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Que R, Audibert JF, Garcia-Caurel E, Plantevin O, Kalli K, Lancry M, Poumellec B, Pansu RB. Carbon Dot Synthesis in CYTOP Optical Fiber Using IR Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing and Its Luminescence Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:941. [PMID: 38869566 PMCID: PMC11173491 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent carbon dots (CDs) were locally synthesized in the core of CYTOP fibers using IR femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW), a one-step simple method serving as a post-treatment of the pristine fiber. This approach enables the creation of several types of modifications such as ellipsoid voids. The CDs and photoluminescence (PL) distribute at the periphery of the voids. The PL spectral properties were studied through the excitation/emission matrix in the visible range and excitation/emission spectra in the UV/visible range. Our findings reveal the presence of at least three distinct luminescent species, facilitating a broad excitation range extending from UV to green, and light emission spanning from blue to red. The average laser power and dose influence the quantity and ratio of these luminescent CD species. Additionally, we measured the spatially resolved lifetime of the luminescence during and after the irradiation. We found longer lifetimes at the periphery of the laser-induced modified regions and shorter ones closer to the center, with a dominant lifetime ~2 ns. Notably, unlike many other luminophores, these laser-induced CDs are insensitive to oxygen, enhancing their potential for display or data storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Que
- CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.Q.); (J.-F.A.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.Q.); (J.-F.A.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Enrique Garcia-Caurel
- Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CNRS, École Polytechnique, LPICM, 91120 Palaiseau, France;
| | - Olivier Plantevin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Kyriacos Kalli
- Nanophotonics Research Laboratory, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Matthieu Lancry
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Bertrand Poumellec
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Robert B. Pansu
- CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.Q.); (J.-F.A.); (R.B.P.)
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Mankoti M, Meena SS, Mohanty A. Exploring the potential of eco-friendly carbon dots in monitoring and remediation of environmental pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33448-x. [PMID: 38713351 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Photoluminescent carbon dots (CDs) have garnered significant interest owing to their distinctive optical and electronic properties. In contrast to semiconductor quantum dots, which incorporated toxic elements in their composition, CDs have emerged as a promising alternative, rendering them suitable for both environmental and biological applications. CDs exhibit astonishing features, including photoluminescence, charge transfer, quantum confinement effect, and biocompatibility. Recently, CDs derived from green sources have drawn a lot of attention due to their strong photostability, reduced toxicity, better biocompatibility, enhanced fluorescence, and simplicity. These attributes have shown great promise in the areas of LED technology, bioimaging, photocatalysis, drug delivery, biosensing, and antibacterial activity. In contrast, this review offers a comprehensive overview of various green sources utilized to produce CDs and methodologies, along with their merits and demerits, with a notable emphasis on physiochemical properties. Additionally, the paper provides insight into the bibliometric analysis and recent advancements of CDs in sensing, photocatalysis, and antibacterial activity. In this field, extensive research is underway, and a total of 7,438 articles have been identified. Among these, 4242 articles are dedicated to sensing applications, while 1518 and 1678 focus on adsorption and degradation. Carbon dots demonstrate exceptional sensing capabilities within the nanomolar range with a selectivity of up to 95% for pollutants. They exhibit excellent degradation efficiency exceeding 90% within 10-130 min and possess an adsorption capacity from 100 to 800 mg/g. These fascinating qualities render them suitable for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Mankoti
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Sumer Singh Meena
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Anee Mohanty
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
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Kong J, Wei Y, Zhou F, Shi L, Zhao S, Wan M, Zhang X. Carbon Quantum Dots: Properties, Preparation, and Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:2002. [PMID: 38731492 PMCID: PMC11085940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots are a novel form of carbon material. They offer numerous benefits including particle size adjustability, light resistance, ease of functionalization, low toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and high-water solubility, as well as their easy accessibility of raw materials. Carbon quantum dots have been widely used in various fields. The preparation methods employed are predominantly top-down methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, electrochemical and chemical oxidation, as well as bottom-up methods such as templates, microwave, and hydrothermal techniques. This article provides an overview of the properties, preparation methods, raw materials for preparation, and the heteroatom doping of carbon quantum dots, and it summarizes the applications in related fields, such as optoelectronics, bioimaging, drug delivery, cancer therapy, sensors, and environmental remediation. Finally, currently encountered issues of carbon quantum dots are presented. The latest research progress in synthesis and application, as well as the challenges outlined in this review, can help and encourage future research on carbon quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiangfeng Zhang
- School of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (Y.W.); (F.Z.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (M.W.)
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Yazdani S, Mozaffarian M, Pazuki G, Hadidi N, Villate-Beitia I, Zárate J, Puras G, Pedraz JL. Carbon-Based Nanostructures as Emerging Materials for Gene Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38399344 PMCID: PMC10891563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapeutics are promising for treating diseases at the genetic level, with some already validated for clinical use. Recently, nanostructures have emerged for the targeted delivery of genetic material. Nanomaterials, exhibiting advantageous properties such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, facile functionalization, substantial loading capacity, and tunable physicochemical characteristics, are recognized as non-viral vectors in gene therapy applications. Despite progress, current non-viral vectors exhibit notably low gene delivery efficiency. Progress in nanotechnology is essential to overcome extracellular and intracellular barriers in gene delivery. Specific nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), nanodiamonds (NDs), and similar carbon-based structures can accommodate diverse genetic materials such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), small interference RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), and antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). To address challenges such as high toxicity and low transfection efficiency, advancements in the features of carbon-based nanostructures (CBNs) are imperative. This overview delves into three types of CBNs employed as vectors in drug/gene delivery systems, encompassing their synthesis methods, properties, and biomedical applications. Ultimately, we present insights into the opportunities and challenges within the captivating realm of gene delivery using CBNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Yazdani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Mehrdad Mozaffarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Gholamreza Pazuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Naghmeh Hadidi
- Department of Clinical Research and EM Microscope, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), Tehran P.O. Box 131694-3551, Iran;
| | - Ilia Villate-Beitia
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jon Zárate
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Gao W, Zhang S, Wang G, Cui J, Lu Y, Rong X, Luo Y, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Gao C. Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dots as "on-off-on" fluorescence probes to detect Hg 2+ and MnO 4- and improving the photostability of Rhodamine B. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1277:341683. [PMID: 37604617 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon quantum dot (CQDs) are zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with a size of less than 10 nm CQDs are widely used in the field of ion detection by virtue of their fluorescence characteristics such as strong fluorescence intensity, good optical stability and tunable emission wavelength. Although the traditional atomic absorption method, electrochemical method and other metal ion detection methods are highly sensitive, the operation is complex, expensive and limited by the site. Therefore, we prepared the N, S-CQDs capable of detecting Hg2+ and MnO4- in water with the advantages of simple operation, low cost, and direct visual signal. RESULTS N, S-CQDs with high-quantum yield (77.68%), uniform particle size (0.4 nm-2.6 nm) and green fluorescence were created utilizing a one-pot hydrothermal process with the precursors ASDA-Na4 and m-phenylenediamine. N, S-CQDs has good optical properties such as high fluorescence intensity, wavelength independence, up-conversion luminescence and fluorescence stability. We examined 27 common ions in water and found that the fluorescence of N, S-CQDs could be selectively quenched by Hg2+ and MnO4-, and the detection limits are 0.41 μM and 1.2 μM, respectively. The mechanism of quenching is further investigated. The fluorescence of N, S-CQDs-Hg2+ system can be restored by halogen ions (Cl-, Br-, I-), while the fluorescence of N, S-CQDs-MnO4- system can be partially restored by Fe2+. This forms an "on-off-on" mode of fluorescent probes. In addition, we also studied that trace amounts of N, S-CQDs can improve the photostability of RhB. SIGNIFICANCE The N, S-CQDs are fluorescent probes in an "on-off-on" mode. N, S-CQDs with green fluorescence (on) can be quenched by Hg2+ and MnO4- (off). The fluorescence quenched by Hg2+ can be restored by halogen ions again, while the fluorescence quenched by MnO4- can partially be restored (on). This ion detection method can be used to visually detect the two ions in the field, with the advantages of low cost, simple operation and visual intuition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensu Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Shurong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Guiqiao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Jinzhi Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yaxin Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Xing Rong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yawen Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - LiChao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhongfa Cheng
- Shandong Taihe Technologies Co, Ltd, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China.
| | - Canzhu Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Arpita, Kumar P, Kataria N, Narwal N, Kumar S, Kumar R, Khoo KS, Show PL. Plastic Waste-Derived Carbon Dots: Insights of Recycling Valuable Materials Towards Environmental Sustainability. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2023; 9:1-21. [PMID: 37362608 PMCID: PMC10214366 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-023-00268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) or carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as rising stars in the carbon family due to their diverse applications in various fields. CDs are spherical particles with a well-distributed size of less than 10 nm. Functional CDs are promising nanomaterials with low toxicity, low cost, and enormous applications in the field of bioimaging, optoelectronics, photocatalysis, and sensing. Plastic is non-biodegradable and hazardous to the environment, however extremely durable and used in abundance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of plastic waste, particularly masks, goggles, face shields, and shoe cover, has increased tremendously. It needs to be recycled in a productive way as plastic wastes take hundreds or thousands of years to degrade naturally. The conversion of plastic waste into magnificent CDs has been reported as one of the key alternatives for environmental sustainability and socio-economic benefits. In this review, synthetic routes for the conversion of plastic wastes into CDs utilizing hydrothermal, solvothermal, pyrolysis, flash joule heating, and characterization of these CDs using different techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscope, have been discussed. Furthermore, potential applications of these plastic-derived CDs in sensing, catalysis, agronomics, and LED lights are summarized herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita
- Faculty of Sciences, J. C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Haryana 121006 Faridabad, India
| | - Parmod Kumar
- Faculty of Sciences, J. C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Haryana 121006 Faridabad, India
| | - Navish Kataria
- Faculty of Sciences, J. C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Haryana 121006 Faridabad, India
| | - Nishita Narwal
- University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, 110078 India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Faculty of Sciences, J. C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Haryana 121006 Faridabad, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Faculty of Sciences, J. C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Haryana 121006 Faridabad, India
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, 602105, Chennai, India
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Mohammed SJ, Omer KM, Hawaiz FE. Deep insights to explain the mechanism of carbon dot formation at various reaction times using the hydrothermal technique: FT-IR, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and UV-visible spectroscopic approaches. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14340-14349. [PMID: 37180002 PMCID: PMC10170355 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-explained mechanism for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs) is not yet explored and is still a subject of great debate and challenge. This study used a one-step hydrothermal method to prepare highly efficient, gram-scale, excellent water solubility, and blue fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) with the particle size average distribution of around 5 nm from 4-aminoantipyrine. The effects of varying synthesis reaction times on the structure and mechanism formation of NCDs were investigated using spectroscopic methods, namely FT-IR, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and UV-visible spectroscopies. The spectroscopic results indicated that increasing the reaction time affects the structure of the NCDs. As the hydrothermal synthesis reaction time is extended, the intensity of the peaks in the aromatic region decreases, and new peaks in the aliphatic and carbonyl group regions are generated, which display enhanced intensity. In addition, the photoluminescent quantum yield increases as the reaction time increases. The presence of a benzene ring in 4-aminoantipyrine is thought to contribute to the observed structural changes in NCDs. This is due to the increased noncovalent π-π stacking interactions of the aromatic ring during the carbon dot core formation. Moreover, the hydrolysis of the pyrazole ring in 4-aminoantipyrine results in polar functional groups attached to aliphatic carbons. As the reaction time prolongs, these functional groups progressively cover a larger portion of the surface of the NCDs. After 21 h of the synthesis process, the XRD spectrum of the produced NCDs illustrates a broad peak at 21.1°, indicating an amorphous turbostratic carbon phase. The d-spacing measured from the HR-TEM image is about 0.26 nm, which agrees with the (100) plane lattice of graphite carbon and confirms the purity of the NCD product with a surface covered by polar functional groups. This investigation will lead to a greater understanding of the effect of hydrothermal reaction time on the mechanism and structure of carbon dot synthesis. Moreover, it offers a simple, low-cost, and gram-scale method for creating high-quality NCDs crucial for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewara J Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani Qlyasan Street Sulaimani 46002 Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq
- Anesthesia Department, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya Sulaimaniya 46001 Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Khalid M Omer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani Qlyasan Street Sulaimani 46002 Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq
| | - Farouq E Hawaiz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Salahaddin University - Hawler Erbil Kurdistan Iraq
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Synthesis, characterization and potential sensing application of carbon dots synthesized via the hydrothermal treatment of cow milk. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22495. [PMID: 36577768 PMCID: PMC9797560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized in this study by hydrothermally treating cow milk. The procedure is simple, non-hazardous to the environment, and does not necessitate the use of any special instruments or chemicals. CQDs were practically almost circular when they were manufactured and had an average size of 7 nm. Carbon (67.36%), oxygen (22.73%), and nitrogen (9.91%) comprised the majority of their composition. They feature broad excitation-emission spectra, excitation-dependent emission, and temperature-dependent photoluminescence. They remained quite stable in the presence of a lot of salt, UV radiation, and storage time. Because luminescence quenching mechanisms are sensitive to and selective for Sn2+, they can be employed to create a nanosensor for detecting Sn2+.
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Hydrothermal Carbonization. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15155491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has emerged as a promising thermochemical pathway for treating and converting wet wastes into fuel, materials, and chemicals [...]
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Malavika JP, Shobana C, Sundarraj S, Ganeshbabu M, Kumar P, Selvan RK. Green synthesis of multifunctional carbon quantum dots: An approach in cancer theranostics. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212756. [PMID: 35929302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have gained significant growing attention in the recent past due to their peculiar characteristics including smaller size, high surface area, photoluminescence, chemical stability, facile synthesis and functionalization possibilities. They are carbon nanostructures having less than 10 nm size with fluorescent properties. In recent years, the scientific community is curiously adopting biomass precursors for the preparation of CQDs over the chemical compounds. These biomass sources are sustainable, eco-friendly, inexpensive, widely available and convert waste into valuable materials. Hence in our work the fundamental understating of diverse fabrication methodologies of CQDs, and the types of raw materials employed in recent times, are all examined and correlated comprehensively. Their unique combination of remarkable properties, together with the ease with which they can be fabricated, makes CQDs as promising materials for applications in diverse biomedical fields, in particular for bio-imaging, targeted drug delivery and phototherapy for cancer treatment. The mechanism for luminescence is of considerable significance for leading the synthesis of CQDs with tunable fluorescence emission. Therefore, it is aimed to explore and provide an updated review on (i) the recent progress on the different synthesis methods of biomass-derived CQDs, (ii) the contribution of surface states or functional groups on the luminescence origin and (iii) its potential application for cancer theranostics, concentrating on their fluorescence properties. Finally, we explored the challenges in modification for the synthesis of CQDs from biomass derivatives and the future scope of CQDs in phototherapy for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Prasad Malavika
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shenbagamoorthy Sundarraj
- Department of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi - 626 124, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mariappan Ganeshbabu
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ahuja V, Bhatt AK, Varjani S, Choi KY, Kim SH, Yang YH, Bhatia SK. Quantum dot synthesis from waste biomass and its applications in energy and bioremediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133564. [PMID: 35007612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are getting special attention due to their commendable optical properties and applications. Conventional metal-based QDs have toxicity and non-biodegradability issues, thus it becomes necessary to search for renewable precursor molecules for QDs synthesis. In recent years, biomass-based carbon rich QDs (CQDs) have been introduced which are mainly synthesised via carbonization (pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment). These CQDs offered higher photostability, biocompatibility, low-toxicity, and easy tunability for physicochemical properties. Exceptional optical properties become a point of attraction for its multifaceted applications in various sectors like fabrication of electrodes and solar cells, conversion of solar energy to electricity, detection of pollutants, designing biosensors, etc. In recent years, a lot of work has been done in this field. This article will summarize these advancements along in a special context to biomass-based QDs and their applications in energy and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, 171005, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, 171005, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Lopez-Cantu DO, González-González RB, Melchor-Martínez EM, Martínez SAH, Araújo RG, Parra-Arroyo L, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Enzyme-mimicking capacities of carbon-dots nanozymes: Properties, catalytic mechanism, and applications - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:676-687. [PMID: 34813781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes, novel engineered nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes, have been developed to overcome intrinsic drawbacks exist in natural enzymes including high-cost storage, structural instability, and chemical sensitivity. More recently, carbon dots (CDs) have received significant attention due to their biocompatibility, high catalytic activity, and simple surface functionalization, thus emerging as possible alternatives for biomedical and environmental applications. In this review, we analyze methods and precursors used to synthesize CDs with enzyme-mimicking behaviors. In addition, approaches such as doping or constructing hybrid nanozymes are included as possible strategies to enhance the catalytic performance of CDs. Recent studies have reported CDs that mimic different oxidoreductases, exhibiting peroxidase-, catalase-, oxidase/laccase-, and superoxide dismutase-like activities. Therefore, this review presents a detailed discussion of the mechanism, recent advances, and application for each oxidoreductase-like activity reported on nanozymes based on CDs nanomaterials. Finally, current challenges faced in the successful translation of CDs to potential applications are addressed to suggest research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rafael G Araújo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Lizeth Parra-Arroyo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | | | | | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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13
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Kumar P, Dua S, Kaur R, Kumar M, Bhatt G. A review on advancements in carbon quantum dots and their application in photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4714-4759. [PMID: 35425490 PMCID: PMC8981368 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08452f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots are a new frontier in the field of fluorescent nanomaterials, and they exhibit fascinating properties such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, eco-friendliness, good water solubility and photostability. In addition, the synthesis of these nanoparticles is facile, rapid, and satisfies green chemistry principles. CQDs have easily tunable optical properties and have found applications in bioimaging, nanomedicine, drug delivery, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and other related areas. This article systematically reviews carbon quantum dot structure, their synthesis techniques, recent advancements, the effects of doping and surface engineering on their optical properties, and related photoluminescence models in detail. The challenges associated with these nanomaterials and their prospects are discussed, and special emphasis has been placed on the application of carbon quantum dots in enhancing the performance of photovoltaics and white light-emitting diodes. This review puts forth the in-depth understanding of the fundamentals of carbon quantum dots(CQDs), recent advancements in the field including a thorough discussion on different roles of CQDs to enhance the performance of solar cells and white-LEDs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Electronic Science, South Campus University of Delhi, New Delhi-110021, India
- Non-Collegiate Women's Education Board, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Shweta Dua
- Bhaskarcaharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
- Non-Collegiate Women's Education Board, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
- Non-Collegiate Women's Education Board, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi-110012, India
- Non-Collegiate Women's Education Board, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Geeta Bhatt
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
- Non-Collegiate Women's Education Board, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
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14
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Shabbir H, Tokarski T, Ungor D, Wojnicki M. Eco Friendly Synthesis of Carbon Dot by Hydrothermal Method for Metal Ions Salt Identification. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7604. [PMID: 34947198 PMCID: PMC8705282 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis method of carbon quantum dots (CDs) using the one-step method for fast and effective metal ion determination. Ascorbic acid was used as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly precursor. High-pressure and high-temperature reactors were used for this purpose. Microscopic characterization revealed the size of CDs was in the range of 2-6 nm and they had an ordered structure. The photoluminescence properties of the CDs depend on the process temperature, and we obtained the highest PL spectra for 6 h of hydrothermal reaction. The maximum emission spectra depend poorly on synthesis time. Further characterization shows that CDs are a good contender for sensing Fe3+ in aqueous systems and can detect concentrations up to 0.49 ppm. The emission spectra efficiency was enhanced by up to 200% with synthesis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Shabbir
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza Ave. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Tokarski
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Ditta Ungor
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Noble Metal Nanostructures Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. Square. 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Marek Wojnicki
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza Ave. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
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15
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Mansuriya BD, Altintas Z. Carbon Dots: Classification, Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Health Care-An Updated Review (2018-2021). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2525. [PMID: 34684966 PMCID: PMC8541690 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are usually smaller than 10 nm in size, and are meticulously formulated and recently introduced nanomaterials, among the other types of carbon-based nanomaterials. They have gained significant attention and an incredible interest in the field of nanotechnology and biomedical science, which is merely due to their considerable and exclusive attributes; including their enhanced electron transferability, photobleaching and photo-blinking effects, high photoluminescent quantum yield, fluorescence property, resistance to photo-decomposition, increased electrocatalytic activity, good aqueous solubility, excellent biocompatibility, long-term chemical stability, cost-effectiveness, negligible toxicity, and acquaintance of large effective surface area-to-volume ratio. CDs can be readily functionalized owing to the abundant functional groups on their surfaces, and they also exhibit remarkable sensing features such as specific, selective, and multiplex detectability. In addition, the physico-chemical characteristics of CDs can be easily tunable based on their intended usage or application. In this comprehensive review article, we mainly discuss the classification of CDs, their ideal properties, their general synthesis approaches, and primary characterization techniques. More importantly, we update the readers about the recent trends of CDs in health care applications (viz., their substantial and prominent role in the area of electrochemical and optical biosensing, bioimaging, drug/gene delivery, as well as in photodynamic/photothermal therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
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16
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Malavika JP, Shobana C, Ragupathi M, Kumar P, Lee YS, Govarthanan M, Selvan RK. A sustainable green synthesis of functionalized biocompatible carbon quantum dots from Aloe barbadensis Miller and its multifunctional applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111414. [PMID: 34052245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrated a sustainable green approach for the preparation of fluorescent biocompatible carbon quantum dots by microwave-assisted reflux synthesis from Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) extract. The Transmission Electron Microscopic images reveal that the as-prepared CQDs are spherical with less than 5 nm in size. The CQDs are amorphous, showed an excitation-independent behaviour, emitted blue fluorescence and have a fluorescence quantum yield of 31%. The presence of -OH groups contributed to the blue emission and helped CQDs to disperse uniformly in an aqueous solution. The prepared CQDs were employed as a photocatalyst for the environmental remediation to degrade the anionic dye, eosin yellow under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the CQDs exhibited excellent photocatalytic efficiency of 98.55% within 80 min and a 100% efficiency within 100 min. Further, the cytotoxic properties of as-prepared CQDs are investigated in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using MTT assay. The results demonstrated a notable reduction in cell viability in a dose-subjected manner, and the cell viability decreased to 50% (IC50) at a concentration of 52.2 ± 1.35 μg/mL. Furthermore, cellular internalization of CQDs in breast cancer cells is studied. As expected, CQDs are found to internalize by the cancer cells with blue emission as revealed by fluorescence microscope. In the end, CQDs in human breast cancer cells demonstrate the anti-proliferative effect and are found to be an impressive fluorescent probe for live-cell imaging, paving a path for its potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Prasad Malavika
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore, 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore, 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Murugesan Ragupathi
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, India
| | - Yun Sung Lee
- Faculty of Applied Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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Mitochondria-targeted ROS- and GSH-responsive diselenide-crosslinked polymer dots for programmable paclitaxel release. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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