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Kumar A, Tripathi P, Kumar P, Shekhar R, Pathak R. From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:459. [PMID: 38793710 PMCID: PMC11125746 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial to comprehending disease progression and the significance of vaccine and therapeutic development. The emergence of highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge to humoral immunity, underscoring the necessity of grasping the intricacies of specific antibodies. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of antibodies in shaping immune responses and their implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into the kinetics and characteristics of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing their strengths, clinical utility, and limitations. Furthermore, we underscore the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, discussing various antibody-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, and hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, we offer insights into antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, emphasizing the significance of neutralizing antibodies in order to confer immunity to SARS-CoV-2, along with emerging variants of concern (VOCs) and circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges in the field, such as the risks of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and shed light on the challenges associated with the original antigenic sin (OAS) effect and long COVID. Overall, this review intends to provide valuable insights, which are crucial to advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient antibody-based therapeutics, and developing effective vaccines to combat the evolving threat of SARS-CoV-2 variants on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, India
| | - Prajna Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Prashant Kumar
- R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ritu Shekhar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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Misra P, Kant S, Guleria R, Ahmad M, Mandal S, Chaturvedi PK, Medigeshi GR, Meena S, Rai SK, Rahman A, Sangral M, Yadav K, Bairwa M, Haldar P. Test concordance and diagnostic accuracy of three serological assays for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody: result from a population-based sero-epidemiological study in Delhi. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:915. [PMID: 36476336 PMCID: PMC9730588 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several methodological tests are available to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Tests are mostly used in the aid of diagnosis or for serological assessment. No tests are fully confirmatory and have variable level of diagnostic ability. We aimed at assessing agreement with three serological tests: quantitative anti receptor binding domain ELISA (Q-RBD), qualitative ELISA (WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab) and qualitative chemiluminescence assay (CLIA). METHODS This study was a part of a large population based sero-epidemiological cohort study. Participants aged 1 year or older were included from 25 randomly selected clusters each in Delhi urban (urban resettlement colony of South Delhi district) and Delhi rural (villages in Faridabad district, Haryana). Three type of tests were applied to all the baseline blood samples. Result of the three tests were evaluated by estimating the total agreement and kappa value. RESULTS Total 3491 blood samples collected from March to September, 2021, out of which 1700 (48.7%) from urban and 1791 (51.3%) from rural. Overall 44.1% of participants were male. The proportion of sero-positivity were 78.1%, 75.2% and 31.8% by Wantai, QRBD and CLIA tests respectively. The total agreement between Wantai and QRBD was 94.5%, 53.1% between Wantai and CLIA, and 56.8% between QRBD and CLIA. The kappa value between these three tests were 0.84 (95% CI 0.80-0.87), 0.22 (95% CI 0.19-0.24) and 0.26 (95% CI 0.23-0.28). CONCLUSIONS There was strong concordance between Wantai and QRBD test. Agreement between CLIA with other two tests was low. Wantai and QRBD tests measuring the antibody to same S protein can be used with high agreement based on the relevant scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Misra
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Shashi Kant
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Randeep Guleria
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- grid.417256.3WHO Country Office, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Suprakash Mandal
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - P. K. Chaturvedi
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Guruprasad R. Medigeshi
- grid.464764.30000 0004 1763 2258Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, 121001 India
| | - Suneeta Meena
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Rai
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | | | - Meenu Sangral
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Kapil Yadav
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Mohan Bairwa
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Partha Haldar
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Plikusiene I, Maciulis V, Juciute S, Ramanavicius A, Balevicius Z, Slibinskas R, Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Simanavicius M, Balevicius S, Ramanaviciene A. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein interaction with a specific antibody by combined spectroscopic ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:113-122. [PMID: 35780545 PMCID: PMC9233548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Detailed evaluations of the antigen and antibody interaction rate and strength of the immune complex formed are very important for medical and bioanalytical applications. These data are crucial for the development of sensitive and fast immunosensors suitable for continuous measurements. Therefore, combined spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) technique (SE/QCM-D) was used for the evaluation: (i) of covalent immobilization of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (SCoV2-N) on QCM-D sensor disc modified by self-assembled monolayer based on 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and (ii) interaction of immobilized SCoV2-N with specific polyclonal anti-SCoV2-N antibodies followed by immune complex formation process. The results show that the SCoV2-N monolayer is rigid due to the low energy dissipation registered during the QCM-D measurement. In contrast, the anti-SCoV2-N layer produced after interaction with the immobilized SCoV2-N formed a soft and viscous layer. It was determined, that the sparse distribution of SCoV2-N on the surface affected the spatial arrangement of the antibody during the formation of immune complexes. The hinge-mediated flexibility of the antibody Fab fragments allows them to reach the more distantly located SCoV2-N and establish a bivalent binding between proteins in the formed SCoV2-N/anti-SCoV2-N complex. It was noted that the SE/QCM-D method can provide more precise quantitative information about the flexibility and conformational changes of antibody during the formation of the immune complex on the surface over time.
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Correia BP, Sousa MP, Sousa CEA, Mateus D, Sebastião AI, Cruz MT, Matos AM, Pereira AC, Moreira FTC. Development of colorimetric cellulose-based test-strip for the rapid detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV2 virus. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 29:9311-9322. [PMID: 36158137 PMCID: PMC9483301 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-022-04808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Given the pandemic situation, there is an urgent need for an accurate test to monitor antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-2, providing crucial epidemiological and clinical information to monitor the evolution of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) and to stratify the immunized and asymptomatic population. Therefore, this paper describes a new cellulose-based test strip for rapid and cost-effective quantitative detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV2 virus by colorimetric transduction. For this purpose, Whatman paper was chemically modified with sodium metaperiodate to introduce aldehyde groups on its surface. Subsequently, the spike protein of the virus is covalently bound by forming an imine group. The chemical control of cellulose paper modification was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and contact angle analysis. Colorimetric detection of the antibodies was performed by a conventional staining method using Ponceau S solution as the dye. Color analysis was performed after image acquisition with a smartphone using Image J software. The color intensity varied linearly with the logarithm of the anti-S concentration (from 10 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL) in 500-fold diluted serum samples when plotted against the green coordinate extracted from digital images. The test strip was selective in the presence of nucleocapsid antibodies, urea, glucose, and bovine serum albumin with less than 15% interference, and detection of antibodies in human serum was successfully performed. Overall, this is a simple and affordable design that can be readily used for mass population screening and does not require sophisticated equipment or qualified personnel. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-022-04808-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara P. Correia
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana P. Sousa
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cristina E. A. Sousa
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela Mateus
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Sebastião
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Miguel Matos
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Pereira
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Felismina T. C. Moreira
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Rotondo JC, Martini F, Maritati M, Caselli E, Gallenga CE, Guarino M, De Giorgio R, Mazziotta C, Tramarin ML, Badiale G, Tognon M, Contini C. Advanced Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Methods to Detect SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1193. [PMID: 35744711 PMCID: PMC9231257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 in China and quickly spread across the globe, causing over 521 million cases of infection and 6.26 million deaths to date. After 2 years, numerous advances have been made. First of all, the preventive vaccine, which has been implemented in record time, is effective in more than 95% of cases. Additionally, in the diagnostic field, there are numerous molecular and antigenic diagnostic kits that are equipped with high sensitivity and specificity. Real Time-PCR-based assays for the detection of viral RNA are currently considered the gold-standard method for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and can be used efficiently on pooled nasopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal samples for widespread screening. Moreover, additional, and more advanced molecular methods such as droplet-digital PCR (ddPCR), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), are currently under development to detect the SARS-CoV-2 RNA. However, as the number of subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 continuously increases globally, health care systems are being placed under increased stress. Thus, the clinical laboratory plays an important role, helping to select especially asymptomatic individuals who are actively carrying the live replicating virus, with fast and non-invasive molecular technologies. Recent diagnostic strategies, other than molecular methods, have been adopted to either detect viral antigens, i.e., antigen-based immunoassays, or human anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, i.e., antibody-based immunoassays, in nasal or oropharyngeal swabs, as well as in blood or saliva samples. However, the role of mucosal sIgAs, which are essential in the control of viruses entering the body through mucosal surfaces, remains to be elucidated, and in particular the role of the immune response in counteracting SARS-CoV-2 infection, primarily at the site(s) of virus entry that appears to be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Maritati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Orthopaedic Ward, Casa di Cura Santa Maria Maddalena, 45030 Occhiobello, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, CIAS Research Center and LTTA, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Carla Enrica Gallenga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Matteo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (R.D.G.)
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (R.D.G.)
| | - Chiara Mazziotta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Tramarin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Giada Badiale
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Carlo Contini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
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Ameku WA, Provance DW, Morel CM, De-Simone SG. Rapid Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies with a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with a Spike Glycoprotein Epitope. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:272. [PMID: 35624573 PMCID: PMC9139057 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by an infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was recognized in late 2019 and has since spread worldwide, leading to a pandemic with unprecedented health and financial consequences. There remains an enormous demand for new diagnostic methods that can deliver fast, low-cost, and easy-to-use confirmation of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have developed an affordable electrochemical biosensor for the rapid detection of serological immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in sera against the spike protein. MATERIALS AND METHODS A previously identified linear B-cell epitope (EP) specific to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and recognized by IgG in patient sera was selected for the target molecule. After synthesis, the EP was immobilized onto the surface of the working electrode of a commercially available screen-printed electrode (SPE). The capture of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgGs allowed the formation of an immunocomplex that was measured by square-wave voltammetry from its generation of hydroquinone (HQ). RESULTS An evaluation of the performance of the EP-based biosensor presented a selectivity and specificity for COVID-19 of 93% and 100%, respectively. No cross-reaction was observed to antibodies against other diseases that included Chagas disease, Chikungunya, Leishmaniosis, and Dengue. Differentiation of infected and non-infected individuals was possible even at a high dilution factor that decreased the required sample volumes to a few microliters. CONCLUSION The final device proved suitable for diagnosing COVID-19 by assaying actual serum samples, and the results displayed good agreement with the molecular biology diagnoses. The flexibility to conjugate other EPs to SPEs suggests that this technology could be rapidly adapted to diagnose new variants of SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson A. Ameku
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecualr Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - David W. Provance
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecualr Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Morel
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecualr Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Cellular and Molecular Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and caused a dramatic pandemic. Serological assays are used to check for immunization and assess herd immunity. We evaluated commercially available assays designed to quantify antibodies directed to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) antigen, either total (Wantaï SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA) or IgG (SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant on Alinity, Abbott, and Liaison SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG, Diasorin). The specificities of the Wantaï, Alinity, and Liaison assays were evaluated using 100 prepandemic sera and were 98, 99, and 97%, respectively. The sensitivities of all three were around 100% when tested on 35 samples taken 15 to 35 days postinfection. They were less sensitive for 150 sera from late infections (>180 days). Using the first WHO international standard (NIBSC), we showed that the Wantai results were concordant with the NIBSC values, while Liaison and Alinity showed a proportional bias of 1.3 and 7, respectively. The results of the 3 immunoassays were significantly globally pairwise correlated and for late infection sera (P < 0.001). They were correlated for recent infection sera measured with Alinity and Liaison (P < 0.001). However, the Wantai results of recent infections were not correlated with those from Alinity or Liaison. All the immunoassay results were significantly correlated with the neutralizing antibody titers obtained using a live virus neutralization assay with the B1.160 SARS-CoV-2 strain. These assays will be useful once the protective anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer has been determined. IMPORTANCE Standardization and correlation with virus neutralization assays are critical points to compare the performance of serological assays designed to quantify anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in order to identify their optimal use. We have evaluated three serological immunoassays based on the virus spike antigen that detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: a microplate assay and two chemiluminescent assays performed with Alinity (Abbott) and Liaison (Diasorin) analysers. We used an in-house live virus neutralization assay and the first WHO international standard to assess the comparison. This study could be useful to determine guidelines on the use of serological results to manage vaccination and treatment with convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies.
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Guven DC, Sahin TK, Kilickap S, Uckun FM. Antibody Responses to COVID-19 Vaccination in Cancer: A Systematic Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:759108. [PMID: 34804957 PMCID: PMC8599356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.759108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the results of phase III vaccine studies became available, the leading oncology societies recommended two doses of COVID-19 vaccination to all patients with cancer with no specific recommendation for tumor type and active treatments. However, the data on the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in cancer patients is limited due to exclusion of cancer patients from most vaccine clinical trials. Therefore, we systemically reviewed the available evidence evaluating the antibody responses in cancer patients. METHODS We conducted a systematic search from the Pubmed database and calculated risk differences (RD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to compare seroconversion rates between cancer patients and controls using the Review Manager software, version 5.3. RESULTS Our systematic search retrieved a total 27 studies and we included 17 studies with control arms in the analyses. Cancer patients had significantly lower seroconversion rates (37.3%) than controls (74.1%) (RD: -0.44, 95% CI: -0.52, -0.35, p<0.001) with first vaccine dose. After two doses, the seroconversion rates were 99.6% in control arm and 78.3% in cancer patients (RD: -0.19, 95% CI: -0.28, -0.10, p<0.001). The difference in seroconversion rates was more pronounced patients with hematologic malignancies (72.6%) (RD: -0.25, 95% CI: -0.27, -0.22, p<0.001) than patients with solid tumors (91.6%) (RD: -0.09, 95% CI: -0.13, -0.04, p<0.003) and patients in remission (RD: -0.10, 95% CI: -0.14, -0.06, p<0.001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, COVID-19 vaccine seroconversion rates were significantly lower in patients with hematological malignancies and patients under active treatment. Further research focusing on the approaches to improve vaccine efficacy and exploration of novel treatment options is urgently needed for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz C. Guven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taha K. Sahin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saadettin Kilickap
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih M. Uckun
- Department of Immunology and Inflammatory Disorders, Reven Pharmaceuticals, Westminster, CO, United States
- Immuno-Oncology Program and COVID-19 Task Force, Ares Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Lagousi T, Routsias J, Spoulou V. Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Accurate and Prompt Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Diagnosis Using the Rational Selection of Serological Biomarkers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1970. [PMID: 34829317 PMCID: PMC8618656 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt COVID-19 diagnosis is urgently required to support infection control measures. Currently available serological tests for measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibodies use different target antigens, although their sensitivity and specificity presents a challenge. We aimed to develop an "in-house" serological ELISA to measure antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by combining different protein antigens. Sera (n = 44) from COVID-19-confirmed patients were evaluated against different SARS-CoV-2 protein antigens and all potential combinations using ELISA. Patients' sera were also evaluated against commercially available ELISA diagnostic kits. The mixture containing RBD 2.5 μg/mL, S2 1 μg/mL and N 1.5 μg/mL was found to be the most potent. Plates were incubated with patients' sera (1:100), and goat anti-human alkaline phosphatase-conjugated IgG, ΙgM and IgA antibody was added. The cut-off value for each assay was determined using the mean optical density plus two standard deviations of pre-pandemic controls. The "in-house" ELISA displayed 91% sensitivity and 97% specificity for IgG antibodies, whereas its sensitivity and specificity for IgM and IgA were 75% and 95% and 73% and 91%, respectively. The "in-house" ELISA developed here combined three SARS-CoV-2 antigens (RBD, S2 and N) as capture antigens and displayed comparable and even higher sensitivity and specificity than otherwise quite reliable commercially available ELISA diagnostic kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Lagousi
- First Department of Paediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Immunology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department “MAKKA”, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic & Malignant Disorders in Childhood, First Department of Paediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children’s Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - John Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vana Spoulou
- First Department of Paediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Immunology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department “MAKKA”, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic & Malignant Disorders in Childhood, First Department of Paediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children’s Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
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