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Royo I, Fernández-García R, Gil I. Microwave Resonators for Wearable Sensors Design: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9103. [PMID: 38005491 PMCID: PMC10675034 DOI: 10.3390/s23229103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of flexible electronics is undergoing an exponential evolution due to the demand of the industry for wearable devices, wireless communication devices and networks, healthcare sensing devices and the technology around the Internet of Things (IoT) framework. E-tex tiles are attracting attention from within the healthcare areas, amongst others, for providing the possibility of developing continuous patient monitoring solutions and customized devices to accommodate each patient's specific needs. This review paper summarizes multiple approaches investigated in the literature for wearable/flexible resonators working as antenna-based systems, sensors and filters with special attention paid to the integration to flexible materials, especially textiles. This review manuscript provides a general overview of the flexible resonators' advantages and drawbacks, materials, fabrication techniques and processes and applications. Finally, the main challenges and future prospects of wearable resonators are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Royo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (R.F.-G.); (I.G.)
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Ha H, Suryaprabha T, Choi C, Chandio ZA, Kim B, Lim S, Cheong JY, Hwang B. Recent research trends in textile-based temperature sensors: a mini review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:422001. [PMID: 37473742 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ace913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the current state of research on textile-based temperature sensors is explored by focusing on their potential use in various applications. The textile-based sensors show various advantages including flexibility, conformability and seamlessness for the wearer. Integration of the textile-based sensors into clothes or fabric-based products enables continuous and sensitive monitoring of change in temperature, which can be used for various medical and fitness applications. However, there are lacks of comprehensive review on the textile-based temperature sensors. This review introduces various types of textile-based temperature sensors, including resistive, thermoelectric and fibre-optical sensors. In addition, the challenges that need to be addressed to fully realise their potential, which include improving sensitivity and accuracy, integrating wireless communication capabilities, and developing low-cost fabrication techniques. The technological advances in textile-based temperature sensors to overcome the limitations will revolutionize wearable devices requiring function of temperature monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heebo Ha
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chunghyeon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Zubair Ahmed Chandio
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Byungjin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooman Lim
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Cheong
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Byungil Hwang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Qu Z, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Yu M, Ye TT. Parasitic capacitance modeling and measurements of conductive yarns for e-textile devices. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2785. [PMID: 37188687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive yarns have emerged as a viable alternative to metallic wires in e-Textile devices, such as antennas, inductors, interconnects, and more, which are integral components of smart clothing applications. But the parasitic capacitance induced by their micro-structure has not been fully understood. This capacitance greatly affects device performance in high-frequency applications. We propose a lump-sum and turn-to-turn model of an air-core helical inductor constructed from conductive yarns, and systematically analyze and quantify the parasitic elements of conductive yarns. Using three commercial conductive yarns as examples, we compare the frequency response of copper-based and yarn-based inductors with identical structures to extract the parasitic capacitance. Our measurements show that the unit-length parasitic capacitance of commercial conductive yarns ranges from 1 fF/cm to 3 fF/cm, depending on the yarn's microstructure. These measurements offer significant quantitative estimation of conductive yarn parasitic elements and provide valuable design and characterization guidelines for e-Textile devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Qu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhechen Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yulong Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengxia Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terry Tao Ye
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Farraj Y, Kanner A, Magdassi S. E-Textile by Printing an All-through Penetrating Copper Complex Ink. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21651-21658. [PMID: 37075249 PMCID: PMC10165605 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics is an emerging field in academics and industry, in which electronic devices, such as smartwatches and sensors, are printed or embedded within textiles. The electrical circuits in electronics textile (e-textile) should withstand many cycles of bending and stretching. Direct printing of conductive inks enables the patterning of electrical circuits; however, while using conventional nanoparticle-based inks, printing onto the fabric results in a thin layer of a conductor, which is not sufficiently robust and impairs the reliability required for practical applications. Here, we present a new process for fabricating robust stretchable e-textile using a thermodynamically stable, solution-based copper complex ink, which is capable of full penetrating the fabric. After printing on knitted stretchable fabrics, they were heated, and the complex underwent an intermolecular self-reduction reaction. The continuously formed metallic copper was used as a seed layer for electroless plating (EP) to form highly conductive circuits. It was found that the stretching direction has a significant role in resistivity. This new approach enables fabricating e-textiles with high stretchability and durability, as demonstrated for wearable gloves, toward printing functional e-textile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Farraj
- Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviad Kanner
- Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Meena JS, Choi SB, Jung SB, Kim JW. Electronic textiles: New age of wearable technology for healthcare and fitness solutions. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100565. [PMID: 36816602 PMCID: PMC9932217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyles and evolving work environments have created challenges for global health and cause huge burdens on healthcare and fitness systems. Physical immobility and functional losses due to aging are two main reasons for noncommunicable disease mortality. Smart electronic textiles (e-textiles) have attracted considerable attention because of their potential uses in health monitoring, rehabilitation, and training assessment applications. Interactive textiles integrated with electronic devices and algorithms can be used to gather, process, and digitize data on human body motion in real time for purposes such as electrotherapy, improving blood circulation, and promoting wound healing. This review summarizes research advances on e-textiles designed for wearable healthcare and fitness systems. The significance of e-textiles, key applications, and future demand expectations are addressed in this review. Various health conditions and fitness problems and possible solutions involving the use of multifunctional interactive garments are discussed. A brief discussion of essential materials and basic procedures used to fabricate wearable e-textiles are included. Finally, the current challenges, possible solutions, opportunities, and future perspectives in the area of smart textiles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Singh Meena
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Core Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Choi
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Boo Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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David JP, Helbig T, Witte H. SenGlove—A Modular Wearable Device to Measure Kinematic Parameters of The Human Hand. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030324. [PMID: 36978716 PMCID: PMC10045424 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For technical or medical applications, the knowledge of the exact kinematics of the human hand is key to utilizing its capability of handling and manipulating objects and communicating with other humans or machines. The optimal relationship between the number of measurement parameters, measurement accuracy, as well as complexity, usability and cost of the measuring systems is hard to find. Biomechanic assumptions, the concepts of a biomechatronic system and the mechatronic design process, as well as commercially available components, are used to develop a sensorized glove. The proposed wearable introduced in this paper can measure 14 of 15 angular values of a simplified hand model. Additionally, five contact pressure values at the fingertips and inertial data of the whole hand with six degrees of freedom are gathered. Due to the modular design and a hand size examination based on anthropometric parameters, the concept of the wearable is applicable to a large variety of hand sizes and adaptable to different use cases. Validations show a combined root-mean-square error of 0.99° to 2.38° for the measurement of all joint angles on one finger, surpassing the human perception threshold and the current state-of-the-art in science and technology for comparable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Paul David
- Fachgebiet Biomechatronik, Institut für Mechatronische Systemintegration, Fakultät für Maschinenbau, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany (T.H.)
- neuroConn GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Thomas Helbig
- Fachgebiet Biomechatronik, Institut für Mechatronische Systemintegration, Fakultät für Maschinenbau, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany (T.H.)
| | - Hartmut Witte
- Fachgebiet Biomechatronik, Institut für Mechatronische Systemintegration, Fakultät für Maschinenbau, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany (T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-3677-69-2456
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Evseev ZI, Vasileva FD, Smagulova SA, Dmitriev PS. Highly Washable and Conductive Cotton E-textiles Based on Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:958. [PMID: 36769966 PMCID: PMC9917984 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cotton e-textiles were obtained using two types of graphene oxide. The first type of graphene oxide was synthesized using the Hummers' method. The second type was obtained by the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in an ammonium salt solution. It was shown that e-textiles based on electrochemically exfoliated graphene have a higher electrical conductivity (2 kΩ/sq) than e-textiles based on graphene oxide obtained by the Hummers' method (585 kΩ/sq). In addition, textiles based on electrochemically exfoliated graphene exhibit better washing and mechanical stress stability. The electrical resistance of the e-textiles increased only 1.86 times after 10 cycles of washing, compared with 48 times for the Hummers' method graphene oxide textiles. The X-ray photoelectron spectra of the two types of graphene oxides showed similarity in their functional compositions after reduction. Studies of individual graphene flakes by atomic force microscopy showed that graphene oxide of the second type had a smaller lateral size. Raman spectroscopy showed a higher degree of sp2 structure regeneration after reduction for the second type of graphene. These properties and the tendency to form agglomerated particles determine the mechanochemical stability and high electrical conductivity of e-textiles based on electrochemically exfoliated graphene.
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Bustos-López M, Cruz-Ramírez N, Guerra-Hernández A, Sánchez-Morales LN, Cruz-Ramos NA, Alor-Hernández G. Wearables for Engagement Detection in Learning Environments: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:509. [PMID: 35884312 PMCID: PMC9312492 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate teaching-learning strategies lead to student engagement during learning activities. Scientific progress and modern technology have made it possible to measure engagement in educational settings by reading and analyzing student physiological signals through sensors attached to wearables. This work is a review of current student engagement detection initiatives in the educational domain. The review highlights existing commercial and non-commercial wearables for student engagement monitoring and identifies key physiological signals involved in engagement detection. Our findings reveal that common physiological signals used to measure student engagement include heart rate, skin temperature, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram (ECG) data. Similarly, stress and surprise are key features of student engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Bustos-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz 91097, Mexico; (M.B.-L.); (N.C.-R.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - Nicandro Cruz-Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz 91097, Mexico; (M.B.-L.); (N.C.-R.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - Alejandro Guerra-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz 91097, Mexico; (M.B.-L.); (N.C.-R.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - Laura Nely Sánchez-Morales
- Division of Research and Postgraduate Studies, CONACYT-Tecnológico Nacional de México/I. T. Orizaba, Av. Oriente 9 852 Col. Emiliano Zapata, Orizaba, Veracruz 94320, Mexico;
| | - Nancy Aracely Cruz-Ramos
- Division of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Tecnológico Nacional de México/I. T. Orizaba, Av. Oriente 9 852 Col. Emiliano Zapata, Orizaba, Veracruz 94320, Mexico;
| | - Giner Alor-Hernández
- Division of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Tecnológico Nacional de México/I. T. Orizaba, Av. Oriente 9 852 Col. Emiliano Zapata, Orizaba, Veracruz 94320, Mexico;
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Semjonova G, Davidovica A, Kozlovskis N, Okss A, Katashevs A. Smart Textile Sock System for Athletes’ Self-Correction during Functional Tasks: Formative Usability Evaluation. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134779. [PMID: 35808274 PMCID: PMC9268753 DOI: 10.3390/s22134779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The development of a lightweight, easy-to-use system that measures the foot’s plantar pressure is becoming an increasingly important area of research in physiotherapy. For further development of the smart sock system, a formative usability study was conducted, where the smart textile sock sensor system was used for self-correction during functional tasks; (2) Methods: Five athletes from the football school participated in the formative usability study. Athletes performed pre-defined functional tasks for self-correction when interacting with the smart textile sock system. Formative usability evaluation methods: effectiveness (task success rate, error rate), efficiency (time-based), satisfaction evaluated by System Usability Scale (SUS); (3) Results: Formative usability indicators: task completeness effectiveness ranged from 40% to 100% in the first- and second-stage tasks. Completed task efficiency time: Stage 1, from 4.2 s (SD 1.3) to 88.8 s (SD 19.8); Stage 2, from 7.2 s (SD 1.9) to 9.6 s (SD 2.1). Satisfaction was assessed by the SUS system user group with 76 points (SD 7.42), which indicates “good” satisfaction; (4) Conclusions: formative usability indicators showed the need for technical improvements to the smart textile sock pressure sensor system. The SUS results indicate “good” satisfaction with the smart textile sock pressure sensor system and its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guna Semjonova
- Department of Rehabilitation, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Davidovica
- Department of Rehabilitation, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Nikita Kozlovskis
- Institute of Applied Computer Systems, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Aleksandrs Okss
- Institute of Design Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Aleksejs Katashevs
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanotechnology, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
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Shak Sadi M, Kumpikaitė E. Advances in the Robustness of Wearable Electronic Textiles: Strategies, Stability, Washability and Perspective. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122039. [PMID: 35745378 PMCID: PMC9229712 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic textiles are the future of wearable technology with a diverse application potential inspired by the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve all aspects of wearer life by replacing traditional bulky, rigid, and uncomfortable wearable electronics. The inherently prominent characteristics exhibited by textile substrates make them ideal candidates for designing user-friendly wearable electronic textiles for high-end variant applications. Textile substrates (fiber, yarn, fabric, and garment) combined with nanostructured electroactive materials provide a universal pathway for the researcher to construct advanced wearable electronics compatible with the human body and other circumstances. However, e-textiles are found to be vulnerable to physical deformation induced during repeated wash and wear. Thus, e-textiles need to be robust enough to withstand such challenges involved in designing a reliable product and require more attention for substantial advancement in stability and washability. As a step toward reliable devices, we present this comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art advances in substrate geometries, modification, fabrication, and standardized washing strategies to predict a roadmap toward sustainability. Furthermore, current challenges, opportunities, and future aspects of durable e-textiles development are envisioned to provide a conclusive pathway for researchers to conduct advanced studies.
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