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Haghighi SM, Hemmati A, Moghadamzadeh H, Ghaemi A, Raoofi N. Using NaOH@Graphene oxide-Fe 3O 4 as a magnetic heterogeneous catalyst for ultrasonic transesterification; experimental and modelling. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14386. [PMID: 38909146 PMCID: PMC11193755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Burning fossil fuels causes toxic gas emissions to increase, therefore, scientists are trying to find alternative green fuels. One of the important alternative fuels is biodiesel. However, using eco-friendly primary materials is a main factor. Sustainable catalysts should have high performance, good activity, easy separation from reaction cells, and regenerability. In this study, to solve the mentioned problem NaOH@Graphene oxide-Fe3O4 as a magnetic catalyst was used for the first time to generate biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The crystal structure, functional groups, surface area and morphology of catalyst were studied by XRD, FTIR, BET, and FESEM techniques. The response surface methodology based central composite design (RSM-CCD) was used for biodiesel production via ultrasonic technique. The maximum biodiesel yield was 95.88% in the following operation: 10.52:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, a catalyst weight of 3.76 wt%, a voltage of 49.58 kHz, and a time of 33.29 min. The physiochemical characterization of biodiesel was based to ASTM standard. The magnetic catalyst was high standstill to free fatty acid due to the five cycle's regeneration. The kinetic study results possess good agreement with first-order kinetics as well as the activation energy and Arrhenius constant are 49.2 kJ/min and 16.47 * 1010 min-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Moradi Haghighi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Hemmati
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, 16846, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Moghadamzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahad Ghaemi
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, 16846, Iran
| | - Nahid Raoofi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Kim BS, Park JH, Park JS. Effect of Blended Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomer Binder on the Performance of Catalyst Layers in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:794. [PMID: 37755216 PMCID: PMC10536539 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, blended perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers with equivalent weights (EWs, g/mol) of ~1000, 980, and 830 are prepared. Catalyst layers (CLs), using blended PFSA ionomers, with different side chain lengths and EWs are investigated and compared to CLs using single ionomers. The ion exchange capacity results confirm that blended ionomers have the target EWs. As a result, blended ionomers exhibit higher ion conductivity than single ionomers at all temperatures due to the higher water uptake of the blended ionomers. This implies that blended ionomers have a bulk structure to form a competent free volume compared to single ionomers. Blended ionomers with short side chains and low EWs can help reduce the activation energy in proton conduction due to enhanced hydrophobic and hydrophilic segregation. In addition, when using the blended ionomer, the CLs form a more porous microstructure to help reduce the resistance of oxygen transport and contributes to lower mass transfer loss. This effect is proven in fuel cell operations at not a lower temperature (70 °C) and full humidification (100%) but at an elevated temperature (80 °C) and lower relative humidity (50 and 75%). Blended ionomer-based CLs with a higher water uptake and porous CL structure result in improved fuel cell performance with better mass transport than single ionomer-based CLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Seok Kim
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jong-Hyeok Park
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Biomedical Engineering, The Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Republic of Korea;
- Future Environment and Energy Research Institute, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Biomedical Engineering, The Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Republic of Korea;
- Future Environment and Energy Research Institute, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Republic of Korea
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Coppola R, Lozano H, Contin M, Canneva A, Molinari FN, Abuin G, D'Accorso N. Polybenzimidazole membrane for efficient copper removal from aqueous solutions. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.E. Coppola
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI), Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - H.E. Lozano
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI), Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M. Contin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - F. N. Molinari
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI), Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - G.C. Abuin
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI), Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - N.B. D'Accorso
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET‐ Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires Argentina
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Arslan F, Chuluunbandi K, Freiberg ATS, Kormanyos A, Sit F, Cherevko S, Kerres J, Thiele S, Böhm T. Performance of Quaternized Polybenzimidazole-Cross-Linked Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) Membranes in HT-PEMFCs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56584-56596. [PMID: 34784464 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are mostly based on acid-doped membranes composed of polybenzimidazole (PBI). A severe drawback of acid-doped membranes is the deterioration of mechanical properties upon increasing acid-doping levels. Cross-linking of different polymers is a way to mitigate stability issues. In this study, a new ion-pair-coordinated membrane (IPM) system with quaternary ammonium groups for the application in HT-PEMFCs is introduced. PBI cross-linked with poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) and quaternized with three amines (DABCO, quinuclidine, and quinuclidinol) are manufactured and compared to the state-of-the-art commercial Dapazol PBI membrane ex situ as well as by evaluating their HT-PEMFC performance. The IPMs show reduced swelling and better mechanical properties upon doping, which enables a reduction in membrane thickness while maintaining a comparably low gas crossover and mechanical stability. The HT-PEMFC based on the best-performing IPM reaches up to 530 mW cm-2 at 180 °C under H2/air conditions at ambient pressure, while Dapazol is limited to less than 430 mW cm-2 at equal parameters. This new IPM system requires less acid doping than conventional PBI membranes while outperforming conventional PBI membranes, which renders these new membranes promising candidates for application in HT-PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Arslan
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Khajidkhand Chuluunbandi
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna T S Freiberg
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Attila Kormanyos
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferit Sit
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kerres
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Effect of dispersing solvents for ionomers on the performance and durability of catalyst layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hydrogen-Based Energy Conversion: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells and Electrolysis. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14165068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This book [...]
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Pristine and Modified Porous Membranes for Zinc Slurry-Air Flow Battery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134062. [PMID: 34279401 PMCID: PMC8272061 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane is a crucial component of Zn slurry–air flow battery since it provides ionic conductivity between the electrodes while avoiding the mixing of the two compartments. Herein, six commercial membranes (Cellophane™ 350PØØ, Zirfon®, Fumatech® PBI, Celgard® 3501, 3401 and 5550) were first characterized in terms of electrolyte uptake, ion conductivity and zincate ion crossover, and tested in Zn slurry–air flow battery. The peak power density of the battery employing the membranes was found to depend on the in-situ cell resistance. Among them, the cell using Celgard® 3501 membrane, with in-situ area resistance of 2 Ω cm2 at room temperature displayed the highest peak power density (90 mW cm−2). However, due to the porous nature of most of these membranes, a significant crossover of zincate ions was observed. To address this issue, an ion-selective ionomer containing modified poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) and N-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium monomer was coated on a Celgard® 3501 membrane and crosslinked via UV irradiation (PPO-3.45 + 3501). Moreover, commercial FAA-3 solutions (FAA, Fumatech) were coated for comparison purpose. The successful impregnation of the membrane with the anion-exchange polymers was confirmed by SEM, FTIR and Hg porosimetry. The PPO-3.45 + 3501 membrane exhibited 18 times lower zincate ions crossover compared to that of the pristine membrane (5.2 × 10−13 vs. 9.2 × 10−12 m2 s−1). With low zincate ions crossover and a peak power density of 66 mW cm−2, the prepared membrane is a suitable candidate for rechargeable Zn slurry–air flow batteries.
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