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Sharma S, Singla N, Arya SK, Narang S, Chander J. Letter Regarding: Botryosphaeria dothidea Mycotic Keratitis: A Novel Phytopathogen Causing Human Infection. Cornea 2024; 43:e24-e25. [PMID: 38913975 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Department of Microbiology Government Medical College Hospital Chandigarh, India
| | - Nidhi Singla
- Department of Microbiology Government Medical College Hospital Chandigarh, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Arya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subina Narang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdish Chander
- Department of Microbiology Government Medical College Hospital Chandigarh, India
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Belair M, Picot A, Lepais O, Masson C, Hébrard MN, Moronvalle A, Comont G, Gabri Martin VM, Tréguer S, Laloum Y, Corio-Costet MF, Michailides TJ, Moral J, Le Floch G, Pensec F. Genetic diversity and population structure of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum on English walnut (Juglans regia L.) in France. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19817. [PMID: 39191814 PMCID: PMC11350086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeriaceae species are the major causal agents of walnut dieback worldwide, along with Diaporthe species. Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum are the only two Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with this recently emergent disease in France, and little is known about their diversity, structure, origin and dispersion in French walnut orchards. A total of 381 isolates of both species were genetically typed using a sequence-based microsatellite genotyping (SSR-seq) method. This analysis revealed a low genetic diversity and a high clonality of these populations, in agreement with their clonal mode of reproduction. The genetic similarity among populations, regardless of the tissue type and the presence of symptoms, supports the hypothesis that these pathogens can move between fruits and twigs and display latent pathogen lifestyles. Contrasting genetic patterns between N. parvum populations from Californian and Spanish walnut orchards and the French ones suggested no conclusive evidence for pathogen transmission from infected materials. The high genetic similarity with French vineyards populations suggested instead putative transmission between these hosts, which was also observed with B. dothidea populations. Overall, this study provides critical insight into the epidemiology of two important pathogens involved in the emerging dieback of French walnut orchards, including their distribution, potential to mate, putative origin and disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Belair
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Adeline Picot
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Cyrielle Masson
- Station d'expérimentation Nucicole Rhône Alpes, 38160, Chatte, France
| | | | - Aude Moronvalle
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes, Centre Opérationnel de Lanxade, 24130, Prigonrieux, France
| | - Gwénaëlle Comont
- INRAE, UMR Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, ISVV, Labex Cote, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Victor M Gabri Martin
- University of California Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Sylvie Tréguer
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Yohana Laloum
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes, Centre Opérationnel de Lanxade, 24130, Prigonrieux, France
| | - Marie-France Corio-Costet
- INRAE, UMR Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, ISVV, Labex Cote, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Themis J Michailides
- University of California Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Juan Moral
- Department of Agronomy (Maria de Maetzu Excellence Unit), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gaétan Le Floch
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Flora Pensec
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, 29280, Plouzané, France.
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Manetti G, Brunetti A, Sciarroni L, Lumia V, Bechini S, Marangi P, Reverberi M, Scortichini M, Pilotti M. Diplodia seriata Isolated from Declining Olive Trees in Salento (Apulia, Italy): Pathogenicity Trials Give a Glimpse That It Is More Virulent to Drought-Stressed Olive Trees and in a Warmth-Conditioned Environment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2245. [PMID: 39204681 PMCID: PMC11358911 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The fungi Botryosphaeriaceae are involved in olive declines in both the world hemispheres and in all continents where this species is cultivated. In Salento (Apulia, Italy), the Botryosphaeriaceae Neofusicoccum mediterraneum and N. stellenboschiana have been reported as the agents of a branch and twig dieback that overlaps with olive quick decline syndrome caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca. In this study, we report the finding of Diplodia seriata, another Botryosphaeriaceae species, in Salento in Xylella fastidiosa-infected olive trees affected by symptoms of branch and twig dieback. Given that its presence was also reported in olive in the Americas and in Europe (Croatia) with different degrees of virulence, we were prompted to assess its role in the Apulian decline. We identified representative isolates based on morphological features and a multilocus phylogeny. In vitro tests showed that the optimum growth temperature of the isolates is around 25-30 °C, and that they are highly thermo-tolerant. In pathogenicity trials conducted over eleven months, D. seriata expressed a very low virulence. Nonetheless, when we imposed severe water stress before the inoculation, D. seriata significatively necrotized bark and wood in a time frame of 35 days. Moreover, the symptoms which resulted were much more severe in the trial performed in summer compared with that in autumn. In osmolyte-supplemented media with a water potential from -1 to -3 Mpa, the isolates increased or maintained their growth rate compared with non-supplemented media, and they also grew, albeit to a lesser extent, on media with a water potential as low as -7 Mpa. This suggests that olives with a low water potential, namely those subjected to drought, may offer a suitable environment for the fungus' development. The analysis of the meteorological parameters, temperatures and rainfall, in Salento in the timeframe 1989-2023, showed that this area is subjected to a progressive increase of temperature and drought during the summer. Thus, overall, D. seriata has to be considered a contributor to the manifestation of branch and twig dieback of olive in Salento. Coherently with the spiral decline concept of trees, our results suggest that heat and drought act as predisposing/inciting factors facilitating D. seriata as a contributor. The fact that several adverse factors, biotic and abiotic, are simultaneously burdening olive trees in Salento offers a cue to discuss the possible complex nature of the olive decline in Salento.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Manetti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (V.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Angela Brunetti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (V.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Lorenzo Sciarroni
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (V.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Valentina Lumia
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (V.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Sara Bechini
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (V.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Paolo Marangi
- Terranostra S.r.l.s., 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Italy;
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit Trees and Citrus Crops (CREA-OFA), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00134 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Pilotti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (L.S.); (V.L.); (S.B.)
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Negi N, Ramkrishna, Meena RK, Bhandari MS, Pandey S. Discovery of Botryosphaeria eucalypti sp. nov. from blighted Eucalyptus leaves in India. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106756. [PMID: 38901752 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Eucalyptus spp. are undoubtedly one of the most favored plantation trees globally. Accurately identifying Eucalyptus pathogens is therefore crucial for timely disease prevention and control. Recently, symptoms of a leaf blight disease were observed on Eucalyptus trees in plantations at Jhajjar and Karnal in the state of Haryana, northern India. Asexual morphs resembling the features of the Botryosphaeriaceae were consistently isolated from the symptomatic leaves. Morphological features coupled with DNA sequence analysis confirmed a novel species, which is described and illustrated here as Botryosphaeria eucalypti sp. nov. Conidia of the new taxon are longer and wider than those of its phylogenetic neighbors. A distinct phylogenetic position for the new taxon was established through combined analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial translation elongation factor-1α (tef1) and partial β-tubulin (tub2) regions. Recombination analysis provided additional support for the new species hypothesis. The pathogenicity of the novel species was proved on Eucalyptus leaves, and Koch's postulates were fulfilled. The discovery of new Botryosphaeria species is important because it will help in understanding the species diversity, host range, possible threats and disease control in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Negi
- Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India.
| | - Ramkrishna
- Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India.
| | - Rajendra K Meena
- Genetics and Tree Improvement Division, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India.
| | - Maneesh S Bhandari
- Genetics and Tree Improvement Division, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India.
| | - Shailesh Pandey
- Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India.
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Martino I, Agustí-Brisach C, Nari L, Gullino ML, Guarnaccia V. Characterization and Pathogenicity of Fungal Species Associated with Dieback of Apple Trees in Northern Italy. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:311-331. [PMID: 37536346 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-23-0645-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe dieback symptoms were recently observed on apple (Malus × domestica) trees in Northern Italy, representing a growing concern for producers. Surveys were conducted over a 3-year period (2019 to 2021), and five apple orchards, from 5 to 12 years old, were monitored. A total of 33 fungal isolates isolated from symptomatic plants was selected for characterization. The species identification was achieved through multilocus phylogenetic analyses performed on sequences of three genomic loci (ITS, tub2, and tef1). Morphological features were assessed, and the average growth rate at different temperatures was determined. Seven species were identified in association with dieback of apple trees: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Diaporthe rudis, Diplodia seriata, Eutypa lata, Kalmusia longispora, and Paraconiothyrium brasiliense. All the species were pathogenic when inoculated on healthy apple plants. B. dothidea resulted in the most aggressive infections. This study provides an insight into the fungal species diversity associated with apple dieback and provides basis for further investigations to assess the phytosanitary status of plant materials to recommend and implement effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Martino
- Centre for Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, AGROINNOVA, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía, (Unit of Excellence "María de Maeztu" 2020-24), ETSIAM, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luca Nari
- AGRION, Fondazione per la ricerca l'innovazione e lo sviluppo tecnologico dell'agricoltura piemontese, 12030 Manta (CN), Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Centre for Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, AGROINNOVA, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Vladimiro Guarnaccia
- Centre for Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, AGROINNOVA, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Del Grosso C, Palmieri D, Marchese L, Melissano L, Lima G. First Report of Diplodia quercivora and Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme Associated with Cankers and Necrosis of Holm Oak ( Quercus ilex) in Declining Stands in Southern Italy. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:35. [PMID: 38248945 PMCID: PMC10820903 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new plant diseases is an increasingly important concern. Climate change is likely to be among the factors causing most of the emerging diseases endangering forest and tree heritage around the world. Such diseases may be caused by latent pathogens or microorganisms cryptically associated with plants. The shift from a non-pathogenic to a pathogenic stage may depend on physiological alterations of the host, environmental changes, and/or stress factors. In some woods of the Salento Peninsula (Apulia Region, Italy), sudden declines of holm oak plants (Quercus ilex L.) have been observed since 2016. The morphological and molecular characterization of representative fungal isolates associated with cankers and necrosis in declining plants indicated that these isolates belong to the Botryosphaeriaceae family, and the most frequent species were Diplodia corticola and Diplodia quercivora, followed by Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme. In artificially inoculated young holm oak plants, both D. corticola and D. quercivora species produced intense and severe subcortical and leaf margin necrosis. N. vitifusiforme, although less aggressive, induced the same symptoms. Our research, in addition to confirming the involvement of D. corticola in olm oak decline, represents the first report of D. quercivora as a new pathogen of Q. ilex in Italy. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, we also found N. vitifusiforme as a new pathogen of Q. ilex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Del Grosso
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (D.P.); (L.M.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Palmieri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (D.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Lucia Marchese
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (D.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Luigi Melissano
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Development, Sustainable Management and Protection of Natural and Forest Resources, Apulia Region, 70100 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Lima
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (D.P.); (L.M.)
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Oostlander AG, Brodde L, von Bargen M, Leiterholt M, Trautmann D, Enderle R, Elfstrand M, Stenlid J, Fleißner A. A Reliable and Simple Method for the Production of Viable Pycnidiospores of the Pine Pathogen Diplodia sapinea and a Spore-Based Infection Assay on Scots Pine. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3370-3377. [PMID: 37163310 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-23-0107-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diplodia sapinea is a globally distributed opportunistic fungal pathogen of conifers that causes severe production losses in forestry. The fungus frequently colonizes pine trees as an endophyte without causing visible symptoms but can become pathogenic when the host plant is weakened by stress, such as drought or heat. Forest damage might therefore further increase due to the effects of climate change. The future development of control strategies depends on a better understanding of the fungus' biology, which requires experimental methods for its investigation in the laboratory. An efficient, standardized protocol for the production and storage of highly viable pycnidiospores was developed, and a spore-based infection method was devised. We compared infection rates of dormant and actively growing, wounded, or nonwounded Scots pine seedlings inoculated with in vitro-produced spores and mycelium from agar-plugs. Spores were a much more efficient inoculum for causing disease symptoms on wounded plants than the conventional agar plug. The application of spores on nonwounded plants lead to high rates of asymptomatic infection, suggesting endophytic fungal development. These methods enable standardized spore infection and virulence assays and promote D. sapinea as a model organism for studying the switch from endophytic to pathogenic life styles of forest pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Oostlander
- Institute of Genetics, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Brodde
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miriam von Bargen
- Institute of Genetics, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco Leiterholt
- Institute of Genetics, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Trautmann
- Institute of Forest Protection, Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Urban Green, Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rasmus Enderle
- Institute of Forest Protection, Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Urban Green, Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - André Fleißner
- Institute of Genetics, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Scortichini M, Manetti G, Brunetti A, Lumia V, Sciarroni L, Pilotti M. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, Neofusicoccum spp. and the Decline of Olive Trees in Salento (Apulia, Italy): Comparison of Symptoms, Possible Interactions, Certainties and Doubts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3593. [PMID: 37896056 PMCID: PMC10609838 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (XFP), Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, N. stellenboschiana and other fungi have been found in olive groves of Salento (Apulia, Italy) that show symptoms of severe decline. XFP is well known to be the cause of olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). It has also been assessed that Neofusicoccum spp. causes a distinct disease syndrome, namely, branch and twig dieback (BTD). All these phytopathogens incite severe symptoms that can compromise the viability of large canopy sectors or the whole tree. However, their specific symptoms are not easily distinguished, especially during the final stages of the disease when branches are definitively desiccated. By contrast, they can be differentiated during the initial phases of the infection when some facets of the diseases are typical, especially wood discoloration, incited solely by fungi. Here, we describe the typical symptomatological features of OQDS and BTD that can be observed in the field and that have been confirmed by Koch postulate experiments. Similar symptoms, caused by some abiotic adverse conditions and even by additional biotic factors, are also described. Thus, this review aims at: (i) raising the awareness that declining olive trees in Salento do not have to be linked a priori to XFP; (ii) defining the guidelines for a correct symptomatic diagnosis to orient proper laboratory analyses, which is crucial for the application of effective control measures. The possibility that bacterium and fungi could act as a polyspecies and in conjunction with predisposing abiotic stresses is also widely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scortichini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit Trees and Citrus Crops (CREA-OFA), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00134 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuliano Manetti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Angela Brunetti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Valentina Lumia
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Sciarroni
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Massimo Pilotti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
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Ortiz V, Chang HX, Sang H, Jacobs J, Malvick DK, Baird R, Mathew FM, Estévez de Jensen C, Wise KA, Mosquera GM, Chilvers MI. Population genomic analysis reveals geographic structure and climatic diversification for Macrophomina phaseolina isolated from soybean and dry bean across the United States, Puerto Rico, and Colombia. Front Genet 2023; 14:1103969. [PMID: 37351341 PMCID: PMC10282554 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1103969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot, which can significantly reduce yield and seed quality of soybean and dry bean resulting from primarily environmental stressors. Although charcoal rot has been recognized as a warm climate-driven disease of increasing concern under global climate change, knowledge regarding population genetics and climatic variables contributing to the genetic diversity of M. phaseolina is limited. This study conducted genome sequencing for 95 M. phaseolina isolates from soybean and dry bean across the continental United States, Puerto Rico, and Colombia. Inference on the population structure using 76,981 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed that the isolates exhibited a discrete genetic clustering at the continental level and a continuous genetic differentiation regionally. A majority of isolates from the United States (96%) grouped in a clade with a predominantly clonal genetic structure, while 88% of Puerto Rican and Colombian isolates from dry bean were assigned to a separate clade with higher genetic diversity. A redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to estimate the contributions of climate and spatial structure to genomic variation (11,421 unlinked SNPs). Climate significantly contributed to genomic variation at a continental level with temperature seasonality explaining the most variation while precipitation of warmest quarter explaining the most when spatial structure was accounted for. The loci significantly associated with multivariate climate were found closely to the genes related to fungal stress responses, including transmembrane transport, glycoside hydrolase activity and a heat-shock protein, which may mediate climatic adaptation for M. phaseolina. On the contrary, limited genome-wide differentiation among populations by hosts was observed. These findings highlight the importance of population genetics and identify candidate genes of M. phaseolina that can be used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underly climatic adaptation to the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ortiz
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Hao-Xun Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hyunkyu Sang
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Janette Jacobs
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Dean K. Malvick
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Richard Baird
- BCH-EPP Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Febina M. Mathew
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | | | - Kiersten A. Wise
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY, United States
| | - Gloria M. Mosquera
- Plant Pathology, Crops for Nutrition and Health, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), The Americas Hub, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Martin I. Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Romero-Cuadrado L, López-Herrera CJ, Aguado A, Capote N. Duplex Real-Time PCR Assays for the Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Causing Canker Diseases in Woody Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112205. [PMID: 37299184 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Woody canker diseases caused by fungi of the Botryosphaeriaceae family are producing increasing losses in many economically important woody crops, including almond. To develop a molecular tool for the detection and quantification of the most aggressive and threatening species is of main importance. This will help to prevent the introduction of these pathogens in new orchards and to conveniently apply the appropriate control measures. Three reliable, sensitive and specific duplex qPCR assays using TaqMan probes have been designed for the detection and quantification of (a) Neofusicoccum parvum and the Neofusicoccum genus, (b) N. parvum and the Botryosphaeriaceae family and (c) Botryosphaeria dothidea and the Botryosphaeriaceae family. The multiplex qPCR protocols have been validated on artificially and naturally infected plants. Direct systems to process plant materials, without DNA purification, allowed high-throughput detection of Botryosphaeriaceae targets even in asymptomatic tissues. These results validate the qPCR using the direct sample preparation method as a valuable tool for Botryosphaeria dieback diagnosis allowing a large-scale analysis and the preventive detection of latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Romero-Cuadrado
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Center Las TorresAlcalá del Río, 41200 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Ana Aguado
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Center Las TorresAlcalá del Río, 41200 Seville, Spain
| | - Nieves Capote
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Center Las TorresAlcalá del Río, 41200 Seville, Spain
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Li WL, Liang RR, Dissanayake AJ, Liu JK. Botryosphaerialean fungi associated with woody oil plants cultivated in Sichuan Province, China. MycoKeys 2023; 97:71-116. [PMID: 37265995 PMCID: PMC10230375 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.97.103118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Woody oil plants are important economic trees which are widely cultivated and distributed throughout China. Surveys conducted during 2020 and 2021 on several woody oil plantations from five regions of Sichuan Province, China, revealed a high diversity of Botryosphaerialean fungi. The identification of 50 botryosphaeriaceous isolates was carried out based on both morphology and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1) and β-tubulin gene (tub2). This allowed the identification of twelve previously known Botryosphaeriales species: Aplosporellaprunicola, A.ginkgonis, Barriopsistectonae, Botryosphaeriadothidea, Bo.fabicerciana, Diplodiamutila, Di.seriata, Dothiorellasarmentorum, Neofusicoccumparvum, Sardiniellaguizhouensis, Sphaeropsiscitrigena, and Sp.guizhouensis, and four novel species belonging to the genera Diplodia and Dothiorella, viz. Di.acerigena, Di.pistaciicola, Do.camelliae and Do.zanthoxyli. The dominant species isolated across the surveyed regions were Botryosphaeriadothidea, Sardiniellaguizhouensis and Diplodiamutila, representing 20%, 14% and 12% of the total isolates, respectively. In addition, most isolates were obtained from Pistaciachinensis (14 isolates), followed by Camelliaoleifera (10 isolates). The present study enhances the understanding of Botryosphaeriales species diversity on woody oil plants in Sichuan Province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Electronic Science and Technology University, Chengdu 611731, ChinaElectronic Science and Technology UniversityChengduChina
| | - Rui-Ru Liang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Electronic Science and Technology University, Chengdu 611731, ChinaElectronic Science and Technology UniversityChengduChina
| | - Asha J. Dissanayake
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Electronic Science and Technology University, Chengdu 611731, ChinaElectronic Science and Technology UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jian-Kui Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, Electronic Science and Technology University, Chengdu 611731, ChinaElectronic Science and Technology UniversityChengduChina
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12
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Manetti G, Brunetti A, Lumia V, Sciarroni L, Marangi P, Cristella N, Faggioli F, Reverberi M, Scortichini M, Pilotti M. Identification and Characterization of Neofusicoccum stellenboschiana in Branch and Twig Dieback-Affected Olive Trees in Italy and Comparative Pathogenicity with N. mediterraneum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030292. [PMID: 36983460 PMCID: PMC10053632 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For about a decade, olive groves in Apulia (Southern Italy) have been progressively destroyed by Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS), a disease caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp). Recently, we described an additional wilting syndrome affecting olive trees in that area. The botryosphaeriaceous fungus Neofusicoccum mediterraneum was found associated with the diseased trees, and its high virulence toward olive trees was demonstrated. Given the common features with Branch and Twig Dieback (BTD) of olive tree, occurring in Spain and California, we suggested that the observed syndrome was BTD. During our first survey, we also found a botryosphaeriaceous species other than N. mediterraneum. In the present article, we report the morphological and molecular characterization of this fungal species which we identified as Neofusicoccum stellenboschiana. In the study, we also included for comparison additional N. stellenboschiana isolates obtained from olive trees in Latium and Tuscany region (Central Italy). The occurrence of N. stellenboschiana in olive trees is reported here for the first time in the northern hemisphere. The pathogenicity and virulence were tested in nine inoculation trials, where the Apulian N. stellenboschiana isolate was compared with the isolate from Latium and with the Apulian isolate of N. mediterraneum. Both isolates of N. stellenboschiana proved pathogenic to olive trees. They caused evident bark canker and wood discolouration when inoculated at the base of the stem of two/three-year-old trees and on one-year-old twigs. However, virulence of N. stellenboschiana was significantly lower, though still remarkable, compared with N. mediterraneum in term of necrosis progression in the bark and the wood and capacity of wilting the twigs. Virulence of N. stellenboschiana and N. mediterraneum did not substantially change when inoculations were performed in spring/summer and in autumn, suggesting that these fungal species have the potential to infect and damage olive trees in all seasons. The high thermotolerance of N. stellenboschiana was also revealed with in vitro growth and survival tests. The high virulence of these Botryosphaeriaceae species highlights their contribution in BTD aetiology and the necessity to investigate right away their diffusion and, possibly, the role of additional factors other than Xfp in the general decline of olive groves in Apulia. Hence the importance of assessing the degree of overlap of BTD/Botryosphariaceae with OQDS/Xfp is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Manetti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Brunetti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Lumia
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sciarroni
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marangi
- Terranostra S.r.l.s., 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Faggioli
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, University Sapienza, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit trees and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) (CREA-OFA), 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Pilotti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00156 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-8207-0357
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Rathnayaka AR, Chethana KWT, Phillips AJL, Liu JK, Samarakoon MC, Jones EBG, Karunarathna SC, Zhao CL. Re-Evaluating Botryosphaeriales: Ancestral State Reconstructions of Selected Characters and Evolution of Nutritional Modes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:184. [PMID: 36836299 PMCID: PMC9961722 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeriales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) occur in a wide range of habitats as endophytes, saprobes, and pathogens. The order Botryosphaeriales has not been subjected to evaluation since 2019 by Phillips and co-authors using phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. Subsequently, many studies introduced novel taxa into the order and revised several families separately. In addition, no ancestral character studies have been conducted for this order. Therefore, in this study, we re-evaluated the character evolution and taxonomic placements of Botryosphaeriales species based on ancestral character evolution, divergence time estimation, and phylogenetic relationships, including all the novel taxa that have been introduced so far. Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference analyses were conducted on a combined LSU and ITS sequence alignment. Ancestral state reconstruction was carried out for conidial colour, septation, and nutritional mode. Divergence times estimates revealed that Botryosphaeriales originated around 109 Mya in the early epoch of the Cretaceous period. All six families in Botryosphaeriales evolved in the late epoch of the Cretaceous period (66-100 Mya), during which Angiosperms also appeared, rapidly diversified and became dominant on land. Families of Botryosphaeriales diversified during the Paleogene and Neogene periods in the Cenozoic era. The order comprises the families Aplosporellaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Melanopsaceae, Phyllostictaceae, Planistromellaceae and Saccharataceae. Furthermore, current study assessed two hypotheses; the first one being "All Botryosphaeriales species originated as endophytes and then switched into saprobes when their hosts died or into pathogens when their hosts were under stress"; the second hypothesis states that "There is a link between the conidial colour and nutritional mode in botryosphaerialean taxa". Ancestral state reconstruction and nutritional mode analyses revealed a pathogenic/saprobic nutritional mode as the ancestral character. However, we could not provide strong evidence for the first hypothesis mainly due to the significantly low number of studies reporting the endophytic botryosphaerialean taxa. Results also showed that hyaline and aseptate conidia were ancestral characters in Botryosphaeriales and supported the relationship between conidial pigmentation and the pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriales species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala R. Rathnayaka
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
| | - K. W. Thilini Chethana
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Alan J. L. Phillips
- Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jian-Kui Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Milan C. Samarakoon
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - E. B. Gareth Jones
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Chang-Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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Pathogenicity Factors of Botryosphaeriaceae Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases: New Developments on Their Action on Grapevine Defense Responses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080951. [PMID: 36015071 PMCID: PMC9415585 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi associated with the decay of a large number of woody plants with economic importance and causing particularly great losses in viticulture due to grapevine trunk diseases. In recent years, major advances in the knowledge of the pathogenicity factors of these pathogens have been made possible by the development of next-generation sequencing. This review highlights the knowledge gained on genes encoding small secreted proteins such as effectors, carbohydrate-associated enzymes, transporters and genes associated with secondary metabolism, their representativeness within the Botryosphaeriaceae family and their expression during grapevine infection. These pathogenicity factors are particularly expressed during host-pathogen interactions, facilitating fungal development and nutrition, wood colonization, as well as manipulating defense pathways and inducing impacts at the cellular level and phytotoxicity. This work highlights the need for further research to continue the effort to elucidate the pathogenicity mechanisms of this family of fungi infecting grapevine in order to improve the development of control methods and varietal resistance and to reduce the development and the effects of the disease on grapevine harvest quality and yield.
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15
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Phukhamsakda C, Nilsson RH, Bhunjun CS, de Farias ARG, Sun YR, Wijesinghe SN, Raza M, Bao DF, Lu L, Tibpromma S, Dong W, Tennakoon DS, Tian XG, Xiong YR, Karunarathna SC, Cai L, Luo ZL, Wang Y, Manawasinghe IS, Camporesi E, Kirk PM, Promputtha I, Kuo CH, Su HY, Doilom M, Li Y, Fu YP, Hyde KD. The numbers of fungi: contributions from traditional taxonomic studies and challenges of metabarcoding. FUNGAL DIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe global diversity of fungi has been estimated using several different approaches. There is somewhere between 2–11 million estimated species, but the number of formally described taxa is around 150,000, a tiny fraction of the total. In this paper, we examine 12 ascomycete genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal species descriptions, and introduce new species in each genus. To highlight the importance of traditional morpho-molecular methods in publishing new species, we introduce novel taxa in 12 genera that are considered to have low species discovery. We discuss whether the species are likely to be rare or due to a lack of extensive sampling and classification. The genera are Apiospora, Bambusicola, Beltrania, Capronia, Distoseptispora, Endocalyx, Neocatenulostroma, Neodeightonia, Paraconiothyrium, Peroneutypa, Phaeoacremonium and Vanakripa. We discuss host-specificity in selected genera and compare the number of species epithets in each genus with the number of ITS (barcode) sequences deposited in GenBank and UNITE. We furthermore discuss the relationship between the divergence times of these genera with those of their hosts. We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss hosts and habitats that should be investigated for novel species discovery.
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Batista E, Lopes A, Alves A. How good are we at describing a new fungal species? A case study based on the family Botryosphaeriaceae (Dothideomycetes). Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Fiorenza A, Aiello D, Costanzo MB, Gusella G, Polizzi G. A New Disease for Europe of Ficus microcarpa Caused by Botryosphaeriaceae Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:727. [PMID: 35336609 PMCID: PMC8953617 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Indian laurel-leaf fig (Ficus microcarpa) is an important ornamental tree widely distributed in the urban areas of Italy. Surveys conducted in 2019 and 2020 on several tree-lined streets, squares, and public parks in Catania and Siracusa provinces (Sicily, southern Italy) revealed the presence of a new disease on mature trees. About 9% of approximately 450 mature plants showed extensive branch cankers and dieback. Isolations from woody tissues obtained from ten symptomatic plants consistently yielded species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family. The identification of the recovered fungal isolates was based on a multi-loci phylogenetic (maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood) approach of the ITS, tef1-α, and tub2 gene regions. The results of the analyses confirmed the presence of three species: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, and N. parvum. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on potted, healthy, 4-year-old trees using the mycelial plug technique. The inoculation experiments revealed that all the Botryosphaeriaceae species identified in this study were pathogenic to this host. Previous studies conducted in California showed similar disease caused by Botryosphaeriaceae spp., and the pathogenic role of these fungi was demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Botryosphaeriaceae affecting Ficus microcarpa in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giorgio Gusella
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.F.); (D.A.); (M.B.C.); (G.P.)
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Pouzoulet J, Yelle DJ, Theodory B, Nothnagel EA, Bol S, Rolshausen PE. Biochemical and Histological Insights into the Interaction Between the Canker Pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum and Prunus dulcis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:345-354. [PMID: 34270907 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0107-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The number of reports associated with wood dieback caused by fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae in numerous perennial crops worldwide has significantly increased in the past years. In this study, we investigated the interactions between the canker pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum and the almond tree host (Prunus dulcis), with an emphasis on varietal resistance and host response at the cell wall biochemical and histological levels. Plant bioassays in a shaded house showed that among the four commonly planted commercial almond cultivars ('Butte', 'Carmel', 'Monterey', and 'Nonpareil'), there was no significant varietal difference with respect to resistance to the pathogen. Gummosis was triggered only by fungal infection, not by wounding. A two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography determination of cell wall polymers showed that infected almond trees differed significantly in their glycosyl and lignin composition compared with healthy, noninfected trees. Response to fungal infection involved a significant increase in lignin, a decrease in glucans, and an overall enrichment in other carbohydrates with a profile similar to those observed in gums. Histological observations revealed the presence of guaiacyl-rich cell wall reinforcements. Confocal microscopy suggested that N. parvum colonized mainly the lumina of xylem vessels and parenchyma cells, and to a lesser extent the gum ducts. We discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of the compartmentalization of decay in trees model in almond and its potential involvement in the vulnerability of the host toward fungal wood canker diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Pouzoulet
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Daniel J Yelle
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Bassam Theodory
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Eugene A Nothnagel
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
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Arkam M, Alves A, Lopes A, Čechová J, Pokluda R, Eichmeier A, Zitouni A, Mahamedi AE, Berraf-Tebbal A. Diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae causing grapevine trunk diseases and their spatial distribution under different climatic conditions in Algeria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 161:933-952. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10658-021-02377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Antifungal Activity against Botryosphaeriaceae Fungi of the Hydro-Methanolic Extract of Silybum marianum Capitula Conjugated with Stevioside. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071363. [PMID: 34371566 PMCID: PMC8309442 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, viz. milk thistle, has been the focus of research efforts in the past few years, albeit almost exclusively restricted to the medicinal properties of its fruits (achenes). Given that other milk thistle plant organs and tissues have been scarcely investigated for the presence of bioactive compounds, in this study, we present a phytochemical analysis of the extracts of S. marianum capitula during the flowering phenological stage (stage 67). Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy results evidenced the presence of high contents of coniferyl alcohol (47.4%), and secondarily of ferulic acid ester, opening a new valorization strategy of this plant based on the former high-added-value component. Moreover, the application of the hydro-methanolic extracts as an antifungal agent has been also explored. Specifically, their activity against three fungal species responsible for the so-called Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevine (Neofusicoccum parvum, Dothiorella viticola and Diplodia seriata) has been assayed both in vitro and in vivo. From the mycelial growth inhibition assays, the best results (EC90 values of 303, 366, and 355 μg·mL−1 for N. parvum, D. viticola, and D. seriata, respectively) were not obtained for the hydroalcoholic extract alone, but after its conjugation with stevioside, which resulted in a strong synergistic behavior. Greenhouse experiments confirmed the efficacy of the conjugated complexes, pointing to the potential of the combination of milk thistle extracts with stevioside as a promising plant protection product in organic Viticulture.
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