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Madadelahi M, Agarwal R, Martinez-Chapa SO, Madou MJ. A roadmap to high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR): COVID-19 as a technology accelerator. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115830. [PMID: 38039729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The limit of detection (LOD), speed, and cost of crucial COVID-19 diagnostic tools, including lateral flow assays (LFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and polymerase chain reactions (PCR), have all improved because of the financial and governmental support for the epidemic. The most notable improvement in overall efficiency among them has been seen with PCR. Its significance for human health increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it emerged as the commonly used approach for identifying the virus. However, because of problems with speed, complexity, and expense, PCR deployment in point-of-care settings continues to be difficult. Microfluidic platforms offer a promising solution by enabling the development of smaller, more affordable, and faster PCR systems. In this review, we delve into the engineering challenges associated with the advancement of high-speed microfluidic PCR equipment. We introduce criteria that facilitate the evaluation and comparison of factors such as speed, LOD, cycling efficiency, and multiplexing capacity, considering sample volume, fluidics, PCR reactor geometry and materials, as well as heating/cooling methods. We also provide a comprehensive list of commercially available PCR devices and conclude with projections and a discussion regarding the current obstacles that need to be addressed in order to progress further in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Madadelahi
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Marc J Madou
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico; Autonomous Medical Devices Incorporated (AMDI), Santa Ana, CA, 92704, USA.
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2
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Lai MY, Abdul Hamid M, Jelip J, Mudin RN, Lau YL. Lateral Flow Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assays for the Detection of Human Plasmodium Species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:882-886. [PMID: 36913921 PMCID: PMC10160889 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study highlights the development of two lateral flow recombinase polymerase amplification assays for the diagnosis of human malaria. The lateral flow cassettes contained test lines that captured biotin-, 6-carboxyfluorescein, digoxigenin-, cyanine 5-, and dinitrophenyl-labeled amplicons. The overall process can be completed in 30 minutes. Recombinase polymerase amplification coupled with lateral flow had a detection limit of 1 copy/µL for Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum. No cross-reactivity was observed among nonhuman malaria parasites such as Plasmodium coatneyi, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium brasilanium, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium fragile, Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp., Brugia spp., and 20 healthy donors. It is rapid, highly sensitive, robust, and easy to use. The result can be read without the need for special equipment and thus has the potential to serve as an effective alternative to polymerase chain reaction methods for the diagnosis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yee Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Abdul Hamid
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Jenarun Jelip
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Rose Nani Mudin
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lai MY, Zen LPY, Abdul Hamid MH, Jelip J, Mudin RN, Ivan VJS, Francis LNP, Saihidi I, Lau YL. Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Malaria Using a Simple, Purification-Free DNA Extraction Method Coupled with Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification-Lateral Flow. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:199. [PMID: 37104326 PMCID: PMC10140920 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a protocol suitable for point-of-care diagnosis of malaria utilizing a simple and purification-free DNA extraction method with the combination of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay and lateral flow (LAMP-LF). The multiplex LAMP-LF platform developed here can simultaneously detect Plasmodium knowlesi, P. vivax, P. falciparum, and Plasmodium genus (for P. malariae and P. ovale). Through the capillary effect, the results can be observed by the red band signal on the test and control lines within 5 min. The developed multiplex LAMP-LF was tested with 86 clinical blood samples on-site at Hospital Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia. By using microscopy as the reference method, the multiplex LAMP-LF showed 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval (CI): 91.4 to 100.00%) and 97.8% specificity (95% CI: 88.2% to 99.9%). The high sensitivity and specificity of multiplex LAMP-LF make it ideal for use as a point-of-care diagnostic tool. The simple and purification-free DNA extraction protocol can be employed as an alternative DNA extraction method for malaria diagnosis in resource-limited settings. By combining the simple DNA extraction protocol and multiplex LAMP-LF approach, we aim to develop a simple-to-handle and easy-to-read molecular diagnostic tool for malaria in both laboratory and on-site settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yee Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.Y.L.); (L.P.Y.Z.)
| | - Lee Phone Youth Zen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.Y.L.); (L.P.Y.Z.)
| | | | - Jenarun Jelip
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | - Rose Nani Mudin
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Izreena Saihidi
- Hospital Kapit, Pathology Unit, Jalan Mamora, Kapit 96800, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.Y.L.); (L.P.Y.Z.)
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Das D, Lin CW, Chuang HS. LAMP-Based Point-of-Care Biosensors for Rapid Pathogen Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121068. [PMID: 36551035 PMCID: PMC9775414 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seeking optimized infectious pathogen detection tools is of primary importance to lessen the spread of infections, allowing prompt medical attention for the infected. Among nucleic-acid-based sensing techniques, loop-mediated isothermal amplification is a promising method, as it provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of microbial and viral pathogens and has enormous potential to transform current point-of-care molecular diagnostics. In this review, the advances in LAMP-based point-of-care diagnostics assays developed during the past few years for rapid and sensitive detection of infectious pathogens are outlined. The numerous detection methods of LAMP-based biosensors are discussed in an end-point and real-time manner with ideal examples. We also summarize the trends in LAMP-on-a-chip modalities, such as classical microfluidic, paper-based, and digital LAMP, with their merits and limitations. Finally, we provide our opinion on the future improvement of on-chip LAMP methods. This review serves as an overview of recent breakthroughs in the LAMP approach and their potential for use in the diagnosis of existing and emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Han-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Changtor P, Gupta YM, Yimtragool N. Optimization and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique for sex identification in red-whiskered bulbul ( Pycnonotus jocosus). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9401. [PMID: 36225838 PMCID: PMC9534725 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) is a popular avian species in Thailand and many other countries. The red-whiskered bulbul has a high economic value, but breeding is challenging since sex identification is difficult. The PCR method is now used for sex identification. However, PCR amplification and post-PCR analysis necessitate the use of a laboratory equipped with specialized scientific instruments, which is inconvenient for field operations. This research describes a method for amplification of DNA samples using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) approach, which is a molecular biology methodology for isothermal amplification that is extremely sensitive, fast, and easy for post-LAMP product visualization. Herein, total of 23 blood samples were collected and DNA was extracted. Two sets of LAMP primers were designed for CHD-Z and CHD-W genes. The colorimetric assay was used to investigate the best conditions for LAMP reactions and post-LAMP product visualization. LAMP reactions for sex identification were compared to traditional PCR in terms of sensitivity and specificity. LAMP reactions were found to be 10-fold more sensitive than PCR at 1 ng of DNA. When compared to electrophoresis analysis, the visualization with colorimetric assay using GelRed® and SYTO™ 9 was 100% accurate. The optimal LAMP condition tested simple DNA extracted from bird feathers using the HotSHOT technique. The result showed that the optimal condition could distinguish the sex of red-whiskered bulbuls totally and accurately. A powerful method for red-whiskered bulbul sex identification is demonstrated in this study, which can be used in field studies because it is quick and easy to perform, has high sensitivity, and does not require advanced scientific equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanupong Changtor
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
| | - Yash Munnalal Gupta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
| | - Nonglak Yimtragool
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
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Ince B, Sezgintürk MK. Lateral flow assays for viruses diagnosis: Up-to-date technology and future prospects. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 157:116725. [PMID: 35815063 PMCID: PMC9252863 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, viruses, and parasites are harmful microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. Early detection of diseases is critical to prevent disease transmission and provide epidemic preparedness, as these can cause widespread deaths and public health crises, particularly in resource-limited countries. Lateral flow assay (LFA) systems are simple-to-use, disposable, inexpensive diagnostic devices to test biomarkers in blood and urine samples. Thus, LFA has recently received significant attention, especially during the pandemic. Here, first of all, the design principles and working mechanisms of existing LFA methods are examined. Then, current LFA implementation strategies are presented for communicable disease diagnoses, including COVID-19, zika and dengue, HIV, hepatitis, influenza, malaria, and other pathogens. Furthermore, this review focuses on an overview of current problems and accessible solutions in detecting infectious agents and diseases by LFA, focusing on increasing sensitivity with various detection methods. In addition, future trends in LFA-based diagnostics are envisioned.
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Kataria P, Surela N, Chaudhary A, Das J. MiRNA: Biological Regulator in Host-Parasite Interaction during Malaria Infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042395. [PMID: 35206583 PMCID: PMC8874942 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a severe life-threatening disease caused by the bites of parasite-infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It remains a significant problem for the most vulnerable children and women. Recent research has helped establish the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and many other diseases. MiRNAs are the class of small non-coding RNAs consisting of 18–23 nucleotides in length that are evolutionarily conserved and regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level and play a significant role in various molecular mechanisms such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and differentiation. MiRNAs can help detect malaria infection as the malaria parasite could alter the miRNA expression of the host. These alterations can be diagnosed by the molecular diagnostic tool that can indicate disease. We summarize the current understanding of miRNA during malaria infection. miRNAs can also be used as biomarkers, and initial research has unearthed their potential in diagnosing and managing various diseases such as malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kataria
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India; (P.K.); (N.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Neha Surela
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India; (P.K.); (N.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Amrendra Chaudhary
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India; (P.K.); (N.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Jyoti Das
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India; (P.K.); (N.S.); (A.C.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-25307203; Fax: +91-25307177
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