1
|
Miralaei N, Mohammadimehr M, Farazin A, Ghasemi AH, Bargozini F. Design, fabrication, evaluation, and in vitro study of green biomaterial and antibacterial polymeric biofilms of polyvinyl alcohol/tannic acid/CuO/ SiO2. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 148:106219. [PMID: 37951146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a three-component biofilm for rapid wound dressing consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/tannic acid (TA)/with CuO/SiO2 with different percentages (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt% NPs) is evaluated. In addition to controlling bleeding and absorption of blood and wound secretions, it protects the damaged tissue from the attack of microbes. It protects against viruses and thus reduces the treatment time. Analysis of biofilms morphology is performed by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), phases in biofilms were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, chemical bonds, and functional groups are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and mechanical tests are performed to evaluate the strength of the samples. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is applied to estimate the thermal stability of the biopolymer films with various percentages of CuO/SiO2 nanoparticles. Also, antibacterial test, bioactivity of the biofilms, the percentage of swelling ratio, and porosity of the samples were examined by immersing the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) and Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 14 days in vitro. The composite makeup of the TA/PVA sample, comprising 15 wt % CuO/SiO2 and containing 15 wt% of nanoparticles, exhibited superior heat resistance compared to other samples by an increase of 50 °C. This improvement can be attributed to the nanoparticles reaching their saturation point. The swelling ratio was assessed in both SBF and PBS, and in both instances, the sample increased by up to 10 wt% before decreasing, indicating the saturation of the nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Miralaei
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran, P.O. Box 87317-53153.
| | - Mehdi Mohammadimehr
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran, P.O. Box 87317-53153.
| | - Ashkan Farazin
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran, P.O. Box 87317-53153.
| | - Amir Hossein Ghasemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran, P.O. Box 87317-51167
| | - Fatemeh Bargozini
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran, P.O. Box 87317-53153
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iswanto AH, Lubis MAR, Sutiawan J, Al-Edrus SSO, Lee SH, Antov P, Kristak L, Reh R, Mardawati E, Santoso A, Kusumah SS. Latest Advancements in the Development of High-Performance Lignin- and Tannin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Adhesive for Wood Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3864. [PMID: 37835913 PMCID: PMC10575091 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of natural resources and increasing environmental apprehension regarding the reduction of harmful isocyanates employed in manufacturing polyurethanes (PUs) have generated significant attention from both industrial and academic sectors. This attention is focused on advancing bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins as viable and sustainable substitutes, possessing satisfactory properties. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the progress made in developing bio-based NIPU polymers for wood adhesive applications. The main aim of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in the production of high-performance bio-based NIPU resins derived from lignin and tannin for wood composites. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on scholarly publications retrieved from the Scopus database, encompassing the period from January 2010 to April 2023. In NIPU adhesive manufacturing, the exploration of substitute materials for isocyanates is imperative, due to their inherent toxicity, high cost, and limited availability. The process of demethylation and carbonation of lignin and tannin has the potential to produce polyphenolic compounds that possess hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. Bio-based NIPUs can be synthesized through the reaction involving diamine molecules. Previous studies have provided evidence indicating that NIPUs derived from lignin and tannin exhibit enhanced mechanical properties, decreased curing temperatures and shortened pressing durations, and are devoid of isocyanates. The characterization of NIPU adhesives based on lignin and tannin was conducted using various analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The adhesive performance of tannin-based NIPU resins was shown to be superior to that of lignin-based NIPUs. This paper elucidates the potential of lignin and tannin as alternate sources for polyols in the manufacturing of NIPUs, specifically for their application as wood adhesives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
| | - Jajang Sutiawan
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | | | - Seng Hua Lee
- Department of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kampus Jengka, Pahang 26400, Malaysia;
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Roman Reh
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Efri Mardawati
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
- Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 40600, Indonesia
| | - Adi Santoso
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Sukma Surya Kusumah
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eco-Friendly Tannin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Resins for the Modification of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061492. [PMID: 36987272 PMCID: PMC10059955 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (tannin-Bio-NIPU) and tannin-based polyurethane (tannin-Bio-PU) resins for the impregnation of ramie fibers (Boehmeria nivea L.) and investigate their mechanical and thermal properties. The reaction between the tannin extract, dimethyl carbonate, and hexamethylene diamine produced the tannin-Bio-NIPU resin, while the tannin-Bio-PU was made with polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI). Two types of ramie fiber were used: natural ramie without pre-treatment (RN) and with pre-treatment (RH). They were impregnated in a vacuum chamber with tannin-based Bio-PU resins for 60 min at 25 °C under 50 kPa. The yield of the tannin extract produced was 26.43 ± 1.36%. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that both resin types produced urethane (-NCO) groups. The viscosity and cohesion strength of tannin-Bio-NIPU (20.35 mPa·s and 5.08 Pa) were lower than those of tannin-Bio-PU (42.70 mPa·s and 10.67 Pa). The RN fiber type (18.9% residue) was more thermally stable than RH (7.3% residue). The impregnation process with both resins could improve the ramie fibers’ thermal stability and mechanical strength. The highest thermal stability was found in RN impregnated with the tannin-Bio-PU resin (30.5% residue). The highest tensile strength was determined in the tannin-Bio-NIPU RN of 451.3 MPa. The tannin-Bio-PU resin gave the highest MOE for both fiber types (RN of 13.5 GPa and RH of 11.7 GPa) compared to the tannin-Bio-NIPU resin.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang B, Chen X, Pizzi A, Petrissans M, Dumarcay S, Petrissans A, Zhou X, Du G, Colin B, Xi X. Highly Branched Tannin-Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-Urea Wood Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040890. [PMID: 36850174 PMCID: PMC9960572 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Condensed tannin copolymerized with hyperbranched tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-urea formed by amine-amido deamination yields a particleboard thermosetting adhesive without any aldehydes satisfying the requirements of relevant standards for the particleboard internal bond strength. The tannin-triamine-urea cures well at 180 °C, a relatively low temperature for today's particleboard hot pressing. As aldehydes were not used, the formaldehyde emission was found to be zero, not even in traces due to the heating of wood. The effect is ascribed to the presence of many reactive sites, such as amide, amino, and phenolic groups belonging to the three reagents used. The tannin appears to function as an additional cross-linking agent, almost a nucleating agent, for the triamine-urea hyperbranched oligomers. Chemical analysis by MALDI ToF and 13C NMR has shown that the predominant cross-linking reaction is that of the substitution of the tannin phenolic hydroxyls by the amino groups of the triamine. The reaction of tannin with the still-free amide groups of urea is rather rare, but it may occur with the rarer tannin flavonoid units in which the heterocyclic ring is opened. Due to the temperature gradient between the surfaces and the board core in the particleboard during hot pressing, the type and the relative balance of covalent and ionic bonds in the resin structure may differ in the surfaces and the board core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bengang Zhang
- LERMAB, IUT Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Xinyi Chen
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Mathieu Petrissans
- LERMAB, IUT Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Stephane Dumarcay
- LERMAB, Faculté des Sciences, University of Lorraine, Blvd. des Aiguillettes, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Anelie Petrissans
- LERMAB, IUT Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Baptiste Colin
- LERMAB, IUT Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Xuedong Xi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bader Ul Ain H, Tufail T, Javed M, Tufail T, Arshad MU, Hussain M, Gull Khan S, Bashir S, Al Jbawi E, Abdulaali Saewan S. Phytochemical profile and pro-healthy properties of berries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2096062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huma Bader Ul Ain
- University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, the University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tabussam Tufail
- University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, the University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Javed
- Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gull Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Bashir
- University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, the University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jhao YS, Ouyang H, Yang F, Lee S. Thermo-Mechanical and Creep Behaviour of Polylactic Acid/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235276. [PMID: 36501670 PMCID: PMC9738534 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great need to develop biodegradable thermoplastics for a variety of applications in a wide range of temperatures. In this work, we prepare polymer blends from polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) via a melting blend method at 200 °C and study the creep deformation of the PLA/TPU blends in a temperature range of 10 to 40 °C with the focus on transient and steady-state creep. The stress exponent for the power law description of the steady state creep of PLA/TPU blends decreases linearly with the increase of the mass fraction of TPU from 1.73 for the PLA to 1.17 for the TPU. The activation energies of the rate processes for the steady-state creep and transient creep decrease linearly with the increase of the mass fraction of TPU from 97.7 ± 3.9 kJ/mol and 59.4 ± 2.9 kJ/mol for the PLA to 26.3 ± 1.3 kJ/mol and 25.4 ± 1.7 kJ/mol for the TPU, respectively. These linearly decreasing trends can be attributed to the weak interaction between the PLA and the TPU. The creep deformation of the PLA/TPU blends consists of the contributions of individual PLA and TPU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Jhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hao Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sanboh Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Comparative Study of Plywood Boards Produced with Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane and Phenol-Formaldehyde Using Pinus taeda L. Veneers Treated with Chromated Copper Arsenate. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plywood is widely used in civil construction. Due to the importance of preservation and gluing in bio-composites, this study compares the influence of a chemical treatment with CCA (chromated-copper-arsenate) on Pinus taeda L. wood veneers to produce two plywood types using phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and castor oil-based polyurethane (PU). Four different treatments were performed to analyze both varieties’ physical and mechanical properties. As a result, an improvement in the properties of the treated panels was observed. Lower moisture contents and better interactions caused by less thickness swelling and water absorption were identified in the PU-based plywoods. The treatment with CCA was efficient, improving these properties when they were compared to the reference panels. Most treatments evidenced increases in the modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture for both adhesives when the CCA treatment was applied to the veneers. Comparing the resins, the PF showed the best values of modulus of elasticity. All treatments met the requirements defined by the Brazilian standard document for the glue line shear.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lubis MAR, Handika SO, Sari RK, Iswanto AH, Antov P, Kristak L, Lee SH, Pizzi A. Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112165. [PMID: 35683838 PMCID: PMC9182894 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare low-viscosity lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) resins for the modification of ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) fiber via impregnation to improve the fiber’s thermal and mechanical properties. Low-viscosity LPU resins were prepared by dissolving lignin in 20% NaOH and then adding polymeric 4,4-methane diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI, 31% NCO) with a mole ratio of 0.3 NCO/OH. Ramie fiber was impregnated with LPU in a vacuum chamber equipped with a two-stage vacuum pump. Several techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and a universal testing machine were used to characterize lignin, LPU, and ramie fiber. The LPU resins had low viscosity ranging from 77 to 317 mPa·s−1. According to FTIR and EDX analysis, urethane bonds were formed during the synthesis of LPU resins and after impregnation into ramie fibers. After impregnation, the reaction between the LPU’s urethane group and the hydroxy group of ramie fiber increased thermal stability by an average of 6% and mechanical properties by an average of 100% compared to the untreated ramie fiber. The highest thermal stability and tensile strength were obtained at ramie impregnated with LPU-ethyl acetate for 30 min, with a residual weight of 22% and tensile strength of 648.7 MPa. This study showed that impregnation with LPU resins can enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of fibers and increase their wider industrial utilization in value-added applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (A.H.I.); (L.K.)
| | - Sucia Okta Handika
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
| | - Rita Kartika Sari
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (A.H.I.); (L.K.)
| | - Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- JATI—Sumatran Forestry Analysis Study Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (A.H.I.); (L.K.)
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (A.H.I.); (L.K.)
| | - Seng Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles greenly synthesized using guava fruit extract as a reducing agent and stabilizer. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
10
|
Characterization on the Copolymerization Resin between Bayberry (Myrica rubra) Tannin and Pre-Polymers of Conventional Urea–Formaldehyde Resin. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
By focusing on the disadvantages of weak water resistance and high formaldehyde emission of urea–formaldehyde resin (UF), this research provides a new method to overcome these shortages of UF resin by using tannin for partial substitution of urea. Furthermore, plasma pretreatment of wood was introduced to strengthen the bonding performance of plywood. The investigation of the chemical structure of UF resin and tannin–urea–formaldehyde resin (TUF) were performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). The results of investigations confirmed the joining of tannin into the resin structure, which may enhance structural rigidity of TUF adhesives and improve hydrolysis stability. Then, thermal performance of UF resin and TUF resins were tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The DSC results indicated that the curing temperature did not change significantly. However, the TG analysis showed that the thermal stability of TUF resin was considerably improved. In bonding performance test, tannin–urea–formaldehyde resin (TUF) revealed an excellent water resistance, comparable to UF resin and can fulfill the standard requirement for plywood (Type II according to the Norm GB/T 17657-2013). It is interesting that the shear strength of wood specimens, bonded with TUF6 resin, after low-pressure cold plasma equipment (CLP plasma) and jet type atmospheric low-temperature plasma (JTLP plasma) treatment, reached 0.80 MPa and 0.85 MPa, respectively, after being soaked in boiling water for 3 h. In addition, most of the bonded plywood samples with TUF resin exhibited a lower formaldehyde emission, especially those prepared at 70 °C and 1.5 h, in which the formaldehyde emission amount could be reduced by approximately 39%.
Collapse
|
11
|
Petrescu TC, Mihai P, Voordijk JT, Nedeff V, Văideanu D, Nedeff F, Babor TD, Vasincu D, Agop M. Complex Behavior in the Dynamics of a Polymeric Biocomposite Material—“Liquid Wood”. Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010064. [PMID: 35012087 PMCID: PMC8747238 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present paper is to analyze, both experimentally and theoretically, the behavior of the polymeric biocomposite generically known as “liquid wood”, trademarked as Arbofill. The experimental part refers to the mechanical performance in tension and compression, having as finality the possibility of using “liquid wood” as a material suitable for the rehabilitation of degraded wooden elements in civil structures (ex. use in historical buildings, monuments etc.). The theoretical part refers to computer simulations regarding the mechanical behavior of “liquid wood” as well as to a theoretical model in the paradigm of motion, which describes the same behavior. This model is based on the hypothesis that “liquid wood” can be assimilated, both structurally and functionally, to a multifractal object, situation in which its entities are described through continuous, non-differentiable curves. Then, descriptions of the behavior of “liquid wood”, both in the Schrödinger-type and in hydrodynamic-type representations at various scale resolutions, become operational. Since in the hydrodynamic-type representation, the constitutive law of “liquid wood” can be highlighted, several operational procedures (Ricatti-type gauge, differential geometry in absolute space etc.) will allow correlations between the present proposed model and the experimental data. The obtained results, both practical (81% bearing capacity in compression and 36% bearing capacity in tension, compared to control samples) and theoretical (validation of material performance in virtual environment simulations, stresses and strains correlations in a theoretical model) indicate that “liquid wood” could be used in the construction industry, as a potential rehabilitation material, but with more development clearly needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tudor-Cristian Petrescu
- Department of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Jassy, Romania;
| | - Petru Mihai
- Department of Concrete Structures, Building Materials, Technology and Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Jassy, Romania; (P.M.); (T.-D.B.)
| | - Johannes Theodorus Voordijk
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, 7552 LW Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Valentin Nedeff
- Department of Industrial Systems Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineering, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 600115 Bacau, Romania;
| | - Dorin Văideanu
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Faculty of Physics, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, 700506 Jassy, Romania;
| | - Florin Nedeff
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 600115 Bacau, Romania;
| | - Traian-Dănuț Babor
- Department of Concrete Structures, Building Materials, Technology and Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Jassy, Romania; (P.M.); (T.-D.B.)
| | - Decebal Vasincu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Jassy, Romania;
| | - Maricel Agop
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Machine Manufacturing and Industrial Management, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 700050 Jassy, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Handika SO, Lubis MAR, Sari RK, Laksana RPB, Antov P, Savov V, Gajtanska M, Iswanto AH. Enhancing Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation by Lignin-Based Polyurethane Resin. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226850. [PMID: 34832252 PMCID: PMC8617714 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, lignin isolated and fractionated from black liquor was used as a pre-polymer to prepare bio-polyurethane (Bio-PU) resin, and the resin was impregnated into ramie fiber (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) to improve its thermal and mechanical properties. The isolated lignin was fractionated by one-step fractionation using two different solvents, i.e., methanol (MeOH) and acetone (Ac). Each fractionated lignin was dissolved in NaOH and then reacted with a polymeric 4,4-methane diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) polymer at an NCO/OH mole ratio of 0.3. The resulting Bio-PU was then used in the impregnation of ramie fiber. The characterization of lignin, Bio-PU, and ramie fiber was carried out using several techniques, i.e., Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis-gas-chromatography-mass-spectroscopy (Py-GCMS), Micro Confocal Raman spectroscopy, and an evaluation of fiber mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and tensile strength). Impregnation of Bio-PU into ramie fiber resulted in weight gain ranging from 6% to 15%, and the values increased when extending the impregnation time. The reaction between the NCO group on Bio-PU and the OH group on ramie fiber forms a C=O group of urethane as confirmed by FTIR and Micro Confocal Raman spectroscopies at a wavenumber of 1600 cm−1. Based on the TGA analysis, ramie fiber with lignin-based Bio-PU had better thermal properties than ramie fiber before impregnation with a greater weight residue of 21.7%. The mechanical properties of ramie fiber also increased after impregnation with lignin-based Bio-PU, resulting in a modulus of elasticity of 31 GPa for ramie-L-isolated and a tensile strength of 577 MPa for ramie-L-Ac. The enhanced thermal and mechanical properties of impregnated ramie fiber with lignin-based Bio-PU resins could increase the added value of ramie fiber and enhance its more comprehensive industrial application as a functional material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sucia Okta Handika
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Rita Kartika Sari
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Milada Gajtanska
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
| |
Collapse
|