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Cao D, Zhu Z, Zhao S, Zhang X, Lin J, Wang J, Zeng Q, Zhu M. Concentrations, Sources and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Chinese Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2024; 29:972. [PMID: 38474484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The determination and evaluation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seven Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were conducted through a rapid and straightforward extraction and purification method, coupled with GC-MS. A sample-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment technique, incorporating isotopic internal standards, was employed for detecting various medicinal parts of CHMs. The assay exhibited linearity within the range of 5 to 500 ng/mL, with linear coefficients (R2) for PAHs exceeding 0.999. The recoveries of spiked standards ranged from 63.37% to 133.12%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.75% to 14.54%. The total PAH content varied from 176.906 to 1414.087 μg/kg. Among the 16 PAHs, phenanthrene (Phe) was consistently detected at the highest levels (47.045-168.640 μg/kg). Characteristic ratio analysis indicated that oil, coal, and biomass combustion were the primary sources of PAHs in CHMs. The health risk associated with CHMs was assessed using the lifetime carcinogenic risk approach, revealing potential health risks from the consumption of honeysuckle, while the health risks of consuming Lycium chinense berries were deemed negligible. For the other five CHMs (glycyrrhizae, Coix lacryma, ginseng, lotus seed, seed of Sterculia lychnophora), the health risk from consumption fell within acceptable ranges. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses utilizing Monte Carlo exposure assessment methods identified PAH levels in CHMs as health risk sensitizers. It is crucial to recognize that the consumption of herbal medicines is not a continuous process but entails potential health risks. Hence, the monitoring and risk assessment of PAH residues in CHMs demand careful attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Cao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jianzai Lin
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Junji Wang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qinghong Zeng
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Meilin Zhu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Harrison DM, Chang WC, Lin HT. Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Black Tea Consumed in Taiwan. TOXICS 2024; 12:134. [PMID: 38393229 PMCID: PMC10892830 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds found in many foods and drinks, and there have been some concerns over these compounds due to their carcinogenic nature. This study evaluated the concentrations of PAH4 (BaP, BaA, BbF, and CHR) in different black tea infusions and drinks based on the origin of the tea. The release of PAH4 from tea leaves to tea infusions was significantly low, with the highest transfer being 25.81%. The mean concentrations of BaP and PAH4 in tea infusions were used to conduct a risk assessment for the Taiwanese population, which showed that the 19-65 age group had the highest estimated intake of PAH4 and BaP among all age groups. These results, however, also showed margin of exposure (MOE) values well above the benchmark of 10,000. This indicated that PAH exposure from black tea consumption for the Taiwanese population constitutes a low-level health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drewyan Minelly Harrison
- International Master Program of Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Tang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan;
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan
- Department of Law, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan
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Park J, Kim K, Ryu D, Whang JH, Mah JH. GC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093853. [PMID: 37175264 PMCID: PMC10179879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrophobic organic contaminants that have a highly carcinogenic and mutagenic nature. This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive analytical method to determine 8 PAHs in 51 herbal medicines (HMs) using gas chromatography (GC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Liquid--liquid extraction and florisil SPE cartridge purification were basically adopted for pretreatment. For the samples containing essential oil, starch grain, etc., N,N-dimethyl formamide/water mixture (9:1, v/v) was added in the extraction step. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) conditions were newly obtained by the infusion of reference solutions of the targeted compounds at a concentration of 100 ng/mL into the GC-MS/MS system used in this study. The 51 items were classified according to whether or not they contained essential oil. Eight PAHs were not detected in 39 (8.3%) of the 459 samples monitored. The total content of 8 PAHs ranged from 0.45 μg/kg in Anemarrhenae Rhizoma to 270.94 μg/kg in Zingiberis Rhizoma. The average content of those ranged from 0.9 μg/kg in Araliae Continentalis Radix to 110.8 μg/kg in Coptidis Rhizoma Preparata cum Vinum. The results of this study prove that the proposed method is useful for determining 8 PAHs in HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwahaeng Park
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuyeob Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoun Ryu
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Whang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Mah
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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Boguś MI, Wrońska AK, Kaczmarek A, Drozdowski M, Laskowski Z, Myczka A, Cybulska A, Gołębiowski M, Chwir-Gołębiowska A, Siecińska L, Mokijewska E. A comprehensive analysis of chemical and biological pollutants (natural and anthropogenic origin) of soil and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) samples. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280810. [PMID: 36662824 PMCID: PMC9858760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A range of analytical methods (GC-MS, LC-MS, voltammetry, microbiological and microscopic techniques, PCR) was used to assay a range of potential chemical and biological contaminants in soil and dandelion samples. The results provide the first comprehensive safety analysis of dandelion as a herbal product. Samples were collected from three different sites in Poland where the local population collects dandelion plants for their own consumption: Rudenka (a mountain meadow in the European Ecological Network of Natura 2000 protection area, free of agrotechnical treatments for over 30 years), Warszawa 1 (dense single-family housing with heavy traffic), and Warszawa 2 (recreation area with heavy traffic near a coal-fired heat and power plant). The assays of heavy metals and other chemical pollutants (PAHs, PCBs, dioxins, pesticides, mycotoxins) confirm that all collected soil and dandelion samples were chemically pure; however, 95 species of pathogenic bacteria were detected, including "carnivorous" Vibrio vulnificus, zoonotic Pasteurella pneumotropica, Pasteurella canis, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus lentus and Francisella tularensis as well as 14 species of pathogenic fungi and one protozoan parasite (Giardia intestinalis). The discovery of septicemia agents V. vulnificus, Fusobacterium mortiferum and Rahnella aquatilis in the soil surrounding dandelion roots and in the flowers, G. intestinalis in dandelion leaves and roots samples, all collected in Warsaw, is highly disturbing. This finding underlines the need for increased caution when collecting dandelion in densely populated areas with a large population of pets. Thorough washing of the harvested plants is necessary before using them for consumption, especially in the case of making salads from fresh dandelion leaves, which is becoming increasingly popular among people leading healthy and an environmentally friendly lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- BIOMIBO, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agata Kaczmarek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Drozdowski
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Laskowski
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Myczka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Cybulska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Kim YY, Shin HS. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content of herbal medicine products in Korea by HPLC-FLD. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:101-109. [PMID: 36606095 PMCID: PMC9807727 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) in herbal medicine products in Korea. The PAH4 (benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene) were analyzed in 70 popularly used herbal medicine products without containing essential oil and containing essential oil matrices, using 3-methylcholanthrene as the internal standard. Ultrasonication and liquid-liquid extraction were followed by HPLC-FLD analysis. Satisfactory linearity (R 2 = 0.99), limit of detection (0.05-0.18 μg/kg), limit of quantification (0.14-0.54 μg/kg), recovery (85.72-112.18%), and precision (0.22-2.90%) of PAH4 were acquired. PAH contamination was detected in all herbal medicine products without containing essential oil and containing essential oil matrices types. In 44 samples of herbal medicine products, all PAH4 were detected, and in two samples of the other herbal medicine products, only benzo[b]fluoranthene was detected. The average concentration of PAH4 was 3.88 μg/kg. The validated analytical method was used for preventing human health risks related to the consumption of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
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