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Schacht-Hernández P, Miranda-Olvera AD, Jiménez-Cruz F, Morelos-Santos O, García-Gutiérrez JL, Quintana-Solórzano R. Processing and Recovery of Heavy Crude Oil Using an HPA-Ni Catalyst and Natural Gas. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:34089-34097. [PMID: 39130572 PMCID: PMC11307308 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
To maintain economic profitability and stabilize fuel prices, refineries actively explore alternatives for efficiently processing (extra) heavy crude oils. These oils are challenging to process due to their complex composition, which includes significant quantities of asphaltenes, resins, and sulfur and nitrogen heteroatoms. A critical initial step in upgrading these oils is the hydrogenation of polyaromatic compounds, requiring substantial hydrogen sources. Methane from natural gas streams is known to act as an effective hydrogen donor. This study investigates the use of a heteropolyacid (HPA) catalyst modified with nickel and methane to enhance the quality of heavy crude oil with an initial 8.0°API (at 15.5 °C) and 2200 cSt viscosity (at 37.5 °C). After treatment in a batch reactor at 380 °C and 4.4 MPa for 2 h, the oil properties markedly improved: API gravity increased from 8.0 to 16.0 (at 15.5 °C), and kinematic viscosity reduced from 2200 to 125 cSt (at 37.5 °C). Additionally, there was a significant decrease in asphaltenes (from 38.7 to 16.4% by weight), sulfur (from 5.9 to 4.0% by weight), and nitrogen (from 971 to 695 ppm). This was accompanied by an increase in the volume of light distillates from 1.3 to 4.9%, and middle distillates from 8.8 to 21.0%. These results suggest that nickel-modified HPA catalysts, combined with methane as a hydrogen donor, are a promising option for upgrading heavy crude oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persi Schacht-Hernández
- Instituto
Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte
152, Ciudad de México 07730, México
| | - Alma Delia Miranda-Olvera
- Instituto
Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte
152, Ciudad de México 07730, México
| | - Federico Jiménez-Cruz
- Instituto
Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte
152, Ciudad de México 07730, México
| | - Oscar Morelos-Santos
- Tecnológico
Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero, Ciencias Básicas, Av. 1°
de Mayo s/n, Los Mangos, Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas 89440, México
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Farmani Z, Vetere A, Pfänder N, Lehmann CW, Schrader W. Naturally Occurring Allotropes of Carbon. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38277679 PMCID: PMC10882575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbon is one of the most important chemical elements, forming a wide range of important allotropes, ranging from diamond over graphite to nanostructural materials such as graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Especially these nanomaterials play an important role in technology and are commonly formed in laborious synthetic processes that often are of high energy demand. Recently, fullerenes and their building blocks (buckybowls) have been found in natural fossil materials formed under geological conditions. The question arises of how diverse nature can be in forming different types of natural allotropes of carbon. This is investigated here, using modern analytical methods such as ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy, which facilitate a detailed understanding of the diversity of natural carbon allotropes. Large fullerenes, fullertubes, graphene sheets, and double- and multiwalled CNTs together with single-walled CNTs were detected in natural heavy fossil materials while theoretical calculations on the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory using the ORCA software package support the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farmani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfänder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian W Lehmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Alostad L, Palacio Lozano DC, Gannon B, Downham RP, Jones HE, Barrow MP. Investigating the Influence of n-Heptane versus n-Nonane upon the Extraction of Asphaltenes. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2022; 36:8663-8673. [PMID: 36016760 PMCID: PMC9393859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The composition of asphaltenes is of interest due to the challenges they pose for industry and their high complexity, encompassing a range of heteroatom contents, molecular weights, double bond equivalents (DBEs), and structural motifs. They are well-known for aggregating above critical concentrations, hindering the upstream and downstream processes. Asphaltenes are defined by solubility, as they are insoluble in light paraffins such as n-heptane and soluble in aromatic solvents such as toluene. Today, enormous efforts are being invested into the characterization of asphaltenes to shed light into their structural profiles to benefit the petroleum industry and environmental sustainability. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) provides molecular level analysis with unparalleled mass resolving power and mass accuracy, which is vital for the characterization of inherently complex crude oils and their asphaltene fractions. The aim of this research is to elucidate and compare the compositional profiles of asphaltene fractions of two petroleum samples, fractioned through two approaches: using n-heptane, as is typical practice, and n-nonane, for the purpose of testing extraction using higher molecular weight alkanes. The results highlight that the choice of solvents does indeed influence the accessibility of different species and therefore changes the observed molecular profiles of the extracted asphaltenes. n-Heptane afforded broader contributions of different heteroatomic classes and greater carbon number ranges of the observed components; the DBE distribution vs carbon number profiles were different, where the extracts produced using n-nonane displayed a greater prevalence of lower DBE species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa
K. Alostad
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benedict Gannon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Rory P. Downham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh E. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Molecular
Analytical Sciences Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Thomas MJ, Chan HYH, Palacio Lozano DC, Barrow MP. Solvent and Flow Rate Effects on the Observed Compositional Profiles and the Relative Intensities of Radical and Protonated Species in Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4954-4960. [PMID: 35286808 PMCID: PMC8969439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation and instrument parameters have regularly been demonstrated to impact upon the observed results in atmospheric pressure photoionization, mass spectrometry (MS), and analytical techniques in general but may be overlooked when such methods are applied to the characterization of real-world samples. An initial investigation into different solvent systems demonstrated that the inclusion of ethyl acetate inverted the ratio of relative intensities of radical and protonated species (R/P). Design of experiments was performed and indicated that the injection flow rate is also a significant factor. The impact of the solvent system and flow rate on signal intensity, the observed compositional profile, and R/P of selected molecular groups is demonstrated further. An inversion of R/P is observed at higher flow rates in solvent systems commonly used in petroleomics studies, effecting a loss of molecular speciation. The findings presented reiterate the critical importance in considering experimental parameters when interpreting the results of analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Thomas
- Molecular Analytical Sciences Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
| | - Ho Yi Holly Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
| | | | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
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Rüger CP, Le Maître J, Maillard J, Riches E, Palmer M, Afonso C, Giusti P. Exploring Complex Mixtures by Cyclic Ion Mobility High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Application Toward Petroleum. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5872-5881. [PMID: 33784070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth isomeric and isobaric description of ultra-complex organic mixtures remains one of the most challenging analytical tasks. In the last two decades, ion mobility coupled to high-performance mass spectrometry added an additional structural dimension. Despite tremendous instrumental improvements, commercial devices are still limited in ion mobility and mass spectrometric resolving power and struggle to resolve isobaric species and complex isomeric patterns. To overcome these limitations, we explored the capabilities of cyclic ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry with special emphasis on petrochemical applications. We could show that quadrupole-selected ion mobility mass spectrometry gives closer insights into the isomeric distribution. In combination with slicing the specific parts of the ion mobility dimension, isobaric interferences could be drastically removed. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) allowed separating structural groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocycles (PAH/PASH), deploying up to 10 passes in the cyclic ion mobility device. Finally, we introduce a data processing workflow to resolve the 3.4 mDa SH4/C3 mass split by combining ion mobility and mass spectrometric resolving power. Cyclic ion mobility with the intelligent design of experiments and processing routines will be a powerful approach addressing the isobaric and isomeric complexity of ultra-complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johann Le Maître
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France.,TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Gonfreville, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Julien Maillard
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France.,Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen-Normandie, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | | | - Carlos Afonso
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France.,Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen-Normandie, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France.,TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Gonfreville, 76700 Harfleur, France.,Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen-Normandie, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Sayed K, Baloo L, Sharma NK. Bioremediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) by Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation in Water with Floating Oil Spill Containment Booms as Bioreactor Basin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052226. [PMID: 33668225 PMCID: PMC7956214 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A crude oil spill is a common issue during offshore oil drilling, transport and transfer to onshore. Second, the production of petroleum refinery effluent is known to cause pollution due to its toxic effluent discharge. Sea habitats and onshore soil biota are affected by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as a pollutant in their natural environment. Crude oil pollution in seawater, estuaries and beaches requires an efficient process of cleaning. To remove crude oil pollutants from seawater, various physicochemical and biological treatment methods have been applied worldwide. A biological treatment method using bacteria, fungi and algae has recently gained a lot of attention due to its efficiency and lower cost. This review introduces various studies related to the bioremediation of crude oil, TPH and related petroleum products by bioaugmentation and biostimulation or both together. Bioremediation studies mentioned in this paper can be used for treatment such as emulsified residual spilled oil in seawater with floating oil spill containment booms as an enclosed basin such as a bioreactor, for petroleum hydrocarbons as a pollutant that will help environmental researchers solve these problems and completely clean-up oil spills in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Sayed
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-0102547454
| | - Lavania Baloo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Naresh Kumar Sharma
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Srivilliputhur, Tamil Nadu 626128, India;
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Wang J, Xu H, Huo Y, Wang Y, Dong M. Progress of electrospray and electrospinning in energy applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:132001. [PMID: 31665706 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab52bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the promotion of energy strategies to address the global energy crisis, nanotechnology has been successfully used to generate novel energy materials with excellent characteristics, such as high specific surface area, good flexibility and large porosity. Among the various methods for fabricating nanoscale materials, electrospray and electrospinning technologies have unlocked low-cost, facile and industrial routes to nanotechnology over the past ten years. This review highlights research into the key parts and primary theory of these techniques and their application in preparing energy-related materials and devices: especially fuel cells, solar cells, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors as well as hydrogen storage systems. The challenges and future prospects of the manufacturing technologies are also covered in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
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A Detailed Look at the Saturate Fractions of Different Crude Oils Using Direct Analysis by Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHRMS). ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12183455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SARA (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, Asphaltenes) fractionation is a common simplification technique used for decades in petrochemical analysis. A large number of studies are dealing with the different fractions, but overall, the saturate fraction is strongly neglected. Of the very few available studies on the saturates fraction, almost all have been performed using gas chromatographic (GC) techniques. This discriminates the results of the saturate fraction especially since non-volatile, high molecular weight and polar constituents are mostly excluded. Here, for the first time, saturate fractions of different crude oils from different origins are analyzed using direct infusion ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS), to study the compositions on a molecular level. Electrospray (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are used in positive mode. The observed results show the presence of different heteroatom containing classes, with different chemical identities (i.e., presence of thiophenes, mercaptans and cyclic-sulfides in case of S-containing compounds). These results show the high affinity of some specific compounds towards different ionization techniques. Finally, the saturate fraction is shown to include much more than only volatile, saturated and aliphatic compounds. The detected compounds in this fraction present a very wide variety, not only in terms of their carbon atoms per molecule and their aromaticity, but also with regard to their functional groups and structural arrangements.
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