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van Muilekom DR, Mueller J, Lindemeyer J, Schultheiß T, Maser E, Seibel H, Rebl A, Schulz C, Goldammer T. Salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigation. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1338858. [PMID: 38410809 PMCID: PMC10894964 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1338858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Smoltification was found to impact both immune and stress responses of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but little is known about how salinity change affects salmon months after completed smoltification. Here, we examined (1) the effect of salinity change from brackish water to seawater on the stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon and (2) evaluated if functional diets enriched with microalgae can mitigate stress- and immune-related changes. Groups of Atlantic salmon were fed for 8 weeks with different microalgae-enriched diets in brackish water and were then transferred into seawater. Samples of the head kidney, gill, liver and plasma were taken before seawater transfer (SWT), 20 h after SWT, and 2 weeks after SWT for gene-expression analysis, plasma biochemistry and protein quantification. The salmon showed full osmoregulatory ability upon transfer to seawater reflected by high nkaα1b levels in the gill and tight plasma ion regulation. In the gill, one-third of 44 investigated genes were reduced at either 20 h or 2 weeks in seawater, including genes involved in cytokine signaling (il1b) and antiviral defense (isg15, rsad2, ifit5). In contrast, an acute response after 20 h in SW was apparent in the head kidney reflected by increased plasma stress indicators and induced expression of genes involved in acute-phase response (drtp1), antimicrobial defense (camp) and stress response (hspa5). However, after 2 weeks in seawater, the expression of antiviral genes (isg15, rsad2, znfx1) was reduced in the head kidney. Few genes (camp, clra, c1ql2) in the gill were downregulated by a diet with 8% inclusion of Athrospira platensis. The results of the present study indicate that salinity change months after smoltification evokes molecular stress- and immune responses in Atlantic salmon. However, microalgae-enriched functional diets seem to have only limited potential to mitigate the related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doret R. van Muilekom
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Mueller
- Department for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Lindemeyer
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thekla Schultheiß
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Henrike Seibel
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Schulz
- Department for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Aidos L, Mirra G, Pallaoro M, Herrera Millar VR, Radaelli G, Bazzocchi C, Modina SC, Di Giancamillo A. How Do Alternative Protein Resources Affect the Intestine Morphology and Microbiota of Atlantic Salmon? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1922. [PMID: 37370432 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability and cost of fishmeal constitute a bottleneck in Atlantic salmon production expansion. Fishmeal is produced from wild fish species and constitutes the major feed ingredient in carnivorous species such as the Atlantic salmon. These natural stocks are at risk of depletion and it is therefore of major importance to find alternative protein sources that meet the nutritional requirements of the Atlantic salmon, without compromising the animals' health. Terrestrial animal by-products have been used in aquaculture feed, but their use is limited by the lack of several essential amino acids and consumer acceptance. In the case of plant ingredients, it is necessary to take into account both their concentration and the extraction methodologies, since, if not dosed correctly, they can cause macro- and microscopic alterations of the structure of the gastrointestinal tract and can also negatively modulate the microbiota composition. These alterations may compromise the digestive functions, growth of the animal, and, ultimately, its well-being. An updated revision of alternative protein sources is provided, with the respective impact on the intestine health in terms of both morphology and microbiota composition. Such information may constitute the premise for the choice and development of Atlantic salmon feeds that guarantee fish health and growth performance without having a significant impact on the surrounding environment, both in terms of depletion of the fish's natural stocks and in terms of pressure on the terrestrial agriculture. The sustainability of aquaculture should be a priority when choosing next-generation ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Aidos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mirra
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Margherita Pallaoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Zahran E, Elbahnaswy S, Ahmed F, Ibrahim I, Khaled AA, Eldessouki EA. Nutritional and immunological evaluation of Nannochloropsis oculata as a potential Nile tilapia-aquafeed supplement. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:65. [PMID: 37076908 PMCID: PMC10114411 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata) is a marine microalga containing bioactive compounds and a high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFAs). Therefore, it is very promising for nutraceutical and the functional food industry applications. Three groups of Nile tilapia (forty-five fish/group) were fed on basal diets or diets containing 5% (N5) or 10% (N10) of the microalga N. oculata for seven weeks. Fish growth performance, proximate composition, and lipid (fatty acids/ FAs and lipoproteins) profile were estimated. In addition, the expression pattern of some lipid metabolism and immune-relevant genes were assessed. An enhancement in whole body crude protein and growth indices of Nile tilapia was observed on both the supplemented groups N5 and N10. Higher levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL); and lower levels of the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were evident in both supplemented groups, while the cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) levels were similar among groups. Ω-3 PUFAs were the significant FAs profile of tilapia fed on N. oculata-supplemented diets in terms of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and n3/n6 ratio. Concerning the gene expression pattern, heat-shock protein70, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were elevated significantly in both supplemented groups. IL-10 is only upregulated in the N10 group. The lipid metabolism-related gene expression showed downregulation of only fatty acid synthase (FAS) in both supplemented groups, with no statistical changes in Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and the apoptotic related genes [caspase3 and Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] showed insignificant changes among groups. The histopathological examination of the intestine, liver, and spleen supports our findings and confirms the benefits and safeness of N. oculata dietary inclusion. Collectively, N. oculata is a very promising nutraceutical for improving fish health and sustainability of aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zahran
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Samia Elbahnaswy
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Fatma Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Iman Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Khaled
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A Eldessouki
- Department of Fish Health and Diseases, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
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Fatty Acid Content of Four Salmonid Fish Consumed by Indigenous Peoples from the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Northwestern Siberia, Russia). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131643. [PMID: 35804543 PMCID: PMC9264761 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We assayed fatty acids in the flesh of Arctic cisco Coregonus autumnalis (adult and juvenile), least cisco Coregonus sardinella, muksun Coregonus muksun, and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus inhabiting water bodies of the Gydan Peninsula, Siberia, Russia. The highest concentrations of total and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were found in Arctic charr (27.8 and 9.5 mg g−1) and adult Arctic cisco (20.2 and 7.6 mg g−1), while the lowest concentrations occurred in juvenile Arctic cisco (7.5 and 3.6 mg g−1). Multivariate analyses divided all studied fish into five distinct groups with the highest similarity between least cisco and muksun and the highest dissimilarity between juvenile Arctic cisco and Arctic charr. Coregonid fish from the study area had a higher content of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids than their conspecifics from subarctic and temperate habitats. The flesh of the studied fish is a source of a healthy diet for humans. Taking into account that all the studied fish are components of the traditional diet of indigenous peoples in northwestern Siberia, our data may be useful not only for local consumers and anglers but also for stakeholders focused on food policy and food security in the area.
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Zhao T, Cao Z, Yu J, Weng X, Benjakul S, Guidi A, Ying X, Ma L, Xiao G, Deng S. Gas-phase ion migration spectrum analysis of the volatile flavors of large yellow croaker oil after different storage periods. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:813-822. [PMID: 35592694 PMCID: PMC9110977 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The large yellow croaker, a species of fish found in the northwestern Pacific, is favored by consumers because of its prevalence in saltwater bodies, golden yellow abdomen, high calcium content, high protein, high fat content, and a flavor that originates from its lipids and volatile components. Volatile organic compounds significantly affect the aroma of food. In this work, electronic nose and headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry were applied to analyze the flavor differences in fish oil durations. Through electronic nose system analysis, sensors W1C, W3S, W6S, and W2S directly affected fish oil flavor, and their flavor components were different. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry identified 26 volatile components (19 aldehydes, 3 ketones, 2 alcohols, 1 furan, and 1 olefin). (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal (D), (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal (M), 2,4-heptadienal (M), (E)-2-octenal, 2-propanone, 2-heptanone (M), 3-pentanone (D), and 1-octen-3-ol were the key flavor components of the fish oil. In conclusion, the combination of GC-IMS and PCA can identify the differences in flavor changes of large yellow croaker oil during 0–120 days storage. After 60 days storage, the types and signals of 2-propanone, 2-heptanone (M) components increase significantly. When 120 days storage, at this time, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal (D), (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal (M), 2,4-heptadienal (M), (E)-2-octenal,(E)-2-octenal significantly. It has become the main flavor substance of fish oil. In summary, as the storage period increases, the components increase, and the oxidizing substances will increase, resulting in the deterioration of fish oil. The oxidation state of Large yellow croaker oil in different storage periods was investigated. The volatile compounds of Large yellow croaker oil were studied by GC-IMS. The effects of storage period on the composition of large yellow croaker oil samples were tested. We believe GC-IMS will play a crucial role in controlling the flavor of fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Zhongqi Cao
- Sinopec Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, Dalian Lioaning, 116045, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Longyou Aquaculture Development Center, Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Longyou County, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Xudong Weng
- Longyou Aquaculture Development Center, Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Longyou County, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry. Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Alessandra Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), Pisa University, Via Del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Xiaoguo Ying
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
- Longyou Aquaculture Development Center, Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Longyou County, Quzhou, 324000, China
- Corresponding author. No.1 Haida South Road, Lincheng Changzhi Island, Zhoushan, Zhejiang province, 316022, PR China.
| | - Lukai Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Corresponding author. No.24 Dongsha Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510225, PR China.
| | - Gengsheng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Shanggui Deng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
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