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Pacho-Hernández JC, Fernández-Palacios FG, Tejera-Alonso Á, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Varol U, Valera-Calero JA, Fernández-Méndez LM, Cigarán-Mendez M. Understanding the Associations between Executive Function and Psychological Variables in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Network Analysis Approach. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1678. [PMID: 39201236 PMCID: PMC11353253 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12161678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the multivariate relationships between clinical, cognitive performance, executive functioning, and psychological outcomes in women with fibromyalgia (FMS) using network analyses. Demographic (age, height, weight), clinical (pain history, pain intensity, and related disability), neurocognitive (D2 Attention test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure for visual perception, "Digits D/R/I" tests of the WAIS-IV battery for working memory, the 5-Digit Test for mental inhibition, the Symbol Search for processing speed and the Zoo Test for planning/decision making) and psychological (depressive symptoms, anxiety levels, sleep quality, pain hypervigilance) variables were collected in 129 women with FMS and 111 healthy women. Network analyses were conducted separately for each group to quantify the adjusted correlations between the modeled variables and to assess their centrality indices (i.e., connectivity with other symptoms in the network and their importance in the network). The network identified 74 associations in FMS women and 46 associations in controls with small differences. The strongest correlations in both groups were found between different attention variables: d2_CON with d2_C, d2_O with d_2TR, and d2_CON with d2_TA. The most central variables were d2_TA, d2_C, and d2_CON (highest strength centrality in both groups) and anxiety levels and pain hypervigilance (highest harmonic centrality in FMS women). The strength centrality of the network was stable for women with FMS (CScor0.7: 0.68) but not for healthy women (CScor0.7: 0.28). This study found that attention variables are most relevant within a neurocognitive network and that psychological variables are most important for the treatment of women with FMS. The clinical implications of the current findings, such as the development of treatments targeting these variables, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Pacho-Hernández
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.C.P.-H.); (Á.T.-A.); (M.C.-M.)
| | - Francisco G. Fernández-Palacios
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.C.P.-H.); (Á.T.-A.); (M.C.-M.)
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Alcorcón, Spain;
| | - Ángela Tejera-Alonso
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.C.P.-H.); (Á.T.-A.); (M.C.-M.)
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Alcorcón, Spain;
| | - César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, University Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (C.F.-d.-l.-P.); (L.M.F.-M.)
| | - Umut Varol
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Alcorcón, Spain;
| | - Juan A. Valera-Calero
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M. Fernández-Méndez
- Department Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, University Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (C.F.-d.-l.-P.); (L.M.F.-M.)
| | - Margarita Cigarán-Mendez
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.C.P.-H.); (Á.T.-A.); (M.C.-M.)
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Alshareef MH, Alsharif BH. Headache Prevalence and Its Associated Factors in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2853. [PMID: 37893226 PMCID: PMC10604832 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary headaches are more prevalent and associated with several risk factors, such as chronic diseases, unhealthy lifestyles, smoking, caffeine intake, work, and stress. However, these factors are not associated with specific headache disorders. We investigated the prevalence of primary headache disorders and the associated risk factors in Makkah. This cross-sectional study, conducted over a 6-month period, used an anonymous survey disseminated through online platforms. The questionnaire was a modified version of a validated questionnaire used to assess headaches in relation to modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. In total, 1177 participants aged 18-65 (mean, 31.5 ± 12.6) years were included. Headaches were diagnosed among 44.2% of participants aged 20-59 years, with a high prevalence among young adults; additionally, 71.5% of participants with headaches reported experiencing headaches for <15 days per month. Chronic headaches were found in 28.5% of participants. Age, chronic diseases, work, caffeine consumption, and smoking were associated with having a significant effect on headache prevalence. The prevalence of headaches in Makkah has increased in comparison to that reported in previous studies. Certain modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors have been associated with headaches. Headaches impact all life aspects of individuals and communities. An educational program for professionals and patients can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram H. Alshareef
- Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan Hashim Alsharif
- Hajj and Umrah Research and Epidemiology Administration, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 24331, Saudi Arabia;
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