, and area were measured, as well as maxillary length, height, protrusion, and inclination. Dental arch relationships were measured using the modified Huddart/Bodenham (MHB) scoring system, and translated GOSLON yardstick score. Multiple linear regression was used to assess associations between sella turcica measurements and either cephalometric parameters or MHB/GOSLON scores, including age and sex as covariables. RESULTS No significant associations were found between sella turcica dimensions and dental arch relationships. For cephalometric measurements, sella height and area were associated with basal maxillary length, alveolar maxillary length, and anterior maxillary height. CONCLUSIONS Sella height and area seem to be predictors for both maxillary length and height as assessed cephalometrically, in a sample of patients with non-syndromic UCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Antonarakis
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Luis Huanca Ghislanzoni
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David M Fisher
- Division of Plastic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kim J, Kim MS, Suh BK, Ko CW, Lee KH, Yoo HW, Shin CH, Hwang JS, Kim HS, Chung WY, Kim CJ, Han HS, Jin DK. Recombinant growth hormone therapy in children with Turner Syndrome in Korea: a phase III Randomized Trial. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:243. [PMID: 34893062 PMCID: PMC8662840 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short stature is the most consistent characteristic feature of Turner syndrome (TS). To improve final heights of children with TS effectively, it is important to provide them with early and appropriate treatment using growth hormone (GH). The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of a new recombinant human GH, Growtropin®-II (DA-3002, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd) versus a comparator (Genotropin®, Pfizer Inc.) for Korean children with TS. METHODS This open-label, active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized controlled phase III trial was conducted at 11 hospitals in Korea. Eligible patients (n = 58) were randomized to two groups: 1) DA-3002 group (administrated with DA-3002 at 0.14 IU [0.0450-0.050 mg] /kg/day); and 2) comparator group (administrated with the comparator at 0.14 IU [0.0450-0.050 mg] /kg/day). RESULTS The change from baseline in annualized height velocity (HV) after a 52-week treatment period was 4.15 ± 0.30 cm/year in the DA-3002 group and 4.34 ± 0.29 cm/year in the comparator group. The lower bound of 95% two-sided confidence interval for group difference in the change of annualized HV (- 1.02) satisfied the non-inferiority margin (- 1.5). The change in height standard deviation score (HtSDS) at 52-week was 0.70 ± 0.23 for the DA-3002 group and 0.66 ± 0.39 for the comparator group, showing no significant (p = 0.685) difference between the two groups. The change of skeletal maturity defined as change in bone age/change in chronological age between the two groups was not significantly different (1.25 ± 0.58 for the DA-3002 group and 1.47 ± 0.45 for the comparator group, p = 0.134). Changes from baseline in serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) after 52 weeks of treatment did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.565 and p = 0.388, respectively) either. The occurrence of adverse events was not statistically different between groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the efficacy and safety of GH treatment with DA-3002 in children with TS are comparable with those of the comparator. It is expected to analysis the long-term effect of DA-3002 on the increase of final adult height in children with TS and possible late-onset complications in the future. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01813630 (19/03/2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsup Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Medical Center, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Byung-Kyu Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Clinic and Laboratory, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Soon Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Yeong Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Chan Jong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Heon-Seok Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
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Lee IS, Kim DW, Oh JH, Lee SK, Choi JY, Kim SG, Kim TW. Effects of 4-Hexylresorcinol on Craniofacial Growth in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8935. [PMID: 34445640 PMCID: PMC8396282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) has been used as a food additive, however, it has been recently demonstrated as a Class I histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi). Unlike other HDACi, 4HR can be taken through foods. Unfortunately, some HDACi have an influence on craniofacial growth, therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4HR on craniofacial growth. Saos-2 cells (osteoblast-like cells) were used for the evaluation of HDACi and its associated activities after 4HR administration. For the evaluation of craniofacial growth, 12.8 mg/kg of 4HR was administered weekly to 4 week old rats (male: 10, female: 10) for 12 weeks. Ten rats were used for untreated control (males: 5, females: 5). Body weight was recorded every week. Serum and head samples were collected at 12 weeks after initial administration. Craniofacial growth was evaluated by micro-computerized tomography. Serum was used for ELISA (testosterone and estrogen) and immunoprecipitation high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). The administration of 4HR (1-100 μM) showed significant HDACi activity (p < 0.05). Body weight was significantly different in male rats (p < 0.05), and mandibular size was significantly smaller in 4HR-treated male rats with reduced testosterone levels. However, the mandibular size was significantly higher in 4HR treated female rats with increased growth hormone levels. In conclusion, 4HR had HDACi activity in Saos-2 cells. The administration of 4HR on growing rats showed different responses in body weight and mandibular size between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Song Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 3080, Korea;
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 28644, Korea;
| | - Ji-Hyeon Oh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 28644, Korea;
| | - Suk Keun Lee
- Institution of Hydrogen Magnetic Reaction Gene Regulation, Daejeon 34140, Korea;
| | - Je-Yong Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Seong-Gon Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 28644, Korea;
| | - Tae-Woo Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 3080, Korea;
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The Role of GH/IGF Axis in Dento-Alveolar Complex from Development to Aging and Therapeutics: A Narrative Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051181. [PMID: 34066078 PMCID: PMC8150312 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The GH/IGF axis is a major regulator of bone formation and resorption and is essential to the achievement of normal skeleton growth and homeostasis. Beyond its key role in bone physiology, the GH/IGF axis has also major pleiotropic endocrine and autocrine/paracrine effects on mineralized tissues throughout life. This article aims to review the literature on GH, IGFs, IGF binding proteins, and their respective receptors in dental tissues, both epithelium (enamel) and mesenchyme (dentin, pulp, and tooth-supporting periodontium). The present review re-examines and refines the expression of the elements of the GH/IGF axis in oral tissues and their in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of action in different mineralizing cell types of the dento-alveolar complex including ameloblasts, odontoblasts, pulp cells, cementoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, and jaw osteoblasts focusing on cell-specific activities. Together, these data emphasize the determinant role of the GH/IGF axis in physiological and pathological development, morphometry, and aging of the teeth, the periodontium, and oral bones in humans, rodents, and other vertebrates. These advancements in oral biology have elicited an enormous interest among investigators to translate the fundamental discoveries on the GH/IGF axis into innovative strategies for targeted oral tissue therapies with local treatments, associated or not with materials, for orthodontics and the repair and regeneration of the dento-alveolar complex and oral bones.
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