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Hussain RR, Alhozaimy A, Al-Negheimish A, Singh DDN, Ahmed M. Synergistic effect of benzo triazole with polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate in inhibiting corrosion of rebars and chloride diffusion through mortars. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15126. [PMID: 38956173 PMCID: PMC11220061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
It is found that mixture of 1,2,3 benzo triazole (BTAH) with polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, a non-ionic surface-active agent (NIS) effectively improves the properties of the cast concrete as well as significantly reduces the chloride induced corrosion of steel reinforced bars, when added in freshly prepared paste of mortar mixture. The addition of this mixture in the cast mortars is noted to reduce the water absorption in comparison to the control mortars cast using identical materials and under similar cast conditions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization studies of the rebars embedded in mortars and exposed in cement slurry have been performed to study the role of synergistic mixture on kinetics and mechanism of corrosion of rebars. The characterisation of corrosion products formed on the surface of rebars was carried out by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis. It is proposed that the synergistic boosting in protection is caused due to the shielding of NIS around anionic BTA-, thus minimizing their electrostatic repulsion. This facilitates the migration of additional ionic BTA towards the double layer which increases their concentration at the corroding interface leading to reduced susceptibility to corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rizwan Hussain
- Civil Engineering Department, Center of Excellence for Concrete Research and Testing (CoE-CRT), College of Engineering, King Saud University, PO Box: 800, 11421, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman Alhozaimy
- Civil Engineering Department, Center of Excellence for Concrete Research and Testing (CoE-CRT), College of Engineering, King Saud University, PO Box: 800, 11421, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish
- Civil Engineering Department, Center of Excellence for Concrete Research and Testing (CoE-CRT), College of Engineering, King Saud University, PO Box: 800, 11421, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D D N Singh
- Corrosion and Surface Engineering CSIR, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India
| | - Mshtaq Ahmed
- College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Suen JW, Elumalai NK, Debnath S, Mubarak NM, Lim CI, Reddy Moola M, Tan YS, Khalid M. Investigating the Correlation between Electrolyte Concentration and Electrochemical Properties of Ionogels. Molecules 2023; 28:5192. [PMID: 37446854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionogels are hybrid materials comprising an ionic liquid confined within a polymer matrix. They have garnered significant interest due to their unique properties, such as high ionic conductivity, mechanical stability, and wide electrochemical stability. These properties make ionogels suitable for various applications, including energy storage devices, sensors, and solar cells. However, optimizing the electrochemical performance of ionogels remains a challenge, as the relationship between specific capacitance, ionic conductivity, and electrolyte solution concentration is yet to be fully understood. In this study, we investigate the impact of electrolyte solution concentration on the electrochemical properties of ionogels to identify the correlation for enhanced performance. Our findings demonstrate a clear relationship between the specific capacitance and ionic conductivity of ionogels, which depends on the availability of mobile ions. The reduced number of ions at low electrolyte solution concentrations leads to decreased ionic conductivity and specific capacitance due to the scarcity of a double layer, constraining charge storage capacity. However, at a 31 vol% electrolyte solution concentration, an ample quantity of ions becomes accessible, resulting in increased ionic conductivity and specific capacitance, reaching maximum values of 58 ± 1.48 μS/cm and 45.74 F/g, respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized ionogel demonstrates a wide electrochemical stability of 3.5 V, enabling diverse practical applications. This study provides valuable insights into determining the optimal electrolyte solution concentration for enhancing ionogel electrochemical performance for energy applications. It highlights the impact of ion pairs and aggregates on ion mobility within ionogels, subsequently affecting their resultant electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wei Suen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Miri 98009, Malaysia
| | - Naveen Kumar Elumalai
- Energy and Resources Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Sujan Debnath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Miri 98009, Malaysia
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei
| | - Chye Ing Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Miri 98009, Malaysia
| | - Mohan Reddy Moola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Miri 98009, Malaysia
| | - Yee Seng Tan
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
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Hussain RR, Alhozaimy A, Al-Negheimish A, Singh DDN. Role of phosphorus as micro alloying element and its effect on corrosion characteristics of steel rebars in concrete environment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12449. [PMID: 35864189 PMCID: PMC9304394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This communication reports the effect of phosphorus (P) added in micro concentration range in steel on kinetics, mechanism and growth of passive film in contact of chloride contaminated concrete. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, direct-current polarization, mass loss and Raman spectroscopic techniques were used to arrive at the findings. The results showed that an intentional addition of P in steel (0.064%) makes it more prone to uniform and localized corrosion (about 1.1 and 1.7 times) than the steel having low phosphorus (< 0.016%, present as tramp element) exposed under wet/dry conditions in simulated pore solution added with chloride and in the absence of this ion. A similar effect is also noted for the rebars embedded in mortars. Identification of corrosion products formed on steel rebars surface by Raman spectroscopy reveals thermodynamically stable maghemite and goethite phases on the surface of low P content steel. Unstable phase of lepidocrocite is recorded on the surface of higher phosphorus steel rebars. The findings are discussed with experimental evidence and taking clues from the published literature to arrive at plausible mechanism for this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rizwan Hussain
- Center of Excellence for Concrete Research and Testing (CoE-CRT), Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, PO Box: 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman Alhozaimy
- Civil Engineering Department and The Center of Excellence for Concrete Research and Testing, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish
- Civil Engineering Department and Executive Director, Center of Excellence for Concrete Research and Testing, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D D N Singh
- Corrosion and Surface Engineering CSIR, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur and Currently R&D Consultant, IGNCA, New Delhi, 110001, India
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Abstract
This review study attempts to summarize available energy storage systems in order to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy. Inefficient energy storage systems have been shown to function as a deterrent to the implementation of sustainable development. It is therefore critical to conduct a thorough examination of existing and soon-to-be-developed energy storage technologies. Various scholarly publications in the fields of energy storage systems and renewable energy have been reviewed and summarized. Data and themes have been further highlighted with the use of appropriate figures and tables. Case studies and examples of major projects have also been researched to gain a better understanding of the energy storage technologies evaluated. An insightful analysis of present energy storage technologies and other possible innovations have been discovered with the use of suitable literature review and illustrations. This report also emphasizes the critical necessity for an efficient storage system if renewable energy is to be widely adopted.
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