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Rinaldi T, Castelli I, Palena N, Greco A, Pianta R, Marchetti A, Valle A. The representation of child-parent relation: validation of the Italian version of the child-parent relationship scale (CPRS-I). Front Psychol 2023; 14:1194644. [PMID: 37799528 PMCID: PMC10547905 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1194644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a psychometric validation of the Italian version of the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) developed by Pianta in 1992. Based on attachment theory, the scale assesses parents' relationship perceptions with their own child and comprises three scales: Closeness, Conflict, and Dependency. A sample of 501 parents (188 fathers and 313 mothers) completed 30 items of the Italian version of the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS-I) online, but only 437 answered 85% of the entire protocol; hence, the analyses only focused on 437 participants. The first analysis of the original theoretical model revealed poor fit, item loadings, and internal consistency. Therefore, a follow-up analysis was conducted. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses with a split sample (EFA = 218; CFA = 219) confirmed the original three-factor structure of the Italian sample, although some items were eliminated. The validity and reliability of the Italian version of the CPRS-I were also verified by correlating the above three factors with measures of adult attachment styles and children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The CPRS-I showed significant correlations with all tested constructs, in line with those found by Driscoll and Pianta for the short form of the scale. Our results confirm that the CPRS-I has the same structure as the original scale; therefore, it can be a useful tool for assessing parents' perceptions of their relationship with their children. The implications for educational and clinical settings are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rinaldi
- Department of Psychology, Università eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nicola Palena
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Andrea Greco
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Robert Pianta
- Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, Curry School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Antonella Marchetti
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Valle
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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Hoenicka MAK, López-de-la-Nieta O, Martínez Rubio JL, Shinohara K, Neoh MJY, Dimitriou D, Esposito G, Iandolo G. Parental bonding in retrospect and adult attachment style: A comparative study between Spanish, Italian and Japanese cultures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278185. [PMID: 36454730 PMCID: PMC9714759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment is an innate human relational mechanism that develops progressively from early childhood, influences individuals' representations and behaviors, shapes relationships, and affects the social and cultural environment. Parental bonding refers to the ability of parents to be emotionally and behaviorally available to the child during infancy. Attachment style refers to the individual's relational attitude in close relationships that influences adult love, bonding, handling relationships, and social exploration. The role of intergenerational, cultural and developmental factors influencing the relationship between the attachment style in adulthood and the parental bonding style recalled during childhood has been debated. This study explores the relationships between recalled parental bonding, adult attachment style, and cultural background in a sample of Spanish, Italian, and Japanese adults using a cross-sectional and cross-cultural design. For this purpose, the validated versions of the Experience in Close Relationship Scale and the Parental Bonding Instrument were administered to a non-clinical population of three hundred and five participants in the three countries. Results show that the most frequent adult attachment style is the secure style, followed by the dismissing-avoidant, the preoccupied, and the fearful-avoidant style. The dismissing-avoidant style was the most frequent insecure attachment style in the Japanese sample whereas the preoccupied style was the most frequent insecure attachment style in the Italians and Spaniards. Japanese are more anchored to the memory of maternal and paternal overprotection, which is related to more avoidance in actual close relationships. Spaniard's current relationships are mildly independent of recalled parental bonding, showing an association between lower current avoidance to primary parental care. In the Italian sample, there is no significant relationship between current adult close relationships and recalled parental bonding. These results suggest that different cultural models influence adult attachment representations differently, in terms of the weight placed on attachment-related avoidance, attachment-related anxiety, care, and overprotection in infant and adult relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar López-de-la-Nieta
- Department of Psychology, School of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Research & Diagnosis Division, SerenaMente Psychology & Consulting Service, Pinto, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez Rubio
- Department of Psychology, School of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kazuyuki Shinohara
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Michelle Jin Yee Neoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dagmara Dimitriou
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, University College London Institute of Education, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Affiliative Behaviour and Physiology Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iandolo
- Department of Psychology, School of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Observation and Functional Diagnosis Division, PSISE Clinical and Developmental Psychological Service, Madrid, Spain
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Dricu M, Moser DA, Aue T. Optimism bias and its relation to scenario valence, gender, sociality, and insecure attachment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18534. [PMID: 36323710 PMCID: PMC9630313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimism bias refers to the tendency to display unjustified high/low expectations of future positive/negative events. This study asked 202 participants to estimate the likelihood of 96 different events. We investigated optimism biases for both oneself and the general population, and how these biases are influenced by gender, valence of the event, sociality of the event, as well as attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. We found that sociality interacted with gender, with the difference in optimism bias for social vs. alone events being larger among women than among men. Attachment anxiety mainly reduced the optimism bias among men deliberating over future alone situations, while attachment avoidance primarily reduced optimism bias among female respondents deliberating over future social interactions. These results may have implications for the well-being and motivation of differently attached men and women and ultimately inspire psychotherapy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Dricu
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik A. Moser
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,Department of Child Psychiatry, Cantonal University Hospital of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Aue
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Mancinelli E, Liberska HD, Li JB, Espada JP, Delvecchio E, Mazzeschi C, Lis A, Salcuni S. A Cross-Cultural Study on Attachment and Adjustment Difficulties in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Self-Control in Italy, Spain, China, and Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8827. [PMID: 34444575 PMCID: PMC8391841 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
From a socio-ecological perspective, individuals are influenced by the interplay of individual, relational, and societal factors operating as a broader system. Thereby, to support youth adjustment during the critical adolescence period, the interplay between these factors should be investigated. This study aimed to investigate cross-cultural differences in adolescents' maternal and paternal attachment, adolescents' adjustment difficulties and self-control, and in their association. N = 1000 adolescents (mean (M) age = 16.94, SD = 0.48; 45.90% males) from China, Italy, Spain, and Poland participated by completing self-report measures. Results showed cross-country similarities and differences among the considered variables and their associative pattern. Moreover, conditional process analysis evaluating the association between maternal vs. paternal attachment and adjustment difficulties, mediated by self-control, and moderated by country, was performed. Maternal attachment directly, and indirectly through greater self-control, influenced adjustment difficulties in all four countries. This association was stronger among Spaniards. Paternal attachment influenced directly, and indirectly through self-control, on adolescents' adjustment difficulties only in Italy, Spain, and Poland, and was stronger among Polish adolescents. For Chinese adolescents, paternal attachment solely associated with adjustment difficulties when mediated by self-control. Thus, results highlighted both similarities and differences across countries in the interplay between maternal vs. paternal attachment and self-control on adolescents' adjustment difficulties. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mancinelli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Hanna D. Liberska
- Department of Social Psychology and Research on Youth, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Jian-Bin Li
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - José P. Espada
- Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Elisa Delvecchio
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudia Mazzeschi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Adriana Lis
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Salcuni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.L.); (S.S.)
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López-Florit L, García-Cuesta E, Gracia-Expósito L, García-García G, Iandolo G. Physiological Reactions in the Therapist and Turn-Taking during Online Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:586. [PMID: 33946442 PMCID: PMC8147153 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the relationship between the sociocognitive skills of a group of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at verbal level 1, the variability of the therapist's heart rate (HRV), and the conversational turn-taking during online psychotherapy sessions. Initially, we assessed the intelligence, narrative, and behavioral characteristics of the participants. We videotaped the online sessions and recorded the therapist's HRV via a smart wireless sensor. Finally, we analyzed the video sessions using an observation system and the therapist's HRV using the Poincaré technique. The results show that the patients' communicative intention was related to their narrative, intellectual and social competencies. Furthermore, the turn-taking between the therapist and the participant was associated with the patient's emotional and behavioral difficulties. On the other side, the therapist's heart rate variability (HRV) was related to the synchrony between the therapist and the participant with more significant stress on the therapist, when he shared and expanded the conversation with the patient, and when the patient broadened and shared the conversation with the therapist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Florit
- Department of Psychology, School of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid, Calle Tajo S/N., Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Observation and Functional Diagnosis Division, PSISE Clinical and Developmental Psychological Service, Calle Albendiego 7, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban García-Cuesta
- Department of Science, Computing, and Technology, School of Architecture, Engineering and Design, European University of Madrid, Calle Tajo S/N., Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gracia-Expósito
- Department of Science, Computing, and Technology, School of Architecture, Engineering and Design, European University of Madrid, Calle Tajo S/N., Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - German García-García
- Observation and Functional Diagnosis Division, PSISE Clinical and Developmental Psychological Service, Calle Albendiego 7, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Science, Computing, and Technology, School of Architecture, Engineering and Design, European University of Madrid, Calle Tajo S/N., Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Iandolo
- Department of Psychology, School of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid, Calle Tajo S/N., Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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