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Farag HS, Ali ME, Abdel Masseih ES, Bakry NM. Diagnostic ultrasonography and antimicrobial resistance of different pathogens associated with canine and feline lower urinary tract disorders. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 112:102216. [PMID: 39033672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
There is a significant issue concerning the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria within companion animals. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common problem in veterinary medicine for which empirical antibiotics are utilized. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance of different uropathogens associated with UTIs in canine and feline cases. A total of 146 dogs and 162 cats suffered from lower urinary tract disorders were subjected to ultrasonographic and microbiological examination. Cystitis, urinary sediment, and cystic calculi are the most common ultrasonographic abnormalities associated with bacterial UTIs. Bacterial UTIs were obtained in 36.98 % and 25.92 % of cases in dogs and cats, respectively. A low rate of mixed infection was detected in canine cases (3.7 %). E. coli was the most prevalent pathogen isolated from 46.4 % and 66.7 % of canine and feline isolates, respectively followed by Proteus spp. in canine isolates (16.1 %) and Klebsiella spp. in feline isolates (14.3 %). Staphylococcus spp. was isolated from canine cases only with the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains at 3.6 %. The majority of the isolated strains were resistant to various antibiotic classes, particularly β-lactams. All gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to amikacin, whereas gram-positive strains exhibited 100 % sensitivity to nitrofurantoin and linezolid. Different bacterial species displayed low resistance to carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. Multi-drug resistance was reported in canine and feline strains at 64.3 % and 54.8 %, respectively. These findings prove the crucial necessity to restrict antibiotic consumption depending on urine culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - M E Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - E S Abdel Masseih
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - N M Bakry
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Alateeq NM, Mohammed MB, Alsubaie AT, Alshehri AA, Attallah D, Agabawi S, Thabit AK. Beyond urinalysis: evaluation of various clinical and laboratory reflex criteria to warrant urine culture collection in the emergency department. Int J Emerg Med 2024; 17:77. [PMID: 38926667 PMCID: PMC11201778 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-024-00656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical criteria are essential for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) followed by urine testing, including urinalysis (UA). No study has evaluated the potential related factors that may guide the appropriate collection of urine cultures. Therefore, we aimed to assess the factors that may guide the appropriate collection of urine cultures. METHODS This was a case-control study of patients for whom a urine culture and a UA were ordered in the emergency department (ED) between February 2018 and December 2022. The cases included patients with positive cultures, whereas the controls included patients without growth. Patients were excluded if they were pregnant, underwent any urological procedure, received antibiotics within 3 days before ED presentation, or before culture collection. RESULTS Of the 263 patients, 123 had growth and 140 did not have growth in urine cultures. In the univariate analysis, female gender, urinary symptoms, urinary white blood cell (WBC) count > 5 cells/hpf, and nitrite in urine were significantly associated with growth (P < 0.05). However, only female gender (aOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.06-3.24), urinary WBC count > 5 cells/hpf (aOR, 4.60; 95% CI, 2.21-9.59), and positive nitrite in urine (aOR, 21.90; 95% CI, 2.80-171.00) remained significant in the multivariable analysis. These factors also remained significant in the subgroup of patients with urinary symptoms, except for the female gender. CONCLUSION A high urinary WBC count and positive nitrite in UA should be utilized as a guide to collect urine culture, particularly in female patients, to limit the unnecessary ordering of urine culture in the ED. These factors can be used as evidence-based UA reflex criteria as an antimicrobial stewardship intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M Alateeq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 7027 Abdullah Al-Sulaiman Rd Jeddah, Jeddah, 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal B Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 7027 Abdullah Al-Sulaiman Rd Jeddah, Jeddah, 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albandari T Alsubaie
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 7027 Abdullah Al-Sulaiman Rd Jeddah, Jeddah, 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 7027 Abdullah Al-Sulaiman Rd Jeddah, Jeddah, 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalya Attallah
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem Agabawi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar K Thabit
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 7027 Abdullah Al-Sulaiman Rd Jeddah, Jeddah, 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia.
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Lomiya MAE, Raguvaran R, Mondal D, Dosar S, Nair SS, Jitha KR, Chandni AR, Thakur NS, Yadav N, Jambagi K. Mitigating antimicrobial resistance, an approach to stewardship in canine urinary tract infection. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10387-z. [PMID: 38647986 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria is common in dogs leading to serious health impact in pet animal as well as on human health. Understanding the prevalent uropathogens and their drug susceptibility is essential for limiting the antimicrobial resistance through implementation of stewardship policies. In view of this, present study was envisaged to determine the prevalent bacterial uropathogens and their antibiogram from clinical cases of canine UTI. Urine samples were collected from 35 dogs presented with clinical signs of UTI and a total of 27 bacterial isolates were recovered. Among that Escherichia coli was the most predominant isolate followed by Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus sp. and Citrobacter freundii. All isolates were found resistant to one or more 1st line antibiotics recommended by consensus guidelines and 70% of total isolates showed multidrug resistance. Additionally, this study evaluated the weightage of empirical therapy as per the consensus guidelines over antimicrobial susceptibility test guided treatment. Dogs with uncomplicated UTI were selected and categorized into three different groups (n = 6). Group 1 was treated with common empirical choice amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and dogs showed susceptible to ciprofloxacin were kept in Group 2 and treated with ciprofloxacin along with urinary alkalizer disodium hydrogen citrate. Nitrofurantoin susceptible cases were kept in Group 3 and treated with a combination of nitrofurantoin and urinary acidifier ammonium chloride. Therapeutic outcome was evaluated and success rate was higher in Group 2 and 3 than Group 1 suggested that selection of antibiotics with the use of local or institutional antibiogram data is more considerate than acknowledged international guidelines in the existing situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ensha Lomiya
- Division of Medicine, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Raguvaran
- Division of Medicine, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Debabrata Mondal
- Division of Medicine, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivangi Dosar
- Division of Medicine, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonu S Nair
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K R Jitha
- Division of Public Health, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A R Chandni
- Division of Public Health, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Navjot Singh Thakur
- Division of Medicine, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Narayani Yadav
- Division of Medicine, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kaveri Jambagi
- Division of Medicine, Indian council of Agricultural Research- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ahmed S, Shree N, Narula AS, Nirala PK, Majid H, Garg A, Nayeem U, Khan MA. The prevalence of multidrug resistance in uropathogens of patients admitted in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03108-5. [PMID: 38643454 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, posing significant public health challenges due to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aims to assess the prevalence, demographic characteristics, microbial profile, and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Indian patients with UTIs admitted to intensive care unit. A total of 154 patients with positive UTIs were included in this cross-sectional study. The prevalence data including demographics, microbial isolates, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were collected. Additionally, risk factors for multidrug resistance uropathogens were assessed using multivariate analyses. The patient cohort had diverse demographic, with a slight male predominance of 52.6% (n = 81). The most common comorbidities were hypertension 59.1% (n = 91) and diabetes mellitus 54.5% (n = 84). The microbial profile was dominated by gram-negative bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli 26.62% (n = 41) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 17.53% (n = 27). The predominant gram-positive and fungal isolate was Enterococcus faecium 7.14% (n = 11) and Candida spp. 18.83% (n = 29), respectively. Substantial resistance was noted against common antimicrobials, with variations across different pathogens. Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, exhibited high MDR rates, emphasizing the challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Multivariate logistic regression identified age groups 50-65 and over 65, and prolonged catheterization as significant risk factors for MDR infections. A significantly high resistance rate among pathogens emphasizes the need for judicious antimicrobial use. Our findings emphasize the necessity of ongoing surveillance and tailored interventions based on local pathogen prevalence and antibiogram data to effectively address the threat of AMR threat for better management of UTI management in ICU settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Ahmed
- Department of Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Neetu Shree
- Department of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Ajit Singh Narula
- Department of Nephrology, Fortis Escort Heart Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Purushottam Kr Nirala
- Department of Nephrology, Fortis Escort Heart Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Haya Majid
- Department of Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Aakriti Garg
- Department of Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Uzma Nayeem
- Department of Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohd Ashif Khan
- Department of Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Mandese WW, Suero M, Reynolds PS, Kariyawasam S, Beatty S, Griffin F. Urinalysis and culture results of free-catch urine samples in dogs: a randomised controlled trial. J Small Anim Pract 2024. [PMID: 38622928 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of bacterial presence in free-catch urine samples preceded by either a standardised prepped ("clean-catch") protocol versus unprepped (non-cleaned) voiding. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a single-centre prospective single-blinded randomised controlled trial. Urine samples were obtained from 100 client-owned dogs presenting for routine evaluation. Dogs were randomly assigned to either the prepped group (preputial or peri-vulvar area cleaned with sterile saline before collection) or the unprepped group (no preliminary cleansing) stratified by sex. Urinalysis and urine culture (blood and MacConkey agar) were performed on all samples. Significant bacterial presence on urine culture was defined as >104 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. RESULTS There were no statistically significant associations between prepped versus unprepped collection method or sex with a urinalysis positive for bacteriuria. However, on culture, significant bacterial growth was almost five times more likely to be associated with males relative to females (odds ratio 4.59, 95% confidence interval 1.61 to 13.10). The probability of finding a positive culture was not statistically associated with prep method (odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 0.50 to 4.08). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE For the majority of dogs without clinical signs of urinary tract infection, free-catch urine collection does not result in significant bacteriuria found on analysis or culture. The presence of bacteria found in free-catch samples may be secondary to sample contamination or subclinical bacteriuria. Sample contamination or subclinical bacteriuria may be more prevalent in male dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Mandese
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - M Suero
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - P S Reynolds
- Department of Anesthesiology, Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - S Kariyawasam
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - S Beatty
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - F Griffin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
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Kandi V, Shahapur PR, Suvvari TK, Bharadwaj VG, P CR, Shahapur R, Podaralla E, Godishala V. Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections Through Next-Generation Sequencing: A Comprehensive Analysis of Serotypes, Sequence Types, and Antimicrobial and Virulence Genes. Cureus 2024; 16:e55556. [PMID: 38576671 PMCID: PMC10993757 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction An enormous increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria isolated from human clinical specimens contributed to treatment failures. Increased surveillance through next-generation sequencing (NGS) or whole genome sequencing (WGS) could facilitate the study of the epidemiology of drug-resistant bacterial strains, resistance genes, and other virulence determinants they are potentially carrying. Methods This study included 30 Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates obtained from patients suffering from urinary tract infections (UTIs) attending Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, India. All bacterial isolates were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined through conventional microbiological techniques and confirmed by automated systems. All the isolates were investigated using NGS to identify genes coding for resistance, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), metallo-beta-lactamases, and virulence genes. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to understand the prevalent strain types, and serotyping was carried out to evaluate the type of O (cell wall antigen) and H (flagellar antigen) serotypes carried by the isolates. Results The conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 15 (50%) isolates were resistant to imipenem (IPM), 10 (33.33%) were resistant to amikacin (AK), 13 (43.33%) were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ), 17 (56.66%) were resistant to cephalosporins, and 14 (46.66%) were resistant to nitrofurantoin (NIT). Among the isolates, 26 (86.66%) had revealed the presence of multiple antibiotic-resistant genes with evidence of at least one gene coding for beta-lactamase resistance. There was a high prevalence of blaCTX-M (19/30, 63.33%) genes, followed by blaTEM and blaOXA-1. The blaNDM-5 gene was found in three isolates (3/30, 10%). The virulence genes identified in the present study were iutA, sat, iss, and papC, among others. The E. coli serotype found predominantly belonged to O25:H4 (5, 16.66%), followed by O102:H6 (4, 13.33%). A total of 16 MLST variants were identified among the examined samples. Of the MLST-based sequence types (STs) identified, ST-131 (7, 23.33%) was the predominant one, followed by ST-167 (3, 10%) and ST-12 (3, 10%). Conclusions The study results demonstrated that the E. coli strains isolated from patients suffering from UTIs potentially carried antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes and belonged to different strain types based on MLST. Careful evaluation of bacterial strains using molecular analyses such as NGS could facilitate an improved understanding of bacterial antibiotic resistance and its virulence potential. This could enable physicians to choose appropriate antimicrobial agents and contribute to better patient management, thereby preventing the emergence and spread of drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataramana Kandi
- Clinical Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, IND
| | - Praveen R Shahapur
- Microbiology, Bijapur Lingayat District Educational (BLDE) (Deemed to be) University, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Vijayapura, IND
| | - Tarun Kumar Suvvari
- General Medicine, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, IND
- Research, Squad Medicine and Research (SMR), Visakhapatnam, IND
| | - Vallab Ganesh Bharadwaj
- Microbiology, Trichy Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Tiruchirappalli, IND
| | - Chitra Rajalakshmi P
- Microbiology, Trichy Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Tiruchirappalli, IND
| | - Roopa Shahapur
- Dentistry, Bijapur Lingayat District Educational (BLDE) (Deemed to be) University, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Vijayapura, IND
| | | | - Vikram Godishala
- Biotechnology/Food and Nutrition, Vaagdevi Degree and PG College, Hanamkonda, IND
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Asmare Z, Awoke T, Genet C, Admas A, Melese A, Mulu W. Incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections by Gram-negative bacilli and their ESBL and carbapenemase production in specialized hospitals of Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:10. [PMID: 38273339 PMCID: PMC10809431 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) is a common concern globally. Investigating the incidence of CAUTI and associated antibiotic resistance has paramount importance from the health care associated infections perspective. This study therefore assessed the incidence of CAUTIs due to GNB and the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase among inpatients in specialized hospitals of Northwest, Ethiopia. METHODS A total of 363 patients with indwelling urinary catheters who were admitted in the hospital for > 48 h were consecutively enrolled and followed from 3 to 18 days. Data were collected through interviewing and review of medical records. Patients who developed at least one of the following: fever (> 38 OC), suprapubic tenderness, or costovertebral angle pain, coupled with a GNB positive urine culture of ≥ 103 CFU/mL with no more than two bacterial species were defined as CAUTI. The ESBL and carbapenemase production were detected and identified by chromogenic medium. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify associated factors. RESULTS From 363 patients followed, the incidence rate of CAUTI was 27.8 per 1000 catheter days. Catheterization for ≥ 8 days (AOR = 10.6, 95%CI:1.8-62.1) and hospitalization for > 10 days (AOR = 8.1, 95%CI: 2.4-27.2) were the factors significantly associated with CAUTIs. E. coli (n = 18, 34.6%), Proteus species (n = 7, 13.5%), and P. aeruginosa (n = 6, 11.5%) were the most frequent GNB. Isolates revealed high rates of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), cefazolin (n = 51, 98%), ceftazidime (n = 47, 90%) and cefotaxime (n = 46, 88%). Most of the GNB isolates (86.5%) were multidrug-resistant. Overall, 19.2% and 5.8% of GNB isolates were ESBL and carbapenemase producers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Incidence of CAUTI with Gram-negative bacilli is high. As most of the GNB isolates are MDR and showed a super high rate of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic and third-generation cephalosporins, empirical treatment with these substances is virtually ineffective in patients with suspected GNB infection in Ethiopia. The expression of ESBL and carbapenemase among GNB isolates is also a concern. Therefore, improved infection prevention and control measures, careful use of catheters and third generation of cephalosporins are needed to improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden of CAUTIs and the spreading of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Asmare
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Tewachew Awoke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Chalachew Genet
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemale Admas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondemagegn Mulu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
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Pradeepkumar S, Muthukrishnan S, Murugesan S, Mathaiyan M, Rani K, Eswaran A, Ganesan T, Anto B. Nephroprotective effect of PHYMIN-22 on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis rat model. Urolithiasis 2023; 52:7. [PMID: 37991552 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-023-01503-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the antiurolithiatic effect of PHYMIN-22 against ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats. Healthy Albino male rats with 200-230 g body weight were randomly divided into five groups, each with 5 animals, control group, EG group (0.75%), PHYMIN-22 treatment group (0.75% EG 14 days and 100 mg/kg PHYMIN-22 next 14 days), PHYMIN-22 drug control group (100 mg/kg) and cystone treatment group (0.75% EG 14 days and 750 mg/kg cystone next 14 days). Biochemical testing was adopted for measuring the blood and urine parameters, as well as the level of antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) in kidney tissues. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was utilized to observe the histopathological changes in the kidney tissue. End of the experiment the PHYMIN-22 treatment reduced the urine and serum calcium (p < 0.01; p < 0.01), oxalate (p < 0.01; p < 0.01), phosphate (p < 0.01; p < 0.01), uric acid (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), protein (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), and creatinine (p < 0.001; p < 0.001) respectively, serum indicators ALT (p < 0.001) and AST (p < 0.001) level and non-enzymic antioxidant GSH (p < 0.001) compared to EG induced urolithiasis animals (Diseased control group). PHYMIN-22 treatment significantly increased urine volume, pH, and body weight, and antioxidants include CAT (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), SOD (p ˃ 0.05; p < 0.05), and GPX (p < 0.01; p < 0.001) compared to Diseased control group animals. The effect of PHYMIN-22 on EG-induced urolithiasis animals could be by improving kidney function, normalizing the urine and serum parameters, maintaining the kidney antioxidants, eliminating crystal deposition, and excretion of unwanted ions from the kidney and urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobiya Pradeepkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | | | - Sivakumar Murugesan
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Manikandan Mathaiyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Kavitha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Anandhi Eswaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | | | - Braivy Anto
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
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Raj N, Agarwal J, Singh V, Nath SS, Das A, Sen M. A retrospective analysis of the 5-year trends of antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacterial isolates from an intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2023; 13:178-183. [PMID: 38292394 PMCID: PMC10824198 DOI: 10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_30_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Intensive care units (ICUs) in developing countries constitute a high risk for patients acquiring infection by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an increasing range of infections. The present study analyzed the local trends of AMR in Gram-negative isolates of ICU patients from a tertiary care facility in North India. Methods This retrospective study was conducted over 5 years (January 2018-December 2022). All bacterial isolates from patients admitted to ICU during the study period were included in the study, and their AMR pattern was analyzed. In addition, sensitivity trends of different antimicrobials against the common Gram-negative bacteria were analyzed, and AMR trends were analyzed over the study period. Results Klebsiella spp. was the most common isolate in samples received from ICU. A rise of carbapenem-resistant microorganisms was observed over the study period. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. showed around 10% and a 17% decrease in susceptibility to carbapenems, respectively. In contrast, a marked 29% decrease in sensitivity to carbapenems was observed in Acinetobacter spp. Conclusion The inception of integrated stewardship measures has shown a rising trend in susceptibility and is the need of the hour to prevent the spread of MDROs. Surveillance studies help us understand the impact of AMR in hospitals and help plan prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Raj
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyotsna Agarwal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Soumya Sankar Nath
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manodeep Sen
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kastner S, Dietel AK, Seier F, Ghosh S, Weiß D, Makarewicz O, Csáki A, Fritzsche W. LSPR-Based Biosensing Enables the Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207953. [PMID: 37093195 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of rapid, simple, and accurate bioassays for the detection of nucleic acids has received increasing demand in recent years. Here, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy for the detection of an antimicrobial resistance gene, sulfhydryl variable β-lactamase (blaSHV), which confers resistance against a broad spectrum of β-lactam antibiotics is used. By performing limit of detection experiments, a 23 nucleotide (nt) long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence down to 25 nm was detected, whereby the signal intensity is inversely correlated with sequence length (23, 43, 63, and 100 nt). In addition to endpoint measurements of hybridization events, the setup also allowed to monitor the hybridization events in real-time, and consequently enabled to extract kinetic parameters of the studied binding reaction. Performing LSPR measurements using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants of blaSHV revealed that these sequences can be distinguished from the fully complementary sequence. The possibility to distinguish such sequences is of utmost importance in clinical environments, as it allows to identify mutations essential for enzyme function and thus, is crucial for the correct treatment with antibiotics. Taken together, this system provides a robust, label-free, and cost-efficient analytical tool for the detection of nucleic acids and will enable the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kastner
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Dietel
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Seier
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shaunak Ghosh
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Weiß
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliwia Makarewicz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Csáki
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- Molecular Plasmonics work group, Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies and Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Vicar EK, Acquah SEK, Wallana W, Kuugbee ED, Osbutey EK, Aidoo A, Acheampong E, Mensah GI. Urinary Tract Infection and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Receiving Antenatal Care at a Primary Health Care Facility in the Northern Region of Ghana. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:3727265. [PMID: 37303774 PMCID: PMC10256441 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3727265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is frequently encountered during pregnancy and is associated with adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects. However, very little information is available on the prevalence of UTI among pregnant women in the northern part of Ghana, a region with a high birth rate. This study employed a cross-sectional analysis of the prevalence, antimicrobial profile, and risk factors associated with UTI in 560 pregnant women attending primary care for antenatal check-ups. Sociodemographic obstetrical history and personal hygiene information were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire. Afterward, clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected from all participants and subjected to routine microscopy examination and culture. Of 560 pregnant women, 223 cases (39.8%) were positive for UTI. There was a statistically significant association between sociodemographic, obstetric, and personal hygiene variables and UTI (p < 0.0001). Escherichia coli (27.8%) was the commonest bacterial isolate followed by CoNS (13.5%) and Proteus species (12.6%). These isolates exhibited greater resistance to ampicillin (70.1-97.3%) and cotrimoxazole (48.1-89.7%) but were fairly susceptible to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. Gram-negative resistance to meropenem was up to 25.0%, and Gram positives resistance to cefoxitin and vancomycin was up to 33.3% and 71.4% respectively. The current findings extend our knowledge of the high frequency of UTIs and associated risk factors in pregnant women with E. Coli being the predominant and usual isolate. Variation existed in the resistance pattern of isolates to various drugs, underscoring the need to perform urine culture and susceptibility before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel K. Vicar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
| | - Samuel E. K. Acquah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Allied Health Science, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
| | - Williams Wallana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
| | - Eugene D. Kuugbee
- School of Medical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Science and Technology, Navrongo, Upper East. Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel K. Osbutey
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
| | - Abigail Aidoo
- Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, School of Nursing and Midwifer, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Acheampong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon Greater Accra Region, Accra, Ghana
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Abubaker KT, Anwar KA. Antimicrobial susceptibility and integrons detection among extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in patients with urinary tract infection. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15429. [PMID: 37283901 PMCID: PMC10241164 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Integrons are bacterial mobile genetic components responsible for mediating the antibiotic resistance process by carrying and spreading antimicrobial resistance genes among bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Objectives This cross-sectional hospital-based study aimed to find the prevalence of antibiotic resistance patterns and to detect integrons classes (I, II, and III) among bacterial isolates in patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) in Sulaimani, Iraq. Patients and Methods Mid-stream urine samples (no. = 400) were collected from patients with UTI at three different Hospitals from Sulaimani, Iraq, between September 2021 to January 2022. Urine samples were cultured on various agar media, and grown bacteria were isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) and an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) screen were done for isolated bacteria. Then, integrons classes were screened using conventional PCR with gene sequencing and uploaded to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Results The frequency rate of Enterobacteriaceae was 67.03% among positive urine cultures. E. coli (no. = 86) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (no. = 32) isolates were identified. The most sensitive antibiotics were the carbapenem group (85.3%) and nitrofurantoin (NFN) (64.2%), while the most resistant antibiotics were nalidixic acid (NA) and 3rd generation cephalosporin. The occurrence rate of ESBL was 56.6% with a predominance of class I integron (54.2%), then class II (15.8%) and no positive record for class III integron were observed. Conclusion Most bacterial isolates from patients with UTI produced class I and II integrons genes with favourable ESBL properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karzan Taha Abubaker
- Microbiology Department/Shar Teaching Hospital, Sulaimania Directorate of Health, Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Khanda Abdulateef Anwar
- Microbiology Department/College of Medicine/University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
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Teferi S, Sahlemariam Z, Mekonnen M, Tamrat R, Bekana T, Adisu Y, Darge T. Uropathogenic bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates among gynecological cases admitted to Jimma Medical Center, South West Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7078. [PMID: 37127777 PMCID: PMC10151331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in women; about 50% of women get during their life time. Moreover, it is a common health problem in patients with gynecological pathologies, which increases the chance of acquiring infection. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial profile that causes UTI and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern among admitted gynecological cases. A cross-sectional study was conducted in south west Ethiopia region. A total of 386 patients admitted with gynecological cases were recruited by sequential sampling technique and structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and risk factor-related data. About 10 ml freshly voided midstream and catheterized urine specimens were collected using sterile containers. Identification of isolate was done using culture characteristics, gram staining, and a series of biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed as per the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The data obtained were entered into EpiData Version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 25. A P value of less than 0.05 was used as a level of significance. In this study, the overall prevalence of UTI was 25.4%. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacteria, which accounted for 38 (37.6%), followed by Klebsiella species 22 (21.8%), CONS 14 (13.9%), Staphylococcus aureus 10 (9.9%), Enterobacter species 6 (5.9%), Citrobacter species 5 (4.9%), Proteus mirabilis 4 (4%), and Pseudomonas aeroginosa 2(2%). Histories of UTI (AOR = 1.977, 95% CI 1.06, 3.68, P = 0.032) and catheterization (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.28, 4.45, P = 0.006) were found to be statistically associated with significant bacteriuria. Gram-negative isolates showed a high level of resistance, 88.3% for ampicillin and 66.2% for tetracycline, and a relatively low level of resistance against ceftazidime, 22.1%, and meropenem, 3.9%. Gram-positive uropathogens showed a high level of resistance to penicillin, 91.6%, whereas all isolates were sensitive 100.0% to nitrofurantoin. Furthermore, 80 (79.2%) of the isolates had multidrug resistance, and 16 (26.7%) of both E. coli and Klebsiella spp. produced Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). In this study, a high prevalence of uropathogenic bacteria and multidrug resistance for commonly prescribed drugs were observed with a significant number of ESBL producers. Therefore, screening admitted gynecological patients, especially for those who have history of catheterization and UTI, by urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisay Teferi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Mettu University, Metu, Ethiopia.
| | - Zewdineh Sahlemariam
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mekidim Mekonnen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Rahel Tamrat
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Bekana
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Mettu University, Metu, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Adisu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Medical Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Darge
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mettu University, Metu, Ethiopia
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The Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Infective Endocarditis: A Multicentric Retrospective Analysis. Medicina (B Aires) 2023; 59:medicina59030457. [PMID: 36984458 PMCID: PMC10054718 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Multidrug-resistant microorganisms have made treating bacterial infections challenging. Resistance to antibiotics is expected to overcome efforts to produce new, effective antibacterial medication that is lifesaving in many situations. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infection that affects 5–15 per 100,000 patients annually and requires rapid antibiotic therapy to prevent morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: The present research assessed IE cases over five years, from a multicentric database, with the main objective of determining the degree of antibiotic resistance in these patients, stratified by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Results: Bad oral hygiene was present in 58.6% of patients from the Gram-negative group (vs. 38.7% in the Gram-positive group). Non-valvular heart disease was identified in approximately 40% of all patients, and valvopathies in approximately 20%. It was observed that 37.9% of Gram-negative IE bacteria were resistant to three or more antibiotics, whereas 20.7% were susceptible. Among Gram-positive infections, S. aureus was the most commonly involved pathogen, with a multidrug-resistant pattern in 11.2% of patients, while Acinetobacter baumannii had the highest resistance pattern of all Gram-negative pathogens, with 27.4% of all samples resistant to three or more antibiotics. Patients with Gram-negative IE were 4.2 times more likely to die. The mortality risk was 4 times higher when bacteria resistant to two or more antibiotics was involved and 5.7 times higher with resistance patterns to three or more antibiotics than the reference group with no antibiotic resistance. Peripheral catheters were the most common cause of multi-resistant IE, followed by heart surgery, dental procedures, and ENT interventions. Conclusions: Even though Gram-positive infections were the most frequent (83.0% of all cases), Gram-negative IE infections are substantially more deadly than Gram-positive IE infections. However, it was also observed that patients with Gram-negative infections were more likely to have underlying comorbidities, be institutionalized, and be underweight. Although the Gram-negative infections were more severe, their resistance patterns were similar to Gram-positive bacteria. As resistance patterns increase, more efforts should be made to prevent a healthcare catastrophe. At the same time, careful prophylaxis should be considered in patients at risk, including those with central catheters, undergoing dental procedures, and with poor oral hygiene.
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Deininger S, Gründler T, Deininger SHM, Lütcke K, Lütcke H, Agbesi J, Ladzaka W, Gyamfi E, Wichlas F, Hofmann V, Erne E, Törzsök P, Lusuardi L, Kern JM, Deininger C. The Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Rates of Uropathogens in a Rural Western African Area-A Retrospective Single-Center Study from Kpando, Ghana. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121808. [PMID: 36551465 PMCID: PMC9774093 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) status of uropathogens in Western Africa. We performed a retrospective evaluation of urine cultures collected from the rural Margret Marquart Catholic Hospital, Kpando, Ghana during the time period from October 2019−December 2021. Urine samples from 348 patients (median age 40 years, 52.6% male) were examined. Of these, 125 (35.9%) showed either fungal or bacterial growth, including Escherichia coli in 48 (38.4%), Candida species (spp.) in 29 (23.2%), Klebsiella spp. in 27 (21.6%), Proteus spp. in 12 (9.6%), Citrobacter spp. in 10 (8.0%), Salmonella spp. in 4 (3.2%), Staphylococcus spp. in 3 (2.4%), and Pseudomonas spp. in 2 (1.6%) cases. Two bacterial spp. were detected in 7 samples (5.6%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed resistance to a mean 8.6 out of 11 tested antibiotics per patient. Significant predictors (p < 0.05) of bacterial growth were age (OR 1.03), female sex (OR 3.84), and the number of pus cells (OR 1.05) and epithelial cells (OR 1.07) in urine microscopy. We observed an alarmingly high AMR rate among the uropathogens detected, even to reserve antibiotics. A similar resistance profile can be expected in West African patients living in high-income countries. These observations warrant the implementation of restrictive antibiotic protocols, together with the expansion of urine culture testing capacities, improvement of documentation and reporting of AMR rates, and continued research and development of new antibiotic therapies in order to stem the progression of AMR in this West African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Deininger
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Salzburg University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Doctors for Africa e. V., 77654 Offenburg, Germany
- No Limit Surgery (NLS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Therese Gründler
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Salzburg University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Doctors for Africa e. V., 77654 Offenburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hubertus Markus Deininger
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Salzburg University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- No Limit Surgery (NLS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Harry Lütcke
- Doctors for Africa e. V., 77654 Offenburg, Germany
| | - James Agbesi
- Margret Marquart Catholic Hospital, Kpando, Ghana
| | | | - Eric Gyamfi
- Margret Marquart Catholic Hospital, Kpando, Ghana
| | | | | | - Eva Erne
- University Clinic of Urology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Törzsök
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Salzburg University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Lusuardi
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Salzburg University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jan Marco Kern
- University Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Deininger
- No Limit Surgery (NLS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Oumer O, Metaferia Y, Gebretsadik D. Bacterial uropathogens, their associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among adult diabetic patients in two health centers at Kombolcha town, Northeastern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221139149. [PMID: 36457843 PMCID: PMC9706039 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221139149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urinary tract infection has catastrophic health outcome among diabetes mellitus patients. This study was conducted to investigate prevalence of bacterial uropathogens, their antibiogram, and associated factors among diabetes mellitus patients in Kombolcha town. METHOD Cross-sectional study was done from February to April 2020. A total of 282 study participants were involved and simple random technique was applied for enrollment of subjects. Well-constructed and pre-tested questionnaire was utilized to collect the data. Five to ten milliliters of mid-stream urine specimen was collected for microbiological data. Each sample was inoculated into cystine lactose electrolyte deficient medium, incubated overnight in aerobic atmosphere at 37°C for 24 h and finally biochemical tests were carried out. According to Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, the antimicrobial susceptibilities pattern of the bacteria was performed on Mueller-Hinton Agar. The data were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. Descriptive statistics, bi-variable, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. For statistical significance association, p value ⩽ 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval was considered. RESULTS The general prevalence of urinary tract infection among study participants was 20.2% (57/282). Being female and having merchant occupation had a statistically significant association. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 70.2% (40/57) and the leading isolate was Escherichia coli, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. About 57.5% gram-negative and 35.3% gram-positive bacteria showed multidrug resistance. CONCLUSION The general prevalence of significant bacteriuria was found to be consistent with similar studies conducted in different areas. The higher multidrug resistance rate was observed for the isolated bacteria. Health-care professionals should give due attention and follow rational antibiotic prescription practices to treat these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Oumer
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Science, Gambela Teacher’s Education and Health Science College, Gambela,
Ethiopia
| | - Yeshi Metaferia
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie,
Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gebretsadik
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie,
Ethiopia
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Camacho-Cordovez F, Henzel MK, Bauer L, Chakhtoura NGE, Leili K, Perez F, Vida-Clough JA, Klonowski B, Kiefer P, Donskey CJ, Navas ME. Bacterial urine profile and optimal urine specimen collection timing in asymptomatic chronically catheterized adults with spinal cord injuries and disorders. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:690-694. [PMID: 34543709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D) require chronic indwelling catheterization which is associated with an increased risk of catheter-associated (CA) adverse events. METHODS We studied urine samples (culture and urinalysis) from 2 cohorts of chronically catheterized males with SCI/D. Cohort 1 included 28 participants; 3 samples per patient were collected (before, after, and 7 days after catheter change). Cohort 2 included 21 participants; 7 samples per patient were collected (before, immediately after, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1 day, 2 days, and 7 days after catheter change). RESULTS A statistically significant decrease in the post catheter change percentage of "significant cultures" was found in both our cohorts (P<.05). Additionally, our second cohort demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of organisms growing at 100.000 cfu/mL (median=-1, mean=-1.5, P=.0006) and in urinalysis bacterial numbers (median=-0.5, mean=-1, P=.006) from pre- to 1-hour post catheter removal. CONCLUSIONS Although there appears to be an improvement of organism burden seen after catheter change, this is only temporary, and its significance in chronically catheterized patients is still unknown. Our second cohort demonstrated an optimal time for sample collection at the 1-hour post-catheter change sample, but further research is required for the extrapolation of these findings.
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18
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Karah N, Antypas K, Al-toutanji A, Suveyd U, Rafei R, Haraoui LP, Elamin W, Hamze M, Abbara A, Rhoads DD, Pantanowitz L, Uhlin BE. Teleclinical Microbiology: An Innovative Approach to Providing Web-Enabled Diagnostic Laboratory Services in Syria. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 157:554-560. [PMID: 34643678 PMCID: PMC8973258 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Telemedicine can compensate for the lack of health care specialists in response to protracted humanitarian crises. We sought to assess the usability of a teleclinical microbiology (TCM) program to provide diagnostic services in a hard-to-reach region of Syria. METHODS A semimobile station was equipped with conventional micrograph and macrograph digital imaging systems. An electronic platform (Telemicrobiology in Humanitarian Crises, TmHC) was created to facilitate sharing, interpreting, and storing the results. A pilot study was conducted to identify the bacterial species and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 74 urinary clinical isolates. An experience survey was conducted to capture the feedback of 8 participants in the program. RESULTS The TmHC platform (https://sdh.ngo/tmhc/) enabled systematic transmission of the laboratory records and co-interpretation of the results. The isolates were identified as Escherichia coli (n = 61), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 12), and Proteus mirabilis(n = 1). All the isolates were multidrug resistant. The performance of our TCM module was rated 4 (satisfying) and 5 (very satisfying) by 6 and 2 users, respectively. Data security of and cost-effectiveness were the main perceived concerns. CONCLUSIONS Although we encountered several context-related obstacles, our TCM program managed to reach a highly vulnerable population of 4 million people confined in the northwest region of Syria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Karah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anas Al-toutanji
- Biochemical Science and Technology Department, Gaziantep Üniversitesi, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Usama Suveyd
- Zooteknik Department, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Louis-Patrick Haraoui
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Wael Elamin
- G42 Healthcare, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Queen Mary UniversityLondon, London, UK
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Aula Abbara
- Department of Infection, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Daniel D Rhoads
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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The Impact of Multiplex PCR in Diagnosing and Managing Bacterial Infections in COVID-19 Patients Self-Medicated with Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040437. [PMID: 35453189 PMCID: PMC9025156 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiplex PCR is a powerful and efficient tool that was widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infections and that has applications for bacterial identification, as well as determining bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the usability of multiplex PCR, especially in patients self-medicated with antibiotics, where bacterial cultures often give false-negative results. A cross-sectional study was developed in two COVID-19 units, where 489 eligible patients were included as antibiotic takers and non-antibiotic takers. Antibiotic takers used mostly over-the-counter medication; they suffered significantly more chronic respiratory conditions and were self-medicated most often with cephalosporins (41.4%), macrolide (23.2%), and penicillin (19.7%). The disease severity in these patients was significantly higher than in non-antibiotic takers, and bacterial superinfections were the most common finding in the same group (63.6%). Antibiotic takers had longer hospital and ICU admissions, although the mortality rate was not significantly higher than in non-antibiotic takers. The most common bacteria involved in secondary infections were Staphylococcus aureus (22.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.8%), and Klebsiellaspp (25.0%). Patients self-medicating with antibiotics had significantly higher rates of multidrug resistance. The multiplex PCR test was more accurate in identifying multidrug resistance and resulted in a quicker initiation of therapeutic antibiotics compared with instances where a bacterial culture was initially performed, with an average of 26.8 h vs. 40.4 h, respectively. The hospital stay was also significantly shorter by an average of 2.5 days when PCR was used as an initial assessment tool for secondary bacterial infections. When adjusted for age, COVID-19 severity, and pulmonary disease, over-the-counter use of antibiotics represented a significant independent risk factor for a prolonged hospitalization (AOR = 1.21). Similar findings were observed for smoking status (AOR = 1.44), bacterial superinfection (AOR = 1.52), performing only a conventional bacterial culture (AOR = 1.17), and a duration of more than 48 h for bacterial sampling from the time of hospital admission (AOR = 1.36). Multiplex PCR may be a very effective method for diagnosing secondary bacterial infections in COVID-19 individuals self-medicating with antibiotics. Utilizing this strategy as an initial screen in COVID-19 patients who exhibit signs of sepsis and clinical deterioration will result in a faster recovery time and a shorter period of hospitalization.
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Orji O, Dlamini Z, Wise AJ. Urinary bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among pregnant women in Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Johannesburg. S Afr J Infect Dis 2022; 37:343. [PMID: 35169587 PMCID: PMC8832018 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v37i1.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ogbonnaya Orji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zandile Dlamini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amy J. Wise
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Addis T, Mekonnen Y, Ayenew Z, Fentaw S, Biazin H. Bacterial uropathogens and burden of antimicrobial resistance pattern in urine specimens referred to Ethiopian Public Health Institute. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259602. [PMID: 34767605 PMCID: PMC8589166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the leading causes of morbidity in the general population, and is the second most common infectious disease after respiratory infections. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is essential to achieving good therapeutic results. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the profile of pathogens cultured from urinary tract infections and to determine their resistance profiles to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out at the National Referral Laboratory of the Ethiopian Institute of Public Health from January 2017 to December 2018. All positive cultures were characterized by colony morphology, Gram stain, and standard biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolate was performed using the Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion test on Muller-Hinton agar. In addition, bacterial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phenotypic detection of MDR were performed with VITEK 2 Compact according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Result Out of 1012 cultured urine specimens, 325 (32.1%) was showed significant bacteriuria. The overall prevalence of UTIs was 325(32.1%) and the highest prevalence rate was obtained from 21–30 years age group 73(22.5%). Among UTIs patients, 583(57.6%) were females and 429(42.4%) were males. The UTIs of 179 (55%) women is relatively higher than that of men 146 (45%). Among 325 isolates, Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) appeared more frequently 252 (51.7%) than Gram-positive bacteria 63 (19.4%). In GNB, E. coli 168(66.7%), Klebsiella species 32(12.7%), and Enterobacter species 13 (5.2%) were dominated isolates whereas in GPB accounted for coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) 33(52.4%), Enterococcus species 16(25.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus 10(15.9%). Major of the isolates showed high levels of antibiotic resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Imipenem, Amikacin, and Nitrofurantoin were the most sensitive antibiotics for Gram-negative isolates while Nitrofurantoin, clindamycin, and Gentamycin were effective against gram-positive uropathogens. Overall, 156/256(60.9%), 56/256(22.4%), 10/256(4%) of gram-negative isolates were MDR, XDR, and PDR respectively while among the GPB isolates, 34/63(53.1%), 10/63(15.8%), and 1/63(1.6%) were MDR, XDR, and PDR isolates respectively. Among the tested bacterial strains, 190/319 (59.5%) were MDR, 66/319 (20.7%) strains were XDR, and 11/319 (3.45%) were PDR isolated. Conclusion The prevalence of urinary tract infection was high, and Gram-negative organisms were the most common causes of UTIs in this study. It was found that the resistance to commonly used antibiotics is very high. Early detection and close monitoring of MDR, XDR, or even PDR bacterial strains must be started by all clinical microbiology laboratories to reduce the menace of antimicrobial resistance that is now a global problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfa Addis
- Department of Clinical bacteriology and Mycology, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Mekonnen
- Department of Clinical bacteriology and Mycology, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zeleke Ayenew
- Department of Clinical bacteriology and Mycology, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Surafel Fentaw
- Department of Clinical bacteriology and Mycology, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Biazin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
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Orekan J, Barbé B, Oeng S, Ronat JB, Letchford J, Jacobs J, Affolabi D, Hardy L. Culture media for clinical bacteriology in low- and middle-income countries: challenges, best practices for preparation and recommendations for improved access. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1400-1408. [PMID: 34015533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culture media are fundamental in clinical microbiology. In laboratories in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), they are mostly prepared in-house, which is challenging. OBJECTIVES This narrative review describes challenges related to culture media in LMICs, compiles best practices for in-house media preparation, gives recommendations to improve access to quality-assured culture media products in LMICs and formulates outstanding questions for further research. SOURCES Scientific literature was searched using PubMed and predefined MeSH terms. In addition, grey literature was screened, including manufacturer's websites and manuals as well as microbiology textbooks. CONTENT Bacteriology laboratories in LMICs often face challenges at multiple levels: lack of clean water and uninterrupted power supply, high environmental temperatures and humidity, dust, inexperienced and poorly trained staff, and a variable supply of consumables (often of poor quality). To deal with this at a base level, one should be very careful in selecting culture media. It is recommended to look for products supported by the national reference laboratory that are being distributed by an in-country supplier. Correct storage is key, as is appropriate preparation and waste management. Centralized media acquisition has been advocated for LMICs, a role that can be taken up by the national reference laboratories, next to guidance and support of the local laboratories. In addition, there is an important role in tropicalization and customization of culture media formulations for private in vitro diagnostic manufacturers, who are often still unfamiliar with the LMIC market and the plethora of bacteriology products. IMPLICATION The present narrative review will assist clinical microbiology laboratories in LMICs to establish best practices for handling culture media by defining quality, regulatory and research paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Orekan
- Clinical Microbiology, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Barbara Barbé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sopheap Oeng
- Laboratory Department, Diagnostic Microbiology Development Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ronat
- Mini-Lab Project, Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France; Team ReSIST, INSERM U1184, School of Medicine University Paris-Saclay, France; Bacteriology-Hygiene Unit, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Joanne Letchford
- Laboratory Department, Diagnostic Microbiology Development Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dissou Affolabi
- Clinical Microbiology, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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