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Ali I, Qaiser H, Abdullah R, Kaleem A, Iqtedar M, Iqbal I, Chen X. Prospective Roles of Extremophilic Fungi in Climate Change Mitigation Strategies. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:385. [PMID: 38921371 PMCID: PMC11204837 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change and the resultant environmental deterioration signify one of the most challenging problems facing humankind in the 21st century. The origins of climate change are multifaceted and rooted in anthropogenic activities, resulting in increasing greenhouse gases in the environment and leading to global warming and weather drifts. Extremophilic fungi, characterized by their exceptional properties to survive extreme habitats, harbor great potential in mitigating climate change effects. This review provides insight into the potential applications of extremophilic fungi in climate change mitigation strategies. They are able to metabolize organic biomass and degrade carbon compounds, thereby safely sequestering carbon and extenuating its release into the environment as noxious greenhouse gases. Furthermore, they possess extremozymes, which break down recalcitrant organic species, including lignocellulosic biomass and hydrocarbons. Enzymatic machinery equips these extremophilic fungi to perform the bioremediation of polluted environments. Extremophilic fungi can also be exploited for various biological interventions, such as biofuels, bioplastics, and other bioprocessing applications. However, these fungi characterize a valued but underexplored resource in the arsenal of climate change mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Hina Qaiser
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Roheena Abdullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (A.K.); (M.I.); (I.I.)
| | - Afshan Kaleem
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (A.K.); (M.I.); (I.I.)
| | - Mehwish Iqtedar
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (A.K.); (M.I.); (I.I.)
| | - Irfana Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (A.K.); (M.I.); (I.I.)
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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Chaves-González LE, Jaikel-Víquez D, Lozada-Alvarado S, Granados-Chinchilla F. Unveiling the fungal color palette: pigment analysis of Fusarium solani species complex and Curvularia verruculosa clinical isolates. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:135-149. [PMID: 38232349 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Fungal species in the Nectriaceae, such as Fusarium spp. (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), are etiologic agents of hyalohyphomycosis capable of producing violaceous or yellowish pigments under certain conditions, while Curvularia spp. (Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae) are agents of phaeohyphomycosis and typically produce melanin in their cell walls. In nectriaceous and pleosporaceous fungi, these pigments are mainly constituted by polyketides (e.g., azaphilones, naphthoquinones, and hydroxyanthraquinones). Considering the importance of pigments synthesized by these genera, this work focused on the selective extraction of pigments produced by eight Fusarium solani species complex and one Curvularia verruculosa isolate recovered from dermatomycosis specimens, their separation, purification, and posterior chemical analysis. The pigments were characterized through spectral and acid-base analysis, and their maximum production time was determined. Moreover, spectral identification of isolates was carried out to approach the taxonomic specificity of pigment production. Herein we describe the isolation and characterization of three acidic pigments, yellowish and pinkish azaphilones (i.e., coaherin A and sclerotiorin), and a purplish xanthone, reported for the first time in the Nectriaceae and Pleosporaceae, which appear to be synthesized in a species-independent manner, in the case of fusaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Chaves-González
- Sección de Micología Médica, Facultad de Microbiología, Sede Central, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Central, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniela Jaikel-Víquez
- Sección de Micología Médica, Facultad de Microbiología, Sede Central, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Central, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stefany Lozada-Alvarado
- Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre, Hospital del Trauma, Sede Central, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fabio Granados-Chinchilla
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Central, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Sede Central, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Campanhol BS, Ribeiro BD, Casellato F, Medina KJD, Sponchiado SRP. Improvement of DOPA-Melanin Production by Aspergillus nidulans Using Eco-Friendly and Inexpensive Substrates. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:714. [PMID: 37504703 PMCID: PMC10381910 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pigments, including melanin, are recognized as promising materials for biomedical, environmental, and technological applications. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that the DOPA-melanin produced by the MEL1 mutant of Aspergillus nidulans exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities without any cytotoxic or mutagenic effects, suggesting its potential use in pharmaceuticals. In order to increase the yield of this pigment and reduce the costs of its large-scale production, the present study aimed to evaluate agro-industrial by-products, sugarcane molasses, vinasse, and corn steep liquor as inexpensive substrates for fungal growth using experimental design methodology. According to the results obtained, the optimal composition of the culture medium was 0.81% (v/v) vinasse and 1.62% (w/v) glucose, which promoted a greater production of melanin (225.39 ± 4.52 mg g-1 of biomass), representing a 2.25-fold increase compared with the condition before optimization (100.32 mg.g-1 of biomass). Considering the amount of biomass obtained in the optimized condition, it was possible to obtain a total melanin production of 1 g L-1. Therefore, this formulation of a less complex and low-cost culture medium composition makes the large-scale process economically viable for future biotechnological applications of melanin produced by A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Silva Campanhol
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (B.D.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Beatriz Dias Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (B.D.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Fernando Casellato
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (B.D.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Kelly Johana Dussán Medina
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil;
- Bioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Pombeiro Sponchiado
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (B.D.R.); (F.C.)
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Molelekoa TBJ, Augustyn W, Regnier T, da Silva LS. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND TOXICITY EVALUATION OF FUNGAL PIGMENTS FOR POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN FOOD, PHAMARCEUTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103630. [PMID: 37113475 PMCID: PMC10127131 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns associated with the use of synthetic colourants backs the demand for natural colourants. Thus, the current study aimed at characterizing crude fungal pigments produced by Penicillium multicolour, P. canescens, Talaromyces verruculosus, Fusarium solani and P. herquie. This included their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties together with acute toxicity evaluation on zebrafish embryos. The identification of pigment compounds was achieved through MS and IR data. The study demonstrated a substantial radical scavenging activity of extracts ranging from 65.49 to 74.46%, close to that of ascorbic acid (89.21%). Penicillium canescens and F. solani exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus aerogenes and Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus at MIC values ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 mg/mL. However, some levels of toxicity were observed for all extracts at a concentration range of 3-5 mg/mL. Pigment by P. multicolour, T. verruculosus and F. solani were tentatively identified through IR and MS data as sclerotiorin (yellow), rubropunctamine (red) and bostrycoidin (red). In conclusion, the study demonstrates a market potential of filamentous fungi pigments due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and prominent colours. Although there are some toxicity concerns, further tests must be done using molecular docking, albino mice and cell linings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tumisi Beiri Jeremiah Molelekoa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Corresponding author.
| | - Wilma Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Thierry Regnier
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Laura Suzanne da Silva
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Rengifo LR, Rosas P, Méndez N, Ludeña Y, Sirvas S, Samolski I, Villena GK. Comparison of Pigment Production by Filamentous Fungal Strains under Submerged (SmF) and Surface Adhesion Fermentation (SAF). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010048. [PMID: 36675869 PMCID: PMC9861739 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although synthetic colorants are widely used in many industries due to their high stability at different conditions in industrial processes, evidence of its negative impact on health and the environment is undeniable. Filamentous fungi are well known for their use as alternative sources to produce natural pigments. However, an adequate comparison of the productivity parameters between the fermentation systems could be limited to their heterogeneous conditions. Even though Solid-State Fermentations (SSF) on natural substrates are widely used for pigments production, complex media, and non-controlled variables (T, pH, medium composition), these systems could not only hamper the finding of accurate productivity parameters, but also mathematical modeling and genomics-based optimization. In this context, the present study screened five pigment-producing fungi by comparing Submerged (SmF) and Surface Adhesion Fermentation [biofilm (BF) and Solid-State (SSF)] with defined media and controlled variables. For this purpose, we used the same defined media with sucrose as the carbon source for pigment production on SmF, BF, and SSF, and BF and SSF were carried out on inert supports. Five molecularly identified Penicillium and Talaromyces strains isolated from the Peruvian rainforest were selected for their ability to produce yellowish-orange colorants. Highest productivities were obtained from T. brunneus LMB-HP43 in SmF (0.18 AU/L/h) and SSF (0.17 AU/L/h), and P. mallochii LMB-HP37 in SSF (0.18 AU/L/h). Both strains also exhibited the highest yields (AU/g biomass) in the three fermentation systems, reaching values greater than 18-folds in SSF compared to the other strains. Conversely, T. wortmannii LMB-HP14 and P. maximae LMB-HP33 showed no ability to produce pigments in the SSF system. The performed experiments accurately compared the effect of the fermentation system on yield and productivity. From this, further genomics approaches can be considered for an extensive analysis of pigment synthesis pathways and a genomics-driven optimization in the best fermentation system.
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Production of Natural Pigments by Penicillium brevicompactum Using Agro-Industrial Byproducts. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The demand for natural pigments for industrial applications has significantly increased. Penicillium brevicompactum was recently reported as a promising pigments producer using submerged fermentation and a synthetic culture medium containing lactose. In this work, pigment production by P. brevicompactum was studied under different fermentation conditions, namely, submerged fermentation with free (SmF) and immobilized mycelium (SmFi), and solid-state fermentation (SSF). The potential of culture media composed of agro-industrial byproducts (cheese-whey (CW) and corn steep liquor (CSL)) was investigated for the first time as low-cost alternatives to pigment production by P. brevicompactum. The fungus showed great adaptability to the different culture media and types of fermentation, being able to synthesize pigments under all the tested conditions. A culture medium composed of 34.6 g/L of CW and 8 g/L of CSL proved to be the most suitable alternative to the synthetic medium, especially under SmF and SmFi. Our data also show that different mixtures of pigments (yellow, orange, and red) can be produced depending on the medium composition and the type of fermentation. Additionally, the immobilization and reuse of biomass to produce pigments by P. brevicompactum were demonstrated for the first time, suggesting the possibility of operating under repeated batch mode at an industrial scale.
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de Oliveira LA, Segundo WOPF, de Souza ÉS, Peres EG, Koolen HHF, de Souza JVB. Ascomycota as a source of natural colorants. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1199-1220. [PMID: 35616785 PMCID: PMC9433473 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has been a great demand for natural colorants. Synthetic colorants are known to be easy to produce, are less expensive, and remain stable when subjected to chemical and physical factors. In addition, only small amounts are required to color any material, and unwanted flavors and aromas are not incorporated into the product. Natural colorants present in food, in addition to providing color, also have biological properties and effects that aid in the prevention and cure of many diseases. The main classes of colorants produced by phylum Ascomycota include polyketides and carotenoids. A promising producer of colorants should be able to assimilate a variety of sources of carbon and nitrogen and also exhibit relative stability. The strain should not be pathogenic, and its product should not be toxic. Production processes should also provide the expected color with a good yield through simple extraction methods. Research that seeks new sources of these compounds should continue to seek products of biotechnological origin in order to be competitive with products of synthetic and plant origin. In this review, we will focus on the recent studies on the main producing species, classes, and metabolic pathways of colorants produced by this phylum, historical background, impact of synthetic colorants on human health and the environment, social demand for natural colorants and also an in-depth approach to bioprocesses (influences on production, optimization of bioprocess, extraction, and identification), and limitations and perspectives for the use of fungal-based dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Aires de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade E Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Walter Oliva Pinto Filho Segundo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade E Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Érica Simplício de Souza
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Darcy Vargas 1200, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050-020, Brazil
| | - Eldrinei Gomes Peres
- Grupo de Pesquisas Em Metabolômica E Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
| | - Hector Henrique Ferreira Koolen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade E Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas Em Metabolômica E Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
| | - João Vicente Braga de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade E Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-971, Brazil.
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Hasanien YA, Nassrallah AA, Zaki AG, Abdelaziz G. Optimization, purification, and structure elucidation of Anthraquinone pigment derivative from Talaromyces purpureogenus as a novel promising antioxidant, anticancer, and kidney radio-imaging agentAnthraquinone pigment as a promising antioxidant, anticancer, and radio-imaging agent. J Biotechnol 2022; 356:30-41. [PMID: 35868432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the bioproduction and prospective biological applications of a natural red pigment from Talaromyces purpureogenus AUMC2603. Maximum pigment yield was achieved by a numerical optimization at pH 6, temperature 25°C, and an 18-day incubation period on Yeast Malt Broth (YMB) media. The crude pigment was separated and purified into two pigment fractions via solid-phase extraction and then characterized as anthraquinone (dominant) and herquinone by LC/MS and 1HNMR analysis. The crude pigment extract and the two separated fractions displayed a potential antioxidant activity. Additionally, they showed a powerful anticancer activity towards cancer cell lines, MCF-7, HepG-2, and HCT116 with less cytotoxicity on normal cell lines, MCF12F and BJ-1T. The radioiodination efficiency of the radiosynthesized 99mTc-anthraquinone pigment complex was also investigated and optimized, obtaining a radiochemical yield of 92.70% ± 0.89%. An in vivo biodistribution study of the 99mTc-anthraquinone pigment complex demonstrated a high kidney uptake of 34% injected dose per gram of organ tissue 60min after intravenous injection, and the complex retention remained high up to 120min. The current study is the first bioassay report on the efficacy of a purified anthraquinone from T. purpureogenus as a potent agent for kidney radio-imaging that could be applied in kidney cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen A Hasanien
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amr A Nassrallah
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University.
| | - Amira G Zaki
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Gamal Abdelaziz
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
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