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Domènech-Montoliu S, López-Diago L, Aleixandre-Gorriz I, Pérez-Olaso Ó, Sala-Trull D, Rio-González AD, Pac-Sa MR, Sánchez-Urbano M, Satorres-Martinez P, Casanova-Suarez J, Notari-Rodriguez C, Ruiz-Puig R, Badenes-Marques G, Aparisi-Esteve L, Domènech-León C, Romeu-Garcia MA, Arnedo-Pena A. Vitamin D Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2025; 10:98. [PMID: 40278771 PMCID: PMC12031365 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed10040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2025] [Revised: 04/03/2025] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
A deficient vitamin D (VitD) status has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections, severity, and mortality. However, this status related to SARS-CoV-2 reinfections has been studied little. Our aim was to quantify the risk of reinfections considering VitD status before reinfection. METHODS We performed a population-based prospective cohort study in Borriana (Valencia Community, Spain) during 2020-2023, measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels by electrochemiluminescence. Cox proportional hazards models were employed. RESULTS Of a total of 644 SARS-CoV-2 cases with confirmed laboratory tests, 378 (58.9%) were included in our study, with an average age of 38.8 years; 241 were females (63.8%), and 127 reinfections occurred (33.6%). SARS-CoV-2 reinfection incidence rates per 1000 person-days by VitD status were 0.50 for a deficient status (<20 ng/mL), 0.50 for an insufficient status (20-29 ng/mL), and 0.37 for a sufficient status (≥30 ng/mL). Compared with a sufficient VitD status, adjusted hazard ratios were 1.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89-3.59) for a deficient status and 1.59 (95% CI 1.06-2.38) for an insufficient status with a significant inverse dose-response (p = 0.02). These results can help improve nutritional actions against SARS-CoV-2 reinfections. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a VitD status lower than 30 ng/mL showed a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Achieving and maintaining a sufficient VitD status is recommended to prevent reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura López-Diago
- Clinical Analysis Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-Real, Spain; (L.L.-D.); (I.A.-G.)
| | - Isabel Aleixandre-Gorriz
- Clinical Analysis Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-Real, Spain; (L.L.-D.); (I.A.-G.)
| | - Óscar Pérez-Olaso
- Microbiology Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-Real, Spain;
| | - Diego Sala-Trull
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-Real, Spain; (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.); (G.B.-M.)
| | | | - Maria Rosario Pac-Sa
- Public Health Center, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (M.R.P.-S.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Urbano
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-Real, Spain; (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.); (G.B.-M.)
| | - Paloma Satorres-Martinez
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-Real, Spain; (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.); (G.B.-M.)
| | | | - Cristina Notari-Rodriguez
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-Real, Spain; (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.); (G.B.-M.)
| | - Raquel Ruiz-Puig
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-Real, Spain; (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.); (G.B.-M.)
| | - Gema Badenes-Marques
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-Real, Spain; (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.); (G.B.-M.)
| | | | - Carmen Domènech-León
- Department Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain;
| | | | - Alberto Arnedo-Pena
- Public Health Center, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (M.R.P.-S.); (M.A.R.-G.)
- Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Science, Public University Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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