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Carlucci V, Ponticelli M, Russo D, Labanca F, Costantino V, Esposito G, Milella L. Nutraceutical Valorization of Exhausted Olive Pomace from Olea europaea L. Using Advanced Extraction Techniques. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2310. [PMID: 39204746 PMCID: PMC11359141 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Exhausted olive pomace (EOP) represents the principal residue of olive pomace. Several studies have optimized the extraction of specialized metabolites from the EOP of Olea europaea L., but a comparison between different extractive methods has not been made. For this reason, the present investigation aims to compare four different extractive methods by using water and 15% ethanol/water as extractive solvents. Specifically, based on extract antioxidant activity, the methods compared were maceration (MAC), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE). Between these, the UAE and ASE hydroalcoholic EOP extracts were demonstrated to have the highest antioxidant activity. Subsequently, these extracts were investigated for their hypoglycemic and antiradical activity using in vitro cell-free and cell-based assays, respectively. ASE hydroalcoholic EOP extract demonstrated the greatest ability to inhibit the α-amylase enzyme and an in vitro antioxidant activity comparable to N-acetyl cysteine in HepG2 cells. UAE and ASE extracts' phytochemical characterization was also performed, identifying seven phenolic compounds, including 3-hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and, for the first time, salidroside. The ASE hydroalcoholic EOP extract was the richest from a phytochemical point of view, thus confirming its major biological activity. Therefore, ASE and 15% ethanol/water may represent the best extractive method for EOP nutraceutical valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Carlucci
- Department of Science, Universitá degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (M.P.); (D.R.)
| | - Maria Ponticelli
- Department of Science, Universitá degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (M.P.); (D.R.)
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology & Drug Design, Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Science, Universitá degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (M.P.); (D.R.)
- BioActiPlant s.r.l., Viale Dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabiana Labanca
- Department of Science, Universitá degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (M.P.); (D.R.)
| | - Valeria Costantino
- The Blue Chemistry Lab Group, Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Germana Esposito
- The Blue Chemistry Lab Group, Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, Universitá degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (M.P.); (D.R.)
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2
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Wang M, Wang W, Zhang X, Dai G, Tang K. Formulation analysis of functional fragrance via polar-gradient extraction method and chemometrics pattern recognition. Talanta 2024; 275:126121. [PMID: 38688086 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In this study, characteristic components of 15 natural flavors was analyzed by the polar-gradient extraction (PGE) technique in combination with GC-MS and chemometrics pattern recognition. The obtained results were utilized for the traceability of 4 functional fragrance formulations. The optimal PGE system consisting of 5 different polar solvents, was developed based on similarity-intermiscibility theory. Four chemometrics pattern recognition models including PCA, HCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA were constructed based on the characteristic component database constituting 15 natural flavors. These models were used to trace 4 functional fragrance formulations. The experimental results obtained were found to be satisfactory and accurate. The combination of PGE technique and chemometric pattern recognition methods provides theoretical guidance for the analysis of characteristic components of natural flavors and the traceability of functional fragrance formulations. This approach can be promoted in various fields such as food, traditional Chinese medicine, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - Wanru Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China.
| | - Guilin Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - Kewen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China.
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3
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Refai H, Derwiche F, Grigorakis S, Makris DP. Simultaneous High-Performance Recovery and Extended Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Oleuropein and Flavonoid Glycosides of Olive ( Olea europaea) Leaves: Hydrothermal versus Ethanol Organosolv Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7820. [PMID: 39063062 PMCID: PMC11277424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Olive leaves (OLLs) are an exceptional bioresource of natural polyphenols with proven antioxidant activity, yet the applicability of OLL extracts is constrained by the relatively high polarity of the major polyphenols, which occur as glycosides. To overcome this limitation, OLLs were subjected to both hydrothermal and ethanol organosolv treatments, fostered by acid catalysis to solicit in parallel increased polyphenol recovery and polyphenol modification into simpler, lower-polarity substances. After an initial screening of natural organic acids, oxalic acid (OxAc) was found to be the highest-performing catalyst. The extraction behavior using OxAc-catalyzed hydrothermal and ethanol organosolv treatments was appraised using kinetics, while treatment optimization was accomplished by deploying response-surface methodology. The comparative assessment of the composition extracts produced under optimal conditions of residence time and temperature was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and revealed that OLLs treated with 50% ethanol/1.5% HCl suffered extensive oleuropein and flavone glycoside hydrolysis, affording almost 23.4 mg hydroxytyrosol and 2 mg luteolin per g dry weight. On the other hand, hydrothermal treatment with 5% OxAc provided 20.2 and 0.12 mg of hydroxytyrosol and luteolin, respectively. Apigenin was in all cases a minor extract constituent. The study presented herein demonstrated for the first time the usefulness of using a natural, food-grade organic acid to perform such a task, yet further investigation is needed to maximize the desired effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Refai
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (H.R.); (F.D.); (S.G.)
| | - Feyrouz Derwiche
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (H.R.); (F.D.); (S.G.)
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (H.R.); (F.D.); (S.G.)
| | - Dimitris P. Makris
- Green Processes & Biorefinery Group, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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4
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Fontecha-Cámara MÁ, Delgado-Blanca I, Mañas-Villar M, Orriach-Fernández FJ, Soriano-Cuadrado B. Extraction and Depolymerization of Lignin from Different Agricultural and Forestry Wastes to Obtain Building Blocks in a Circular Economy Framework. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1981. [PMID: 39065298 PMCID: PMC11280865 DOI: 10.3390/polym16141981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Large amounts of agri-food waste are generated and discarded annually, but they have the potential to become highly profitable sources of value-added compounds. Many of these are lignin-rich residues. Lignin, one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature, offers numerous possibilities as a raw material or renewable resource for the production of chemical products. This study aims to explore the potential revalorization of agricultural by-products through the extraction of lignin and subsequent depolymerization. Different residues were studied; river cane, rice husks, broccoli stems, wheat straw, and olive stone are investigated (all local wastes that are typically incinerated). Traditional soda extraction, enhanced by ultrasound, is applied, comparing two different sonication methods. The extraction yields from different residues were as follows: river cane (28.21%), rice husks (24.27%), broccoli (6.48%), wheat straw (17.66%), and olive stones (24.29%). Once lignin is extracted, depolymerization is performed by three different methods: high-pressure reactor, ultrasound-assisted solvent depolymerization, and microwave solvolysis. As a result, a new microwave depolymerization method has been developed and patented, using for the first time graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as new promising carbonaceous catalyst, achieving a 90.89% depolymerization rate of river cane lignin and yielding several building blocks, including guaiacol, vanillin, ferulic acid, or acetovanillone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Belén Soriano-Cuadrado
- Andaltec, Plastic Technological Center, 23600 Martos, Spain; (M.Á.F.-C.); (I.D.-B.); (M.M.-V.); (F.J.O.-F.)
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Serrano-García I, Olmo-García L, Monago-Maraña O, de Alba IMC, León L, de la Rosa R, Serrano A, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Carrasco-Pancorbo A. Characterization of the Metabolic Profile of Olive Tissues (Roots, Stems and Leaves): Relationship with Cultivars' Resistance/Susceptibility to the Soil Fungus Verticillium dahliae. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2120. [PMID: 38136239 PMCID: PMC10741231 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO) is one of the most widespread and devastating olive diseases in the world. Harnessing host resistance to the causative agent is considered one of the most important measures within an integrated control strategy of the disease. Aiming to understand the mechanisms underlying olive resistance to VWO, the metabolic profiles of olive leaves, stems and roots from 10 different cultivars with varying levels of susceptibility to this disease were investigated by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The distribution of 56 metabolites among the three olive tissues was quantitatively assessed and the possible relationship between the tissues' metabolic profiles and resistance to VWO was evaluated by applying unsupervised and supervised multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore the data, and separate clustering of highly resistant and extremely susceptible cultivars was observed. Moreover, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were built to differentiate samples of highly resistant, intermediate susceptible/resistant, and extremely susceptible cultivars. Root models showed the lowest classification capability, but metabolites from leaf and stem were able to satisfactorily discriminate samples according to the level of susceptibility. Some typical compositional patterns of highly resistant and extremely susceptible cultivars were described, and some potential resistance/susceptibility metabolic markers were pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Serrano-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-G.); (I.M.C.d.A.); (A.M.G.-C.); (A.C.-P.)
| | - Lucía Olmo-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-G.); (I.M.C.d.A.); (A.M.G.-C.); (A.C.-P.)
| | - Olga Monago-Maraña
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Avda. Esparta s/n, Crta. de Las Rozas-Madrid, E-28232 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Iván Muñoz Cabello de Alba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-G.); (I.M.C.d.A.); (A.M.G.-C.); (A.C.-P.)
| | - Lorenzo León
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Ave. Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain; (L.L.); or (R.d.l.R.)
| | - Raúl de la Rosa
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Ave. Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain; (L.L.); or (R.d.l.R.)
| | - Alicia Serrano
- Department of Experimental Biology, The University Institute of Research on Olive and Olive Oils (INUO), University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Ana María Gómez-Caravaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-G.); (I.M.C.d.A.); (A.M.G.-C.); (A.C.-P.)
| | - Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-G.); (I.M.C.d.A.); (A.M.G.-C.); (A.C.-P.)
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6
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Zhao H, Kim Y, Avena-Bustillos RJ, Nitin N, Wang SC. Characterization of California olive pomace fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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7
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Ephedra alata Subsp. Alenda as a Novel Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: Characterization Based on the Mass Spectrometry and Profiling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020323. [PMID: 36836680 PMCID: PMC9961366 DOI: 10.3390/life13020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine, for the first time, the phytochemical content of Ephedra alata pulp extract (EAP) and explore its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS) was used for phytochemical analysis and three in vitro antioxidant assays together with three in vitro anti-inflammatory tests were used for the assessment of biological activity. The HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS analysis revealed the presence of 42 metabolites, including flavonoids, sphingolipides, fatty acids, ephedrine derivatives, and amino acid derivatives. In vitro findings revealed that EAP has interesting 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, and ferrous ion chelating capacities (IC50 values were 0.57 mg/mL, 0.55 mg/mL, and 0.51 mg/mL for DPPH, superoxide radical, and ferrous ion, respectively). Furthermore, EAP showed a noticeable anti-inflammatory ability by inhibiting the two cyclooxygenase isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2 (IC50 of 59.1 and 58.8 µg/mL for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively), preventing protein denaturation (IC50 = 0.51 mg/mL), and protecting membrane stabilization (IC50 = 0.53 mg/mL). The results highlighted the use of Ephedra alata pulp as a potential source of natural compounds with therapeutic effects for the management of inflammatory disorders.
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Lama-Muñoz A, Contreras MDM. Extraction Systems and Analytical Techniques for Food Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:3671. [PMID: 36429261 PMCID: PMC9689915 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are highly valuable food components due to their potential utilisation as natural bioactive and antioxidant molecules for the food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. For this purpose, the development and optimisation of efficient extraction methods is crucial to obtain phenolic-rich extracts and, for some applications, free of interfering compounds. It should be accompanied with robust analytical tools that enable the standardisation of phenolic-rich extracts for industrial applications. New methodologies based on both novel extraction and/or analysis are also implemented to characterise and elucidate novel chemical structures and to face safety, pharmacology, and toxicity issues related to phenolic compounds at the molecular level. Moreover, in combination with multivariate analysis, the extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds offer tools for plant chemotyping, food traceability and marker selection in omics studies. Therefore, this study reviews extraction techniques applied to recover phenolic compounds from foods and agri-food by-products, including liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction assisted by intensification technologies, solid-phase extraction, and combined methods. It also provides an overview of the characterisation techniques, including UV-Vis, infra-red, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and others used in minor applications such as Raman spectroscopy and ion mobility spectrometry, coupled or not to chromatography. Overall, a wide range of methodologies are now available, which can be applied individually and combined to provide complementary results in the roadmap around the study of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lama-Muñoz
- Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María del Mar Contreras
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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Yin K, Yang J, Wang F, Wang Z, Xiang P, Xie X, Sun J, He X, Zhang X. A preliminary study of the chemical composition and bioactivity of Bombax ceiba L. flower and its potential mechanism in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-flight mass spectrometry and network pharmacology analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1018733. [PMID: 36313078 PMCID: PMC9608341 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1018733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to preliminary investigate the phytochemistry, bioactivity, hypoglycemic potential, and mechanism of action of Bombax ceiba L. flower (BCF), a wild edible and food plant in China. By using methanol extraction and liquid-liquid extraction, the crude extract (CE) of BCF and its petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and aqueous (AQ) fractions were obtained, and their chemical components and biological activities were evaluated. Further high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was carried out to identify and quantify the active constituents of BFC and its five fractions, and the phytochemical composition of the best-performing fraction was then analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). Finally, a network pharmacology strategy based on the chemical profile of this fraction was applied to speculate its main hypoglycemic mechanism. Results revealed the excellent biological activities of BCF, especially the EtOAc fraction. In addition to the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) (367.72 μg RE/mg E) and total phenolics content (TPC) (47.97 μg GAE/mg E), EtOAc showed the strongest DPPH⋅ scavenging ability (IC50 value = 29.56 μg/mL), ABTS⋅+ scavenging ability (IC50 value = 84.60 μg/mL), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (889.62 μg FeSO4/mg E), which were stronger than the positive control BHT. EtOAc also exhibited the second-best α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity and second-best acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory capacity with the IC50 values of 2.85 and 3.27 mg/mL, respectively. Also, EtOAc inhibited HepG2, MCF-7, Raw264.7, and A549 cell with IC50 values of 1.08, 1.62, 0.77, and 0.87 mg/mL, which were the second or third strongest in all fractions. Additionally, HPLC analysis revealed significant differences in the compounds’ abundance between different fractions. Among them, EtOAc had the most detected compounds and the highest content. According to the results of UPLC/Q-TOF-MS, 38 compounds were identified in EtOAc, including 24 phenolic acids and 6 flavonoids. Network pharmacological analysis further confirmed 41 potential targets of EtOAc in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and intracellular receptor signaling pathways, unsaturated fatty acid, and DNA transcription pathways were the most possible mechanisms. These findings suggested that BCF was worthwhile to be developed as an antioxidant and anti-diabetic food/drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehong Yin
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinmei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xing Xie
- National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, College of Health, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xuemei He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China,*Correspondence: Xuemei He,
| | - Xuechun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China,Xuechun Zhang,
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Ben Brahim S, Priego-Capote F, Bouaziz M. Use of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Structural Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in the Olive Root Bark and Wood of Chemlali Cultivar. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33873-33883. [PMID: 36188259 PMCID: PMC9520730 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This report aims to provide complete knowledge on the polyphenol composition and biological activities of the olive tree. The extraction of the root bark and wood of Olea europaea. L (Chemlali cultivar) was realized by solid-liquid ethanolic extraction, whose analysis was conducted via high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-DAD and MS/MS). Moreover, radical scavenging and antibacterial activities were determined. The results present a total of 14 phenolic compounds belonging mainly to secoiridoid and flavonoid subclasses. Oleuropein was found to be the most abundant compound at an amount of up to 7000 mg/kg followed by ligstroside and oleuropein derivatives. In addition, we found oleocanthal at a great amount (2115 mg/kg). Higher individual polyphenolic concentrations were recorded in root wood extracts compared to bark ones, except for the flavonoid group. Likewise, the total phenolic compound contents increased in the olive root wood. This trend was reflected in biological activities. In fact, root wood extracts exert more important antioxidant and antibacterial activities than bark extracts due to their high bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Ben Brahim
- Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieur
de Sfax, Université de Sfax, B.P. 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Feliciano Priego-Capote
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Annex C-3 Building, Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Mohamed Bouaziz
- Institut
Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, B.P. 1175, 3038 Sfax, Tunisie
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Sánchez-Arévalo CM, Iborra-Clar A, Vincent-Vela MC, Álvarez-Blanco S. Exploring the extraction of the bioactive content from the two-phase olive mill waste and further purification by ultrafiltration. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Water Extraction to Obtain High Value-Added Compounds from Exhausted Olive Pomace in a Biorefinery Context. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142002. [PMID: 35885246 PMCID: PMC9320046 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted water extraction (MAWE) was evaluated to obtain the valuable bioactive compounds hydroxytyrosol and mannitol from exhausted olive pomace (EOP). The influence of the operational parameters solid loading (3–15%, w/v), temperature (40–100 °C), and extraction time (4–40 min) was studied using an experimental design. The optimized conditions maximizing their joint extraction were 12% w/v solid loading, 100 °C temperature, and 16 min. It was possible to solubilize 5.87 mg of hydroxytyrosol/g EOP and 46.70 mg mannitol/g EOP. The extracts were also further characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, which detected other hydroxytyrosol derivatives such as oleacein, verbascoside, and oleuropein. Moreover, the applied MAWE conditions promoted the co-extraction of proteinaceus material, which was also evaluated. In order to carry out an integral valorization of this waste, the extracted EOP solid was further evaluated chemically and microscopically before recovering the bioactive triterpenes. In particular, maslinic acid and oleanolic acid were obtained, 9.54 mg/g extracted solid and 3.60 mg/g extracted solid, respectively. Overall, MAWE can be applied as a first stage in the fractionation of EOP to support its valorization in a biorefinery framework.
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Mufti A, Tir M, Zarei A, Contreras MDM, Gómez-Cruz I, Feriani A, Ghazouani L, Saadaoui E, Allagui MS, Harrath AH, Ramazani A, Tlili N. Phytochemical Profiling of Ephedra alata subsp. alenda Seeds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography—Electrospray Ionization—Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS), Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant, Anti-diabetic, and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2059082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afoua Mufti
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Tir
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie, de Biologie et de Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques, LR18ES41, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis EL Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Armin Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - María del Mar Contreras
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering and Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Irene Gómez-Cruz
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering and Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Anouar Feriani
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Lakhdar Ghazouani
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Ezzeddine Saadaoui
- Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts (LGVRF), Université de Carthage, BP 10, Ariana, 2080, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Salah Allagui
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Nizar Tlili
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université de Carthage, Tunisia
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Lee WJ, Qiu C, Li J, Wang Y. Sustainable oil-based ingredients with health benefits for food colloids and products. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Enrichment of Refined Olive Oils with Phenolic Extracts of Olive Leaf and Exhausted Olive Pomace. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020204. [PMID: 35204087 PMCID: PMC8868085 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Refined olive oils (ROOs) are commonly enriched with synthetic antioxidants. Antioxidant extracts obtained from natural products can be used to improve the stability of these oils. In this study, ROOs were enriched through the addition of phenolic extracts from olive leaves (OLs) and exhausted olive pomace (EOP). In addition to replacing synthetic antioxidants with natural ones, this results in the valorization of these olive-derived biomasses. The most suitable method for mixing and enriching refined oils was probe-type ultrasonication using lecithin as the emulsifier. Thereafter, the change in the content of antioxidant compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the oils at 25, 35, and 45 °C were studied over 28 and 50 days of storage. The experimental results were fitted using a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The oxidative stability index of the ROO enriched with a 2 g/L OL extract (70 h) was higher than that of a commercial ROO (46.8 h). Moreover, the oxidative stability index of the refined olive pomace oil (ROPO) enriched with a 2 g/L EOP extract (44.1 h) was higher than that of a commercial ROPO (38.9 h). In addition, the oxidative stabilities and antioxidant capacities of the oils were significantly correlated.
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16
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Contreras MDM, Gómez-Cruz I, Feriani A, Alwasel S, Harrath AH, Romero I, Castro E, Tlili N. Hepatopreventive properties of hydroxytyrosol and mannitol-rich extracts obtained from exhausted olive pomace using green extraction methods. Food Funct 2022; 13:11915-11928. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol and mannitol rich extracts from exhausted olive pomace were obtained by green extraction methodologies. Supplementation of these extracts alleviated CCl4-induced hepatic damage and protected DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Contreras
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Irene Gómez-Cruz
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Anouar Feriani
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems. Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inmaculada Romero
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Nizar Tlili
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement, Université de Carthage, Tunisia
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17
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Gegechkori V, Petrovich DS, Ilinichna KT, Morton DW. HPTLC and FTIR Fingerprinting of Olive Leaves Extracts and ATR-FTIR Characterisation of Major Flavonoids and Polyphenolics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226892. [PMID: 34833984 PMCID: PMC8621442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of spontaneous microbial maceration on the release and extraction of the flavonoids and phenolics from olive leaves. Bioprofiling based on thin-layer chromatography effect-directed detection followed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy proved to be a reliable and convenient method for simultaneous comparison of the extracts. Results show that fermentation significantly enhances the extraction of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The polyphenolic content was increased from 6.7 µg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) to 25.5 µg GAE, antioxidants from 10.3 µg GAE to 25.3 µg GAE, and flavonoid content from 42 µg RE (rutin equivalents) to 238 µg RE per 20 µL of extract. Increased antioxidant activity of fermented ethyl acetate extracts was attributed to the higher concentration of extracted flavonoids and phenolic terpenoids, while increased antioxidant activity in fermented ethanol extract was due to increased extraction of flavonoids as extraction of phenolic compounds was not improved. Lactic acid that is released during fermentation and glycine present in the olive leaves form a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) with significantly increased solubility for flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.); (D.S.P.); (K.T.I.); (D.W.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.); (D.S.P.); (K.T.I.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Dementyev Sergey Petrovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.); (D.S.P.); (K.T.I.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Kobakhidze Tamara Ilinichna
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.); (D.S.P.); (K.T.I.); (D.W.M.)
| | - David William Morton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.); (D.S.P.); (K.T.I.); (D.W.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia
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Sequential Extraction of Hydroxytyrosol, Mannitol and Triterpenic Acids Using a Green Optimized Procedure Based on Ultrasound. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111781. [PMID: 34829652 PMCID: PMC8614775 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive-derived biomasses contain bioactive compounds with health promoting effects as well as antioxidant and sweet-tasting properties. However, their sequential extraction has not been attained. In the present study, firstly antioxidants and mannitol were extracted from exhausted olive pomace (EOP) by an eco-friendly method, ultrasound-assisted water extraction (UAWE). The amplitude (20-80%), extraction time (2-18 min) and solid loading (2-15%, w/v) were evaluated according to a Box-Behnken experimental design. Using the response surface methodology, the optimal conditions for extraction were obtained: 80% amplitude, 11.5% solid loading and 16 min. It enabled the multi-response optimization of the total phenolic content (TPC) (40.04 mg/g EOP), hydroxytyrosol content (6.42 mg/g EOP), mannitol content (50.92 mg/g EOP) and antioxidant activity (ferric reducing power or FRAP, 50.95 mg/g EOP; ABTS, 100.64 mg/g EOP). Moreover, the phenolic profile of the extracts was determined by liquid chromatography-UV and mass spectrometry, identifying hydroxytyrosol as the main phenolic compound and other minor derivatives could be characterized. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphological changes produced in the cellular structure of EOP after UAWE. In addition, the chemical composition of the extracted EOP solid was characterized for further valorization. Then, a second extraction step was performed in order to extract bioactive triterpenes from the latter solid. The triterpenes content in the extract was determined and the effect of the previous UAWE step on the triterpenes extraction was evaluated. In this case, the use of ultrasound enhanced the extraction of maslinic acid and oleanolic acid from pelletized EOP with no milling requirement. Overall, UAWE can be applied to obtain antioxidant compounds and mannitol as first extraction step from pelletized EOP while supporting the subsequent recovery of triterpenic acids.
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Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196002. [PMID: 34641545 PMCID: PMC8512844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, increasing interest in olive pomace (OP) valorization aims to improve olive's industry sustainability. Interestingly, several studies propose a high-value application for OP extracts containing its main phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, as therapy for ocular surface diseases. In this work, the stability and accessibility of OP total phenolic and flavonoid content, main representative compounds, and antioxidant activity were assessed under different pretreatment conditions. Among them, lyophilization and supercritical CO2 extraction were found to increase significantly most responses measured in the produced extracts. Two selected extracts (CONV and OPT3) were obtained by different techniques (conventional and pressurized liquid extraction); Their aqueous solutions were characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Additionally, their safety and stability were evaluated according to EMA requirements towards their approval as ophthalmic products: their genotoxic effect on ocular surface cells and their 6-months storage stability at 4 different temperature/moisture conditions (CPMP/ICH/2736/99), together with pure hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein solutions. The concentration of hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein in pure or extract solutions was tracked, and possible degradation products were putatively identified by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein had different stability as standard or extract solutions, with oleuropein also showing different degradation profile. All compounds/extracts were safe for ophthalmic use at the concentrations tested.
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Olive Oil Dregs as a Novel Source of Natural Antioxidants: Extraction Optimization towards a Sustainable Process. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive oil dregs (OOD), which are an underutilized by-product from oil mills, were used for the extraction of antioxidant compounds. The residues from three oil mills located in Campania (Southern Italy) were extracted with acidified methanol, and hydroxytyrosol (HT) was the main phenolic compound detected. Total phenolic content (TPC) and HT amount were measured. EVO Campania oil mill provided the residue with the highest TPC and HT quantities: 6.801 ± 0.159 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g OOD and 519.865 ± 9.082 μg/g OOD, respectively. Eco-friendly extractions at different temperatures and times were performed on EVO Campania OOD, obtaining 9.122 ± 0.104 mg GAE/g OOD and 541.330 ± 64.087 μg/g OOD for TPC and HT, respectively, at 121 °C for 60 min. Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA), Superoxide Scavenging Activity (SSA), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) were measured in OOD aqueous extracts. Extract prepared at 37 °C for 60 min showed the greatest RSA and SSA values (44.12 ± 1.82 and 75.72 ± 1.78, respectively), whereas extract prepared at 121 °C for 60 min exhibited the highest FRAP value (129.10 ± 10.49 μg Ascorbic Acid Equivalents (AAE)/mg). OOD extracts were able to protect sunflower oil from oxidation for 4 weeks at 65 °C. The overall results suggest that this novel residue can be usefully valorized by providing HT-rich extracts to use as antioxidant agents.
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21
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Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Industrial Exhausted Olive Pomace through Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060514. [PMID: 34200626 PMCID: PMC8229622 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Exhausted olive pomace (EOP) is the main residue of the pomace oil extraction industry, which is generated in large quantities and has limited applications. Thus, this study aimed to obtain bioactive compounds from EOP using ultrasound-assisted extraction as a potential first valorization step. Two types of devices were tested: bath- and probe-type UAE. The operational parameters were studied and optimized to maximize the antioxidant compounds. In particular, hydroxytyrosol was the main phenolic compound identified and its content was 5.16 mg/g EOP (bath-type UAE) and 4.96 mg/g EOP (probe-type UAE). Mannitol was also detected in the extract, 59.53 mg/g EOP (bath-type UAE) and 69.73 mg/g EOP (probe-type UAE). The results highlight the great potential EOP has as a source of bioactive compounds, with applicability in several sectors. Moreover, the probe-type UAE shows potential to be applied for obtaining these bioactive compounds in a continuous and faster manner. Abstract Exhausted olive pomace (EOP) is the main agro-industrial waste of the olive pomace extracting industries. It contains phenolic compounds and mannitol, so the extraction of these bioactive compounds should be considered as a first valorization step, especially if EOP is used as biofuel. Therefore, EOP was subjected to bath-type ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and the effects of the acetone concentration (20–80%, v/v), solid load (2–15%, w/v), and extraction time (10–60 min) on the extraction of antioxidant compounds were evaluated according to a Box–Behnken experimental design. By means of the response surface methodology, the optimum conditions were obtained: 40% acetone, 8.6% solids, and 43 min. For all the extracts, the total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were determined. With the aim of shortening the extraction time, a two-level factorial experiment design was also carried out using a probe-type UAE, keeping the solid load at 8.6% (w/v) and the acetone concentration at 40% (v/v), while the amplitude (30–70%) and the extraction time (2–12 min) were varied to maximize the aforementioned parameters. Finally, a maximum of phenolic compounds was reached (45.41 mg GAE/g EOP) at 12 min and 70% amplitude. It was comparable to that value obtained in the ultrasonic bath (42.05 mg GAE/g EOP), but, remarkably, the extraction time was shortened, which translates into lower costs at industrial scale. Moreover, the bioactive compound hydroxytyrosol was found to be the major phenolic compound in the extract, i.e., 5.16 mg/g EOP (bath-type UAE) and 4.96 mg/g EOP (probe-type UAE). Other minor phenolic compounds could be detected by capillary zone electrophoresis and liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry. The sugar alcohol mannitol, another bioactive compound, was also found in the extract, and its content was determined. Thus, the use of this technology can support the valorization of this waste to obtain bioactive compounds, including mannitol, hydroxytyrosol, and other derivatives, before being applied for other uses.
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22
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Doménech P, Duque A, Higueras I, Fernández JL, Manzanares P. Analytical Characterization of Water-Soluble Constituents in Olive-Derived By-Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061299. [PMID: 34198861 PMCID: PMC8229305 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive trees constitute one of the largest agroindustries in the Mediterranean area, and their cultivation generates a diverse pool of biomass by-products such as olive tree pruning (OTP), olive leaves (OL), olive stone (OS), and extracted olive pomace (EOP). These lignocellulosic materials have varying compositions and potential utilization strategies within a biorefinery context. The aim of this work was to carry out an integral analysis of the aqueous extractives fraction of these biomasses. Several analytical methods were applied in order to fully characterize this fraction to varying extents: a mass closure of >80% was reached for EOP, >76% for OTP, >65% for OS, and >52% for OL. Among the compounds detected, xylooligosaccharides, mannitol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, and hydroxytyrosol were noted as potential enhancers of the valorization of said by-products. The extraction of these compounds is expected to be more favorable for OTP, OL, and EOP, given their high extractives content, and is compatible with other utilization strategies such as the bioconversion of the lignocellulosic fraction into biofuels and bioproducts.
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