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Liu HH, Gao Y, Xu D, Du XZ, Wei SM, Hu JZ, Xu Y, Sha L. Asparagine reduces the risk of schizophrenia: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study of aspartate, asparagine and schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:299. [PMID: 38641826 PMCID: PMC11027219 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite ongoing research, the underlying causes of schizophrenia remain unclear. Aspartate and asparagine, essential amino acids, have been linked to schizophrenia in recent studies, but their causal relationship is still unclear. This study used a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method to explore the causal relationship between aspartate and asparagine with schizophrenia. METHODS This study employed summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted on European populations to examine the correlation between aspartate and asparagine with schizophrenia. In order to investigate the causal effects of aspartate and asparagine on schizophrenia, this study conducted a two-sample bidirectional MR analysis using genetic factors as instrumental variables. RESULTS No causal relationship was found between aspartate and schizophrenia, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.221 (95%CI: 0.483-3.088, P-value = 0.674). Reverse MR analysis also indicated that no causal effects were found between schizophrenia and aspartate, with an OR of 0.999 (95%CI: 0.987-1.010, P-value = 0.841). There is a negative causal relationship between asparagine and schizophrenia, with an OR of 0.485 (95%CI: 0.262-0.900, P-value = 0.020). Reverse MR analysis indicates that there is no causal effect between schizophrenia and asparagine, with an OR of 1.005(95%CI: 0.999-1.011, P-value = 0.132). CONCLUSION This study suggests that there may be a potential risk reduction for schizophrenia with increased levels of asparagine, while also indicating the absence of a causal link between elevated or diminished levels of asparagine in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. There is no potential causal relationship between aspartate and schizophrenia, whether prospective or reverse MR. However, it is important to note that these associations necessitate additional research for further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Hui Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, NO.85 Jiefang Nan Road, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, NO.85 Jiefang Nan Road, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, NO.85 Jiefang Nan Road, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xin-Zhe Du
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, NO.85 Jiefang Nan Road, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Si-Meng Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, NO.85 Jiefang Nan Road, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian-Zhen Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, NO.85 Jiefang Nan Road, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, NO.85 Jiefang Nan Road, Taiyuan, China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Liu Sha
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, NO.85 Jiefang Nan Road, Taiyuan, China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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Ikushiro H, Honda T, Murai Y, Murakami T, Takahashi A, Sawai T, Goto H, Ikushiro SI, Miyahara I, Hirabayashi Y, Kamiya N, Monde K, Yano T. Racemization of the substrate and product by serine palmitoyltransferase from Sphingobacterium multivorum yields two enantiomers of the product from d-serine. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105728. [PMID: 38325740 PMCID: PMC10912632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) catalyzes the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylative condensation of l-serine and palmitoyl-CoA to form 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS). Although SPT was shown to synthesize corresponding products from amino acids other than l-serine, it is still arguable whether SPT catalyzes the reaction with d-serine, which is a question of biological importance. Using high substrate and enzyme concentrations, KDS was detected after the incubation of SPT from Sphingobacterium multivorum with d-serine and palmitoyl-CoA. Furthermore, the KDS comprised equal amounts of 2S and 2R isomers. 1H-NMR study showed a slow hydrogen-deuterium exchange at Cα of serine mediated by SPT. We further confirmed that SPT catalyzed the racemization of serine. The rate of the KDS formation from d-serine was comparable to those for the α-hydrogen exchange and the racemization reaction. The structure of the d-serine-soaked crystal (1.65 Å resolution) showed a distinct electron density of the PLP-l-serine aldimine, interpreted as the racemized product trapped in the active site. The structure of the α-methyl-d-serine-soaked crystal (1.70 Å resolution) showed the PLP-α-methyl-d-serine aldimine, mimicking the d-serine-SPT complex prior to racemization. Based on these enzymological and structural analyses, the synthesis of KDS from d-serine was explained as the result of the slow racemization to l-serine, followed by the reaction with palmitoyl-CoA, and SPT would not catalyze the direct condensation between d-serine and palmitoyl-CoA. It was also shown that the S. multivorum SPT catalyzed the racemization of the product KDS, which would explain the presence of (2R)-KDS in the reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikushiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takumi Honda
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuta Murai
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Taiki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Sawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruna Goto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kamiya
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takato Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Mhanna A, Martini N, Hmaydoosh G, Hamwi G, Jarjanazi M, Zaifah G, Kazzazo R, Haji Mohamad A, Alshehabi Z. The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37114. [PMID: 38306525 PMCID: PMC10843545 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is embedded with microorganisms of numerous genera, referred to as gut microbiota. Gut microbiota has multiple effects on many body organs, including the brain. There is a bidirectional connection between the gut and brain called the gut-brain-axis, and these connections are formed through immunological, neuronal, and neuroendocrine pathways. In addition, gut microbiota modulates the synthesis and functioning of neurotransmitters. Therefore, the disruption of the gut microbiota in the composition or function, which is known as dysbiosis, is associated with the pathogenesis of many mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, and other psychiatric disorders. This review aims to summarize the modulation role of the gut microbiota in 4 prominent neurotransmitters (tryptophan and serotonergic system, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate), as well as its association with 4 psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorder). More future research is required to develop efficient gut-microbiota-based therapies for these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Mhanna
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic
- Stemosis for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Nafiza Martini
- Stemosis for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
- Damascus University, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Ghefar Hmaydoosh
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic
- Stemosis for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - George Hamwi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic
- Stemosis for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Mulham Jarjanazi
- Pediatric Surgery Resident, Pediatric Surgery Department, Aleppo University Hospital, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Ghaith Zaifah
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic
- Stemosis for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Reem Kazzazo
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic
- Stemosis for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Aya Haji Mohamad
- Stemosis for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo University Hospital, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Zuheir Alshehabi
- Department of Pathology, Tishreen University Hospital, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic
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Fryar-Williams S, Strobel J, Clements P. Molecular Mechanisms Provide a Landscape for Biomarker Selection for Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Psychosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15296. [PMID: 37894974 PMCID: PMC10607016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research evaluating the role of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T) gene in schizophrenia has not yet provided an extended understanding of the proximal pathways contributing to the 5-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme's activity and the distal pathways being affected by its activity. This review investigates these pathways, describing mechanisms relevant to riboflavin availability, trace mineral interactions, and the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) product of the MTHFR enzyme. These factors remotely influence vitamin cofactor activation, histamine metabolism, catecholamine metabolism, serotonin metabolism, the oxidative stress response, DNA methylation, and nicotinamide synthesis. These biochemical components form a broad interactive landscape from which candidate markers can be drawn for research inquiry into schizophrenia and other forms of mental illness. Candidate markers drawn from this functional biochemical background have been found to have biomarker status with greater than 90% specificity and sensitivity for achieving diagnostic certainty in schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis. This has implications for achieving targeted treatments for serious mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fryar-Williams
- Youth in Mind Research Institute, Unley Annexe, Mary Street, Unley, SA 5061, Australia
- Department of Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jörg Strobel
- Department of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Peter Clements
- Department of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
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Casanova A, Wevers A, Navarro-Ledesma S, Pruimboom L. Mitochondria: It is all about energy. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1114231. [PMID: 37179826 PMCID: PMC10167337 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in both health and disease. Their function is not limited to energy production but serves multiple mechanisms varying from iron and calcium homeostasis to the production of hormones and neurotransmitters, such as melatonin. They enable and influence communication at all physical levels through interaction with other organelles, the nucleus, and the outside environment. The literature suggests crosstalk mechanisms between mitochondria and circadian clocks, the gut microbiota, and the immune system. They might even be the hub supporting and integrating activity across all these domains. Hence, they might be the (missing) link in both health and disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to metabolic syndrome, neuronal diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders. In this regard, diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic pain are discussed. This review focuses on understanding the mitochondrial mechanisms of action that allow for the maintenance of mitochondrial health and the pathways toward dysregulated mechanisms. Although mitochondria have allowed us to adapt to changes over the course of evolution, in turn, evolution has shaped mitochondria. Each evolution-based intervention influences mitochondria in its own way. The use of physiological stress triggers tolerance to the stressor, achieving adaptability and resistance. This review describes strategies that could recover mitochondrial functioning in multiple diseases, providing a comprehensive, root-cause-focused, integrative approach to recovering health and treating people suffering from chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaloha Casanova
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla, Spain
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
| | - Anne Wevers
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla, Spain
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Navarro-Ledesma
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla, Spain
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
| | - Leo Pruimboom
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
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The Role of D-Serine and D-Aspartate in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235142. [PMID: 36501171 PMCID: PMC9736950 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (Sch) is a severe and widespread mental disorder. Antipsychotics (APs) of the first and new generations as the first-line treatment of Sch are not effective in about a third of cases and are also unable to treat negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenics. This explains the search for new therapeutic strategies for a disease-modifying therapy for treatment-resistant Sch (TRS). Biological compounds are of great interest to researchers and clinicians, among which D-Serine (D-Ser) and D-Aspartate (D-Asp) are among the promising ones. The Sch glutamate theory suggests that neurotransmission dysfunction caused by glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) may represent a primary deficiency in this mental disorder and play an important role in the development of TRS. D-Ser and D-Asp are direct NMDAR agonists and may be involved in modulating the functional activity of dopaminergic neurons. This narrative review demonstrates both the biological role of D-Ser and D-Asp in the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) and in the pathogenesis of Sch and TRS. Particular attention is paid to D-Ser and D-Asp as promising components of a nutritive disease-modifying therapy for TRS.
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Yoshikawa S, Taniguchi K, Sawamura H, Ikeda Y, Tsuji A, Matsuda S. A New Concept of Associations between Gut Microbiota, Immunity and Central Nervous System for the Innovative Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Metabolites 2022; 12:1052. [PMID: 36355135 PMCID: PMC9692629 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve cell death accounts for various neurodegenerative disorders, in which altered immunity to the integrated central nervous system (CNS) might have destructive consequences. This undesirable immune response often affects the progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It has been shown that commensal gut microbiota could influence the brain and/or several machineries of immune function. In other words, neurodegenerative disorders may be connected to the gut-brain-immune correlational system. The engrams in the brain could retain the information of a certain inflammation in the body which might be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Tactics involving the use of probiotics and/or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are now evolving as the most promising and/or valuable for the modification of the gut-brain-immune axis. More deliberation of this concept and the roles of gut microbiota would lead to the development of stupendous treatments for the prevention of, and/or therapeutics for, various intractable diseases including several neurodegenerative disorders.
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Ikeda Y, Taniguchi K, Sawamura H, Tsuji A, Matsuda S. Promising role of D-amino acids in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:4471-4474. [PMID: 36159020 PMCID: PMC9453761 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i31.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an important health care concern. Alterations in the microbiota of the gut-brain axis may be linked to the pathophysiology of IBS. Some dietary intake could contribute to produce various metabolites including D-amino acids by the fermentation by the gut microbiota. D-amino acids are the enantiomeric counterparts of L-amino acids, in general, which could play key roles in cellular physiological processes against various oxidative stresses. Therefore, the presence of D-amino acids has been shown to be linked to the protection of several organs in the body. In particular, the gut microbiota could play significant roles in the stability of emotion via the action of D-amino acids. Here, we would like to shed light on the roles of D-amino acids, which could be used for the treatment of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kurumi Taniguchi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Haruka Sawamura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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NMR Metabolomics in Serum Fingerprinting of Schizophrenia Patients in a Serbian Cohort. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080707. [PMID: 36005580 PMCID: PMC9416612 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a widespread mental disorder that leads to significant functional impairments and premature death. The state of the art indicates gaps in the understanding and diagnosis of this disease, but also the need for personalized and precise approaches to patients through customized medical treatment and reliable monitoring of treatment response. In order to fulfill existing gaps, the establishment of a universal set of disorder biomarkers is a necessary step. Metabolomic investigations of serum samples of Serbian patients with schizophrenia (51) and healthy controls (39), based on NMR analyses associated with chemometrics, led to the identification of 26 metabolites/biomarkers for this disorder. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models with prediction accuracies of 0.9718 and higher were accomplished during chemometric analysis. The established biomarker set includes aspartate/aspartic acid, lysine, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, and acylglycerols, which are identified for the first time in schizophrenia serum samples by NMR experiments. The other 22 identified metabolites in the Serbian samples are in accordance with the previously established NMR-based serum biomarker sets of Brazilian and/or Chinese patient samples. Thirteen metabolites (lactate/lactic acid, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamine, asparagine, alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, choline, glucose, glycine and tyrosine) that are common for three different ethnic and geographic origins (Serbia, Brazil and China) could be a good start point for the setup of a universal NMR serum biomarker set for schizophrenia.
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de Bartolomeis A, Vellucci L, Austin MC, De Simone G, Barone A. Rational and Translational Implications of D-Amino Acids for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: From Neurobiology to the Clinics. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070909. [PMID: 35883465 PMCID: PMC9312470 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with synaptic alterations and aberrant cortical–subcortical connections. Antipsychotics are the mainstay of schizophrenia treatment and nearly all share the common feature of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, whereas glutamatergic abnormalities are not targeted by the presently available therapies. D-amino acids, acting as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulators, have emerged in the last few years as a potential augmentation strategy in those cases of schizophrenia that do not respond well to antipsychotics, a condition defined as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), affecting almost 30–40% of patients, and characterized by serious cognitive deficits and functional impairment. In the present systematic review, we address with a direct and reverse translational perspective the efficacy of D-amino acids, including D-serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine, in poor responders. The impact of these molecules on the synaptic architecture is also considered in the light of dendritic spine changes reported in schizophrenia and antipsychotics’ effect on postsynaptic density proteins. Moreover, we describe compounds targeting D-amino acid oxidase and D-aspartate oxidase enzymes. Finally, other drugs acting at NMDAR and proxy of D-amino acids function, such as D-cycloserine, sarcosine, and glycine, are considered in the light of the clinical burden of TRS, together with other emerging molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463673 or +39-081-7463884 or +39-3662745592; Fax: +39-081-7462644
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Mark C. Austin
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Program, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA;
| | - Giuseppe De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Annarita Barone
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
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