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Zhang L, Shi Y, Liang B, Li X. An overview of the cholesterol metabolism and its proinflammatory role in the development of MASLD. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0434. [PMID: 38696365 PMCID: PMC11068152 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid molecule in mammalian cells. It is not only involved in the formation of cell membranes but also serves as a raw material for the synthesis of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones. Additionally, it acts as a covalent modifier of proteins and plays a crucial role in numerous life processes. Generally, the metabolic processes of cholesterol absorption, synthesis, conversion, and efflux are strictly regulated. Excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the body is a risk factor for metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In this review, we first provide an overview of the discovery of cholesterol and the fundamental process of cholesterol metabolism. We then summarize the relationship between dietary cholesterol intake and the risk of developing MASLD, and also the animal models of MASLD specifically established with a cholesterol-containing diet. In the end, the role of cholesterol-induced inflammation in the initiation and development of MASLD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqiang Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqiong Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Lu X, Li J, Wang M, Zhang W, Zheng M, Sun Z, Xing Y, Li Y, Qu Y, Jiao Y, Han H, Xie C, Mao T. Novel insights into macrophage immunometabolism in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111833. [PMID: 38503012 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury and different degrees of fibrosis, and has been becoming the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of NASH has not been completely clarified, and there are no approved therapeutic drugs. Recent accumulated evidences have revealed the involvement of macrophage in the regulation of host liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, and different phenotypes of macrophages have different metabolic characteristics. Therefore, targeted regulation of macrophage immunometabolism may contribute to the treatment and prognosis of NASH. In this review, we summarized the current evidences of the role of macrophage immunometabolism in NASH, especially focused on the related function conversion, as well as the strategies to promote its polarization balance in the liver, and hold promise for macrophage immunometabolism-targeted therapies in the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yuan
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junxiang Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Muyuan Wang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenji Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | - Yunqi Xing
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yitong Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yingdi Qu
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Jiao
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haixiao Han
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Chune Xie
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China; Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Tangyou Mao
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
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3
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Yiğit Ziolkowski A, Şenol N, Aslankoç R, Samur G. Whey protein supplementation reduced the liver damage scores of rats fed with a high fat-high fructose diet. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301012. [PMID: 38573884 PMCID: PMC10994406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Different functional foods with bioactive nutrients are being explored for the management of NAFLD. Whey proteins are rich in bioactive peptides and are suggested to show antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We aim to test the hypothesis that the whey protein supplementation following a high fat-high fructose (HFHF) diet would protect against liver damage, inflammation, endotoxemia and steatosis in male Wistar rats. 36 rats were randomized into four groups for 8 weeks as the HFHF diet group, HFHF diet and whey protein isolate (WPI-200mg/kg/day) group (HFHF+WPI), control (C) group, and C+WPI (200mg/kg/day) group. Rats fed with a HFHF diet had higher final body weight compared to C and C+WPI groups (p = 0.002). Thus, WPI showed no significant effects for the body weight of rats with a HFHF diet. On the other hand, the HFHF+WPI group had significantly lower abdominal circumference when compared with the HFHF group (p<0,001). Higher serum CRP levels were observed in the groups with a HFHF diet (p<0,001) and WPI supplementation showed no effects on CRP levels. Whey protein supplementation resulted with lower total liver damage score in HFHF+WPI group compared with the HFHF diet group (p<0,001). Conversely, higher liver damage scores were observed with the C+WPI group compared to C group (p<0,001). HFHF diet resulted with higher expression of TLR-4 in the liver meanwhile WPI supplementation showed no effects on liver TLR-4 expression. We observed higher colon Occludin expression in HFHF+WPI and C+WPI groups compared with HFHF and C groups (p<0,001). Our results showed that, whey protein supplementation might help improve liver damage associated with a high fat-high fructose diet and increase the expression of Occludin in the small intestine and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Yiğit Ziolkowski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Nurgül Şenol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rahime Aslankoç
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Gülhan Samur
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Gao SS, Shen YL, Chen YW, Wei XZ, Hu JJ, Wang J, Wu WJ. Liver Metabolomics Analysis Revealing Key Metabolites Associated with Different Stages of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Hamsters. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1303-1317. [PMID: 37859316 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073238503230924180432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not only the top cause of liver diseases but also a hepatic-correlated metabolic syndrome. This study performed untargeted metabolomics analysis of NAFLD hamsters to identify the key metabolites to discriminate different stages of NAFLD. METHODS Hamsters were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the NAFLD model with different stages (six weeks named as the NAFLD1 group and twelve weeks as the NAFLD2 group, respectively). Those liver samples were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics (UM) analysis to investigate metabolic changes and metabolites to discriminate different stages of NAFLD. RESULTS The significant liver weight gain in NAFLD hamsters was observed, accompanied by significantly increased levels of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Moreover, the levels of TG, LDL-C, ALT, and AST were significantly higher in the NAFLD2 group than in the NAFLD1 group. The UM analysis also revealed the metabolic changes; 27 differently expressed metabolites were detected between the NAFLD2 and NAFLD1 groups. More importantly, the levels of N-methylalanine, allantoin, glucose, and glutamylvaline were found to be significantly different between any two groups (control, NAFLD2 and NAFLD1). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve results also showed that these four metabolites are able to distinguish control, NAFLD1 and NAFLD2 groups. CONCLUSION This study indicated that the process of NAFLD in hamsters is accompanied by different metabolite changes, and these key differently expressed metabolites may be valuable diagnostic biomarkers and responses to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Yue-Liang Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310011, China
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Xiu-Zhi Wei
- Department of Ultrasound, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Jing-Jing Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Zhejiang, 315000, China
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Egea MB, de Oliveira Filho JG, Lemes AC. Investigating the Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii in Metabolic Syndrome Treatment: A Narrative Review of What Is Known So Far. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12015. [PMID: 37569390 PMCID: PMC10418856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by complex metabolic changes involving a cluster of co-occurring conditions, such as abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and high LDL cholesterol levels or low HDL cholesterol levels. The incidence and risk factors of MetS occurrence increase every year. It is estimated that MetS affects approximately 30% of the population of some countries. Therefore, novel strategies are being studied to reduce the negative impact of having an unbalanced diet and a lack of physical activity. One of these strategies is the administration of probiotic microorganisms, such as the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii, which has been associated with several beneficial health effects (including modulation of the intestinal microbiota and improvement of the inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory profiles). Thus, the objective of this study was to review the risk factors of MetS occurrence and the beneficial effects of S. boulardii ingestion in the treatment of MetS. Here, we critically evaluate the treatment necessary to promote these benefits. Using the pre-established inclusion criteria, eight studies were reviewed, including five animal and three human studies. The results reported the regulation of the lipid profile, modulation of the intestinal microbiota and gene expression, and a decrease in mass gain as positive results when S. boulardii was administered. Although more experiments are needed to validate these results, especially using human models, there is a trend toward improvement in MetS and a reduction in its risk factors with the administration of S. boulardii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Buranelo Egea
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil
| | | | - Ailton Cesar Lemes
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil;
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Zhong L, Lyu W, Lin Z, Lu J, Geng Y, Song L, Zhang H. Quinoa Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Regulates the Gut Microbiota in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Rats. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091780. [PMID: 37174318 PMCID: PMC10178724 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-term high-fat diet causes hepatic steatosis, which further leads to oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, we firstly investigated the regulation effects of different amounts of quinoa on hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation of rats fed a high-fat diet, then the gut microbiota was dynamically determined. Sprague-Dawley (SD, male) rats were randomized into four groups: normal controls (NC, fed standard chow), model groups (HF, fed a high-fat diet), low quinoa intake (HF + LQ), and high quinoa intake (HF + HQ) groups, which were supplemented with 9% and 27% quinoa in the high-fat feed (equivalent to 100 g/day and 300 g/day human intake, respectively). The results showed that quinoa intake significantly inhibited the hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, ameliorated hepatic steatosis pathologically; effectively rescued the decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and leptin in rats of two quinoa groups were close to those of the NC group. Besides, high quinoa intake significantly increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia, and low quinoa intake significantly increased the relative abundance of Blautia at the genus level. The relative abundances of Blautia and Dorea in rats in the HF + HQ group were lower than those in rats in the HF + LQ group. In addition, the relative abundances of Clostridium and Turicibacter of rats in the two quinoa intervention groups were lower than those of rats in the HF group after 12 weeks of intervention. In summary, quinoa exhibits a series of beneficial effects in the prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is suggested to be a component of a daily diet for the prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Zhong
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Lyu
- National Semi-Arid Agriculture Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Zihan Lin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Lu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Yanlou Geng
- National Semi-Arid Agriculture Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Lihua Song
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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Luo L, Chang Y, Sheng L. Gut-liver axis in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From the microbial derivatives-centered perspective. Life Sci 2023; 321:121614. [PMID: 36965522 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the world's most common chronic liver diseases. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear. With the deepening of research, NAFLD is considered a metabolic syndrome associated with the environment, heredity, and metabolic disorders. Recently, the close relationship between the intestinal microbiome and NAFLD has been discovered, and the theory of the "gut-liver axis" has been proposed. In short, the gut bacteria directly reach the liver via the portal vein through the damaged intestinal wall or indirectly participate in the development of NAFLD through signaling pathways mediated by their components and metabolites. This review focuses on the roles of microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide, DNA, peptidoglycan, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, endogenous ethanol, choline and its metabolites, indole and its derivatives, and bilirubin and its metabolites in the progression of NAFLD, which may provide significative insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment for this highly prevalent liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Luo
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yongchun Chang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
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8
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Tian G, Wang W, Xia E, Chen W, Zhang S. Dendrobium officinale alleviates high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1078447. [PMID: 36860985 PMCID: PMC9968977 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1078447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study investigated the preventive effect of Dendrobium officinale (DO), including whether its effect was related to the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and liver inflammation. Methods A NASH model was established in rats using a high-fat diet (HFD) and gavage with different doses of DO or Atorvastatin Calcium (AT) for 10 weeks. Body weight and body mass index along with liver appearance, weight, index, pathology, and biochemistry were measured to assess the preventive effects of DO on NASH rats. Changes in the gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, and intestinal permeability and liver inflammation were determined to explore the mechanism by which DO treatment prevented NASH. Results Pathological and biochemical indexes showed that DO was able to protect rats against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that Proteobacteria, Romboutsia, Turicibacter, Lachnoclostridium, Blautia, Ruminococcus_torques_group, Sutterella, Escherichia-Shigella, Prevotella, Alistipes, and Lactobacillus_acidophilus differed significantly at the phylum, genus, and species levels. DO treatment modulated the diversity, richness, and evenness of gut microbiota, downregulated the abundance of the Gram-negative bacteria Proteobacteria, Sutterella, and Escherichia-Shigella, and reduced gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. DO also restored expression of the tight junction proteins, zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, and occludin in the intestine and ameliorated the increased intestinal permeability caused by HFD, gut microbiota such as Turicibacter, Ruminococcus, Escherichia-Shigella, and Sutterella, and LPS. Lower intestinal permeability reduced LPS delivery to the liver, thus inhibiting TLR4 expression and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation, improving liver inflammation. Discussion These results suggest that DO may alleviate NASH by regulating the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Tian
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Enrui Xia
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Shunzhen Zhang, ; Wenhui Chen,
| | - Shunzhen Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Shunzhen Zhang, ; Wenhui Chen,
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Intervention of Shugan Xiaozhi Decoction on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Mediating Gut-Liver Axis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4801695. [PMID: 35837380 PMCID: PMC9276511 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease with an increasing incidence rate but few therapies. Shugan Xiaozhi decoction (SX) has demonstrated beneficial effects in treating NAFLD with an unclear mechanism. This study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic mechanism of SX on high-fat diet-induced NAFLD rats via the gut-liver axis. Hepatic steatosis and integrity of intestinal mucosa in NAFLD rats were assessed by histopathological staining. The level of lipid and inflammation were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western Blotting was used to detect apolipoprotein (apo) B48 expression. 16S rRNA analysis was used to measure the changes of gut microbial composition after SX treatment. The expressions of zona occludens 1 protein (ZO-1), occludin, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the colon were detected by immunostaining to investigate the intestinal barrier function. Our study found that SX reduced hepatic steatosis, the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, and triglyceride and apoB48 expression but increased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) level. Moreover, SX altered the diversity of gut microbiota, upregulating the relative abundance of f_Prevotellaceae, while downregulating f_Bacteroidales_ S24-7, f_Lachnospiraceae, f_Ruminococcaceae, f_Erysipelotrichaceae, and f_Desulfovibrionaceae. By increasing the expression of ZO-1 and occludin and decreasing the level of proinflammatory factors, including sIgA, lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and transforming growth factor-β1, SX improved intestinal mucosal integrity and barrier function. Our study illustrated that the gut-liver axis was a potential way for SX to ameliorate NAFLD, that is, by regulating the expression of PPARα, apoB48, and modulating gut microbiota to protect the intestinal barrier function, and thus alleviate lipid deposition and inflammatory response in the liver.
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Zhao CZ, Jiang L, Li WY, Wu G, Chen J, Dong LH, Li M, Jiang W, Zhu JX, Gao YP, Ma QG, Zhong GY, Wei RR. Establishment and metabonomics analysis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model in golden hamster. Z NATURFORSCH C 2022; 77:197-206. [PMID: 35286786 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to establish a model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by feeding with high-fat, high-fructose, and high-cholesterol diet (HFFCD) in golden hamsters, and to investigate the characteristics of the NAFLD model and metabolite changes of liver tissue. Golden hamsters were fed HFFCD or control diets for six weeks. Body weight, abdominal fat index, and liver index was assessed, serum parameters, hepatic histology, and liver metabolites were examined. The results showed that body weight, abdominal fat, and liver index of hamsters were significantly increased in the model group, the level of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly increased in model group as well, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly decreased. In addition, lipid deposition in liver tissue formed fat vacuoles of different sizes. Metabonomics analysis of the liver showed that the metabolic pathways of sphingolipid, glycerophospholipids, and arginine biosynthesis were disordered in the NAFLD model. The modeling method is simple, short time, and uniform. It can simulate the early fatty liver caused by common dietary factors, and provides an ideal model for the study of the initial pathogenesis and therapeutic drugs for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Zhu Zhao
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Wen-Yan Li
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Guang Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Li-Hua Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Min Li
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ji-Xiao Zhu
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yan-Ping Gao
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Qin-Ge Ma
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Guo-Yue Zhong
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Rong-Rui Wei
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
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11
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Sanjay K, Vishwakarma S, Zope BR, Mane VS, Mohire S, Dhakshinamoorthy S. ATP citrate lyase inhibitor Bempedoic Acid alleviate long term HFD induced NASH through improvement in glycemic control, reduction of hepatic triglycerides & total cholesterol, modulation of inflammatory & fibrotic genes and improvement in NAS score. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100051. [PMID: 34909677 PMCID: PMC8663992 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are chronic liver disorders, the prevalence of which is increasing worldwide. Long term High Fat Diet (HFD) induced NASH animal models closely mimic the characteristics of human NASH and hence used by investigators as a model system for studying the mechanism of action of new drugs. Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002), a ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibitor that lowers the LDL cholesterol was recently approved by US FDA for the treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). ACLY is one of the genes modulated in NASH patients and hence we studied the effect of ACLY inhibitor Bempedoic acid in long term HFD induced NASH animal model to understand the pharmacological benefits and the associated mechanism of action of this newly approved drug in NASH. Mice fed with 60% Kcal High Fat Diet for 32 weeks were used for the study and the animals were given Bempedoic acid for 5 weeks at doses of 10 mg kg−1, po, qd, and 30 mg kg−1, po, qd. Bempedoic acid treatment resulted in inhibition of body weight gain and improved the glycemic control. Bempedoic acid treated group showed statistically significant reduction in plasma ALT, AST, hepatic triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), along with statistically significant reduction in steatosis score by histological analysis. Hepatic gene expression analysis showed significant reduction in inflammatory and fibrotic genes such as Mcp-1/Ccl2, Timp-1 & Col1α1. Histological analysis showed significant improvement in NAS score. Overall, Bempedoic acid alleviated HFD induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis through inhibition of body weight gain, improvement in glycemic control, reduction of hepatic triglycerides & total cholesterol, modulation of inflammatory & fibrotic genes, and improvement in NAS score. Hence, Bempedoic acid can be a potential therapeutic option for metabolic syndrome and NASH. Bempedoic acid alleviated HFD induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in a long term HFD induced NASH animal model. Mechanism of action includes modulation of lipid profile, inflammatory & fibrotic genes and inhibition of body weight gain. Overall improvement in NAS score was observed with Bempedoic acid treatment. Our study shows a promising role for Bempedoic acid in amelioration of metabolic disorders and NASH.
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Luo R, Yi Z, Wu W, Meng W. The mRNA levels of PPARα, HIF-1α, and VEGF in the liver tissues of rats with alcoholic liver disease. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:11932-11937. [PMID: 34786124 PMCID: PMC8581900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the liver tissues of rats with alcoholic liver disease. METHODS A total of 50 Wistar rats were randomly divided into a 4-week model group (n = 10), an 8-week model group (n = 10), a 12-week model group (n = 10), a 16-week model group (n = 10), and a control group (n = 10). The control group got the same volume of distilled water, and the rats in the model groups were given ethanol to establish alcoholic liver disease model. The mRNA levels of PPARα, HIF-1α, and VEGF in the rats' liver tissues, the fatty liver degree, and the inflammation degree in each group were examined and compared. RESULTS The liver tissues in 4 model groups showed a more worsened fatty liver degree and inflammation degree than those in control group (P < 0.05). With the extension of the modeling time, the fatty liver degree and inflammation levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05). All the model groups showed lower mRNA level of PPARα, and higher levels of HIF-1α and VEGF than the control group (P < 0.05). With the extension of the modeling time, the relative mRNA level of PPARα was decreased, while the mRNA levels of HIF-1α and VEGF increased (all P < 0.05). The fatty liver degree and inflammation level were negatively correlated with the PPARα mRNA level (r = -0.899, -0.893, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with the HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA levels (r = 0.791, 0.679, 0.744, 0.597, P < 0.05). The PPARα mRNA level was negatively correlated with HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA levels (r = -0.732, -0.681, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION High PPARα mRNA levels and low HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA levels in the liver tissues of rats with alcoholic liver disease may be closely related to fatty liver and inflammation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second HospitalChengguan, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Zhen Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shangrao Municipal HospitalShangrao, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weihong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shangrao Municipal HospitalShangrao, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen Meng
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinan, China
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Mohamad Nor MH, Ayob N, Mokhtar NM, Raja Ali RA, Tan GC, Wong Z, Shafiee NH, Wong YP, Mustangin M, Nawawi KNM. The Effect of Probiotics (MCP ® BCMC ® Strains) on Hepatic Steatosis, Small Intestinal Mucosal Immune Function, and Intestinal Barrier in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093192. [PMID: 34579068 PMCID: PMC8468225 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) currently consists of lifestyle modifications such as a low-fat diet, weight loss, and exercise. The gut microbiota forms part of the gut–liver axis and serves as a potential target for NAFLD treatment. We investigated the effect of probiotics on hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and biochemical blood tests in patients with NAFLD. At the small intestinal mucosal level, we examined the effect of probiotics on the expression of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as the tight junction protein zona occluden-1 (ZO-1). This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD patients (n = 39) who were supplemented with either a probiotics sachet (MCP® BCMC® strains) or a placebo for a total of 6 months. Multi-strain probiotics (MCP® BCMC® strains) containing six different Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species at a concentration of 30 billion CFU were used. There were no significant changes at the end of the study in terms of hepatic steatosis (probiotics: −21.70 ± 42.6 dB/m, p = 0.052 vs. placebo: −10.72 ± 46.6 dB/m, p = 0.29) and fibrosis levels (probiotics: −0.25 ± 1.77 kPa, p = 0.55 vs. placebo: −0.62 ± 2.37 kPa, p = 0.23) as measured by transient elastography. Likewise, no significant changes were found for both groups for the following parameters: LiverFAST analysis (steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation scores), alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. In the immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, no significant expression changes were seen for CD4+ T lymphocytes in either group (probiotics: −0.33 ± 1.67, p = 0.35 vs. placebo: 0.35 ± 3.25, p = 0.63). However, significant reductions in the expression of CD8+ T lymphocytes (−7.0 ± 13.73, p = 0.04) and ZO-1 (Z-score = −2.86, p = 0.04) were found in the placebo group, but no significant changes in the probiotics group. In this pilot study, the use of probiotics did not result in any significant clinical improvement in NAFLD patients. However, at the microenvironment level (i.e., the small intestinal mucosa), probiotics seemed to be able to stabilize the mucosal immune function and to protect NAFLD patients against increased intestinal permeability. Therefore, probiotics might have a complementary role in treating NAFLD. Further studies with larger sample sizes, a longer duration, and different probiotic strains are needed to evaluate the real benefit of probiotics in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hizami Mohamad Nor
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.H.M.N.); (R.A.R.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Nurainina Ayob
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.M.M.)
| | - Norfilza M. Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.M.M.)
- GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Raja Affendi Raja Ali
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.H.M.N.); (R.A.R.A.); (Z.W.)
- GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Geok Chin Tan
- GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.P.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Zhiqin Wong
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.H.M.N.); (R.A.R.A.); (Z.W.)
- GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Nor Hamizah Shafiee
- Dietetics Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Yin Ping Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.P.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Muaatamarulain Mustangin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.P.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Khairul Najmi Muhammad Nawawi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.H.M.N.); (R.A.R.A.); (Z.W.)
- GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
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Amirinejad A, Totmaj AS, Mardali F, Hekmatdoost A, Emamat H, Safa M, Shidfar F. Administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of spinach improves oxidative stress and inflammation in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:221. [PMID: 34479550 PMCID: PMC8418034 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of spinach (HES) on hepatic and serum measurements of NAFLD in a rat model. Methods In the prevention phase, 18 Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet, a high-fat diet plus 400 mg/kg HES, or a chow diet for seven weeks. For the treatment phase, after the induction of NAFLD, they were fed a high-fat diet, a high-fat diet plus 400 mg/kg HES, a chow diet, or a chow diet plus 400 mg/kg HES for four weeks (n = 6). Results Administration of HES combined with high-fat diet in rats was associated with decreased food intake (P < 0.01), weight loss (P = 0.01), and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P = 0.02) enzyme activity in the liver, at the end of the prevention phase. hs-CRP (P < 0.05), PTX-3 (P < 0.05), and TNF-α (P < 0.05) gene expression in the liver were decreased and PPAR-γ (P < 0.05) gene expression in the liver was increased by spinach intake, both in the prevention and treatment phases. Furthermore, administration of spinach in the treatment phase increased serum TAC (P = 0.03) and hepatic GPX (P = 0.01) enzyme activity. Conclusion Taking into account the potential beneficial effects of HES on prevention and treatment of NAFLD in the present study, to confirm these findings, we propose that further clinical trials be conducted on human subjects with NAFLD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03396-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amirinejad
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Ali Saneei Totmaj
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mardali
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Emamat
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
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Jiangzhi Ligan Decoction Inhibits GSDMD-Mediated Canonical/Noncanonical Pyroptosis Pathways and Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:9963534. [PMID: 34239622 PMCID: PMC8235964 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9963534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that gasdermin D (GSDMD) mediated pyroptosis signaling pathways play a vital role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Jiangzhi Ligan Decoction (JZLGD) has been verified to prevent NAFLD, but its specific mechanism has not been determined. In this study, an NAFLD model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats by a high-fat diet (HFD). After 12 weeks, JZLGD was orally administered once a day for 6 additional weeks. We investigated the effects of JZLGD on NAFLD rats and determined the GSDMD pathway-associated proteins to explore whether such effects were associated with pyroptosis. Our data show that JZLGD significantly reduced the liver index; improved serum lipid levels, liver function parameters, and lipid droplet content; and relieved NAFLD. We further found that the serum levels of the proinflammatory factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 were obviously decreased in the JZLGD group. HFD rats treated with GSDMD exhibited NLRP3, caspase-1, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and caspase-11 activation; however, these effects were blunted by JZLGD treatment. Taken together, JZLGD may exert hepatoprotective effects against NAFLD in a rat HFD model by regulating GSDMD-mediated canonical/noncanonical pyroptosis pathways.
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Sun WL, Yang JW, Dou HY, Li GQ, Li XY, Shen L, Ji HF. Anti-inflammatory effect of luteolin is related to the changes in the gut microbiota and contributes to preventing the progression from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104966. [PMID: 33991837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing intestinal barrier function is one of the basic methods to suppress inflammation in the progression from simple steatosis (SS) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Luteolin exists widely in vegetables, fruits and natural herbs and has various biological activities, including benefits on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its regulatory effects on the gut microbiota and involvement in its biological activities remain to be investigated. We fed rats a high-fat diet containing 0.5% luteolin for 12 weeks and determined the effects of luteolin on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and the gut microbiota. Supplementation with luteolin for 12 weeks significantly reduced blood lipids and hepatic lipid levels and improved liver fat accumulation and inflammation. Moreover, supplementation with luteolin led to the significant enrichment of more than 10% of gut bacterial species, which contributed to increase the abundance of ZO-1, reduce intestinal permeability, reduce plasma lipopolysaccharide, and inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In summary, the anti-inflammatory effect of luteolin might be related to changes in the gut microbiota and contribute to preventing the progression from SS to NASH. Our research provides new insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanism of luteolin and supports its use as a dietary supplement for NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Wen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Yue Dou
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Gu-Qing Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Carreres L, Jílková ZM, Vial G, Marche PN, Decaens T, Lerat H. Modeling Diet-Induced NAFLD and NASH in Rats: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040378. [PMID: 33918467 PMCID: PMC8067264 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, characterized by hepatic steatosis without any alcohol abuse. As the prevalence of NAFLD is rapidly increasing worldwide, important research activity is being dedicated to deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to define new therapeutic targets. To investigate these pathways and validate preclinical study, reliable, simple and reproducible tools are needed. For that purpose, animal models, more precisely, diet-induced NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models, were developed to mimic the human disease. In this review, we focus on rat models, especially in the current investigation of the establishment of the dietary model of NAFLD and NASH in this species, compiling the different dietary compositions and their impact on histological outcomes and metabolic injuries, as well as external factors influencing the course of liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Carreres
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Zuzana Macek Jílková
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Guillaume Vial
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Inserm U 1300, Hypoxia PathoPhysiology (HP2), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Service D’hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Hervé Lerat
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Unité Mixte de Service UGA hTAG, Inserm US 046, CNRS UAR 2019, 38700 La Tronche, France
- Correspondence:
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Soret PA, Magusto J, Housset C, Gautheron J. In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Critical Appraisal. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010036. [PMID: 33374435 PMCID: PMC7794936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), represents the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Due to the spread of the obesity epidemic, NAFLD is becoming the most common chronic liver disease and one of the principal indications for liver transplantation. However, no pharmacological treatment is currently approved to prevent the outbreak of NASH, which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Preclinical research is required to improve our knowledge of NAFLD physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic targets. In the present review, we summarize advances in NAFLD preclinical models from cellular models, including new bioengineered platforms, to in vivo models, with a particular focus on genetic and dietary mouse models. We aim to discuss the advantages and limits of these different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Soret
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Julie Magusto
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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He Q, Zeng J, Yao K, Wang W, Wu Q, Tang R, Xia X, Zou X. Long-term subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharides and high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through IKKε/ NF-κB signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:362-369. [PMID: 32883523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was associated with increased level of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which mechanism remained unclear on intervention between LPS and NAFLD. The aim was to explore the IKKε/NF-κB role and its intervention of LPS and high-fat diet (HFD) induced NAFLD. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed on high-fat diet (HFD) combined with or without simultaneously subcutaneous injection of LPS for 18 weeks. Body weight , blood biochemistry parameters, inflammatory mediator and liver lipid deposition were measured to evaluate LPS effect on NAFLD. Furthermore, IKKε selective inhibitor amlexanox (AM) was administrated by gavage to HFD + LPS induced mice. The indicators about metabolism and inflammation were examined and qRT-PCR, immunoblotting assay as well as immunohistochemistry were performed to assess IKKε/NF-κB activation and downstream gene expression. This study found that low-dose LPS + HFD aggravated more significant steatosis than simple HFD or high-dose LPS + HFD. Low-dose LPS exacerbated more prominent inflammation profile including increased IKKε and NF-κB expression in liver than HFD. Inhibiting IKKε/NF-κB signaling with amlexanox significantly prevented HFD + LPS induced metabolic disorders and hepatic steatosis. LPS-upregulated gene expression involved in glucolipid metabolism could be downregulated by amlexanox. Thus, the present study confirmed long-term combinational administration of subcutaneous low-dose LPS injection and HFD induced NAFLD model which had more significant phenotype in mice than simple HFD or high-dose LPS-induction. Targeting on IKKε/NF-κB signaling with its inhibitor amlexanox alleviated steatohepatitis, suggesting that IKKε/NF-κB signaling was responsible for effect of LPS and HFD on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- Department of Geriatrics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kecheng Yao
- Department of Geriatrics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Renmin Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xuan Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei Province, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved By State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xiulan Zou
- Department of Geriatrics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, Hubei Province, China; Healthcare Center, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, Hubei Province, China.
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Jakubczyk K, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Kałduńska J, Stachowska E, Gutowska I, Janda K. Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082435. [PMID: 32823621 PMCID: PMC7469003 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is regarded as one of the most common liver pathologies in many societies. Resveratrol, as a phenolic compound with powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties exerting positive effects on the lipid profile and lipid accumulation and also on insulin resistance, appears to be an effective, natural, and safe complementary treatment option in NAFLD therapy. This meta-analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effects of resveratrol supplementation in NAFLD patients. To this end, scientific databases PubMed/Medline/Embase were searched up to 19 March 2020. We included seven randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with a total of 302 patients with NAFLD. In all the trials included in the analysis, resveratrol was administered daily over periods between 56 and 180 days in doses ranging from 500 mg to 3000 mg a day. The results of this meta-analysis reveal that resveratrol supplementation, irrespective of the dose or duration, did not affect the analyzed parameters (p < 0.05). The sole exception was an increase in alanine aminotransferase following the administration of resveratrol (p = 0.041). Currently available evidence is insufficient to confirm the efficacy of resveratrol in the management of NAFLD. Due to the inconsistencies between the existing scientific reports, a number of which found a positive effect on NAFLD-related parameters; further research in this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jakubczyk
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 24 Broniewskiego Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.J.); (J.K.); (E.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 24 Broniewskiego Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.J.); (J.K.); (E.S.); (K.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-441-4808
| | - Justyna Kałduńska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 24 Broniewskiego Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.J.); (J.K.); (E.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 24 Broniewskiego Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.J.); (J.K.); (E.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp Street 72, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Janda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 24 Broniewskiego Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.J.); (J.K.); (E.S.); (K.J.)
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Maciejewska D, Drozd A, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Skórka-Majewicz M, Dec K, Jakubczyk K, Pilutin A, Stachowska E. Eicosanoids in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Progression. Do Serum Eicosanoids Profile Correspond with Liver Eicosanoids Content during NAFLD Development and Progression? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092026. [PMID: 32349225 PMCID: PMC7248881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major public health problem worldwide. The study aimed to evaluate the concentration of eicosanoids in serum and liver tissue during steatosis progression and to assess whether eicosanoid change scores may predict liver tissue remodeling. Thirty six eight-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were enrolled and sacrificed at different stages of NAFLD. Eicosanoid concentrations, namely lipoxin A4, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE), hydroxyloctadecadienoic acids (HODE), protectin DX, Maresine1, leucotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, and resolvin D1 measurement in serum and liver tissue with Agilent Technologies 1260 liquid chromatography were evaluated. For the liver and serum concentrations of 9-HODE and 13-HODE, the correlations were found to be strong and positive (r > 0.7, p < 0.05). Along with NAFLD progression, HODE concentration significantly increased, and change scores were more abundant in the liver. The moderate positive correlation between liver and serum (r = 0.52, p < 0.05) was also observed for resolvin E1. The eicosanoid concentration decreased during NAFLD progression, but mostly in serum. There were significant correlations between HETE concentrations in liver and serum, but their associations were relatively low and changes the most in liver tissue. Eicosanoids profile, predominantly 9-HODE and 13-HODE, may serve as a potential biomarker for NAFLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Maciejewska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.D.); (K.S.-Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (K.D.); (K.J.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: (+48)-91-441-48-09
| | - Arleta Drozd
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.D.); (K.S.-Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (K.D.); (K.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.D.); (K.S.-Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (K.D.); (K.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Marta Skórka-Majewicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.D.); (K.S.-Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (K.D.); (K.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Karolina Dec
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.D.); (K.S.-Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (K.D.); (K.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Karolina Jakubczyk
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.D.); (K.S.-Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (K.D.); (K.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Anna Pilutin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.D.); (K.S.-Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (K.D.); (K.J.); (E.S.)
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NAFLD Preclinical Models: More than a Handful, Less of a Concern? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020028. [PMID: 32046285 PMCID: PMC7167756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its increasing prevalence, NAFLD is currently a major public health concern. Although a wide variety of preclinical models have contributed to better understanding the pathophysiology of NAFLD, it is not always obvious which model is best suitable for addressing a specific research question. This review provides insights into currently existing models, mainly focusing on murine models, which is of great importance to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic options for human NAFLD.
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