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Žalik B, Strnad D, Podgorelec D, Kolingerová I, Lukač L, Lukač N, Kolmanič S, Žalik KR, Kohek Š. A New Transformation Technique for Reducing Information Entropy: A Case Study on Greyscale Raster Images. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1591. [PMID: 38136471 PMCID: PMC10742840 DOI: 10.3390/e25121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new string transformation technique called Move with Interleaving (MwI). Four possible ways of rearranging 2D raster images into 1D sequences of values are applied, including scan-line, left-right, strip-based, and Hilbert arrangements. Experiments on 32 benchmark greyscale raster images of various resolutions demonstrated that the proposed transformation reduces information entropy to a similar extent as the combination of the Burrows-Wheeler transform followed by the Move-To-Front or the Inversion Frequencies. The proposed transformation MwI yields the best result among all the considered transformations when the Hilbert arrangement is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Žalik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška Cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.S.); (D.P.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (S.K.); (K.R.Ž.); (Š.K.)
| | - Damjan Strnad
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška Cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.S.); (D.P.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (S.K.); (K.R.Ž.); (Š.K.)
| | - David Podgorelec
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška Cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.S.); (D.P.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (S.K.); (K.R.Ž.); (Š.K.)
| | - Ivana Kolingerová
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Technická 8, 306 14 Plzeň, Czech Republic;
| | - Luka Lukač
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška Cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.S.); (D.P.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (S.K.); (K.R.Ž.); (Š.K.)
| | - Niko Lukač
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška Cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.S.); (D.P.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (S.K.); (K.R.Ž.); (Š.K.)
| | - Simon Kolmanič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška Cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.S.); (D.P.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (S.K.); (K.R.Ž.); (Š.K.)
| | - Krista Rizman Žalik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška Cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.S.); (D.P.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (S.K.); (K.R.Ž.); (Š.K.)
| | - Štefan Kohek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška Cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.S.); (D.P.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (S.K.); (K.R.Ž.); (Š.K.)
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Žalik B, Strnad D, Kohek Š, Kolingerová I, Nerat A, Lukač N, Lipuš B, Žalik M, Podgorelec D. FLoCIC: A Few Lines of Code for Raster Image Compression. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:533. [PMID: 36981421 PMCID: PMC10047997 DOI: 10.3390/e25030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A new approach is proposed for lossless raster image compression employing interpolative coding. A new multifunction prediction scheme is presented first. Then, interpolative coding, which has not been applied frequently for image compression, is explained briefly. Its simplification is introduced in regard to the original approach. It is determined that the JPEG LS predictor reduces the information entropy slightly better than the multi-functional approach. Furthermore, the interpolative coding was moderately more efficient than the most frequently used arithmetic coding. Finally, our compression pipeline is compared against JPEG LS, JPEG 2000 in the lossless mode, and PNG using 24 standard grayscale benchmark images. JPEG LS turned out to be the most efficient, followed by JPEG 2000, while our approach using simplified interpolative coding was moderately better than PNG. The implementation of the proposed encoder is extremely simple and can be performed in less than 60 lines of programming code for the coder and 60 lines for the decoder, which is demonstrated in the given pseudocodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Žalik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Damjan Strnad
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Štefan Kohek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Kolingerová
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Technická 8, 306 14 Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Nerat
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Niko Lukač
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Bogdan Lipuš
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Žalik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - David Podgorelec
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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