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Gao S, Chen W, Cao S, Sun P, Gao X. Microalgae as fishmeal alternatives in aquaculture: current status, existing problems, and possible solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16113-16130. [PMID: 38315337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Fishmeal is an indispensable ingredient for most aquatic animals. However, the finite supply and escalating price of fishmeal seriously limit its use in aquaculture. Thus the development of new, sustainable protein ingredients has been a research focus. Microalgae are potential fishmeal alternatives owing to their high protein content and balanced amino acid profile. Studies suggest that suitable replacement of fishmeal with microalgae is beneficial for fish growth performance, but excessive replacement would induce poor growth and feed utilization. Therefore, this paper aims to review research on the maximum substitutional level of fishmeal by microalgae and propose the main issues and possible solutions for fishmeal replacement by microalgae. The maximum replacement level is affected by microalgal species, fish feeding habits, quality of fishmeal and microalgal meals, and supplemental levels of fishmeal in the control group. Microalgae could generally replace 100%, 95%, 95%, 64.1%, 25.6%, and 18.6% fishmeal protein in diets of carp, shrimp, catfish, tilapia, marine fish, and salmon and trout, respectively. The main issues with fishmeal replacement using microalgae include low production and high production cost, poor digestibility, and anti-nutritional factors. Possible solutions to these problems are recommended in this paper. Overall, microalgae are promising fishmeal alternatives in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Weijun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China.
| | - Shenping Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Xiaochan Gao
- College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Park S, Lee SJ, Noh W, Kim YJ, Kim JH, Back SM, Ryu BG, Nam SW, Park SH, Kim J. Production of safe cyanobacterial biomass for animal feed using wastewater and drinking water treatment residuals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25136. [PMID: 38322884 PMCID: PMC10844260 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in microalgae and cyanobacteria biomass as an alternative to traditional animal feed is hindered by high production costs. Using wastewater (WW) as a cultivation medium could offer a solution, but this approach risks introducing harmful substances into the biomass, leading to significant safety concerns. In this study, we addressed these challenges by selectively extracting nitrates and phosphates from WW using drinking water treatment residuals (DWTR) and chitosan. This method achieved peak adsorption capacities of 4.4 mg/g for nitrate and 6.1 mg/g for phosphate with a 2.5 wt% chitosan blend combined with DWTR-nitrogen. Subsequently, these extracted nutrients were employed to cultivate Spirulina platensis, yielding a biomass productivity rate of 0.15 g/L/d, which is comparable to rates achieved with commercial nutrients. By substituting commercial nutrients with nitrate and phosphate from WW, we can achieve a 18 % reduction in the culture medium cost. While the cultivated biomass was initially nitrogen-deficient due to low nitrate levels, it proved to be protein-rich, accounting for 50 % of its dry weight, and contained a high concentration of free amino acids (1260 mg/g), encompassing all essential amino acids. Both in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests affirmed the biomass's safety for use as an animal feed component. Future research should aim to enhance the economic feasibility of this alternative feed source by developing efficient adsorbents, utilizing cost-effective reagents, and implementing nutrient reuse strategies in spent mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghwan Park
- Biomass Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Biomass Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Noh
- Biomass Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Kim
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hein Kim
- Human Risk Assessment Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seng-Min Back
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gon Ryu
- Microbial Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Nam
- Bioresources Collection & Bioinformation Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Biomass Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Exposure & Toxicology Research Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
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Smaoui S, Tarapoulouzi M, Agriopoulou S, D'Amore T, Varzakas T. Current State of Milk, Dairy Products, Meat and Meat Products, Eggs, Fish and Fishery Products Authentication and Chemometrics. Foods 2023; 12:4254. [PMID: 38231684 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Food fraud is a matter of major concern as many foods and beverages do not follow their labelling. Because of economic interests, as well as consumers' health protection, the related topics, food adulteration, counterfeiting, substitution and inaccurate labelling, have become top issues and priorities in food safety and quality. In addition, globalized and complex food supply chains have increased rapidly and contribute to a growing problem affecting local, regional and global food systems. Animal origin food products such as milk, dairy products, meat and meat products, eggs and fish and fishery products are included in the most commonly adulterated food items. In order to prevent unfair competition and protect the rights of consumers, it is vital to detect any kind of adulteration to them. Geographical origin, production methods and farming systems, species identification, processing treatments and the detection of adulterants are among the important authenticity problems for these foods. The existence of accurate and automated analytical techniques in combination with available chemometric tools provides reliable information about adulteration and fraud. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to present the advances made through recent studies in terms of the analytical techniques and chemometric approaches that have been developed to address the authenticity issues in animal origin food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology, and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Maria Tarapoulouzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia CY-1678, Cyprus
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
| | - Teresa D'Amore
- IRCCS CROB, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
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Abreu AP, Martins R, Nunes J. Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina ( Arthrospira) sp. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:955. [PMID: 37627840 PMCID: PMC10451540 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. account for over 90% of the global microalgal biomass production and represent one of the most promising aquiculture bioeconomy systems. These microorganisms have been widely recognized for their nutritional and therapeutic properties; therefore, a significant growth of their market is expected, especially in the nutraceutical, food, and beverage segments. However, recent advancements in biotechnology and environmental science have led to the emergence of new applications for these microorganisms. This paper aims to explore these innovative applications, while shedding light on their roles in sustainable development, health, and industry. From this state-of-the art review, it was possible to give an in-depth outlook on the environmental sustainability of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. For instance, there have been a variety of studies reported on the use of these two microorganisms for wastewater treatment and biofuel production, contributing to climate change mitigation efforts. Moreover, in the health sector, the richness of these microalgae in photosynthetic pigments and bioactive compounds, along with their oxygen-releasing capacity, are being harnessed in the development of new drugs, wound-healing dressings, photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, tissue engineering, and anticancer treatments. Furthermore, in the industrial sector, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. are being used in the production of biopolymers, fuel cells, and photovoltaic technologies. These innovative applications might bring different outlets for microalgae valorization, enhancing their potential, since the microalgae sector presents issues such as the high production costs. Thus, further research is highly needed to fully explore their benefits and potential applications in various sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Abreu
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal; (R.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal; (R.M.); (J.N.)
| | - João Nunes
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal; (R.M.); (J.N.)
- BLC3 Evolution Lda, 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal
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Fernandes R, Campos J, Serra M, Fidalgo J, Almeida H, Casas A, Toubarro D, Barros AIRNA. Exploring the Benefits of Phycocyanin: From Spirulina Cultivation to Its Widespread Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040592. [PMID: 37111349 PMCID: PMC10144176 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale production of microalgae and their bioactive compounds has steadily increased in response to global demand for natural compounds. Spirulina, in particular, has been used due to its high nutritional value, especially its high protein content. Promising biological functions have been associated with Spirulina extracts, mainly related to its high value added blue pigment, phycocyanin. Phycocyanin is used in several industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, which increases its market value. Due to the worldwide interest and the need to replace synthetic compounds with natural ones, efforts have been made to optimize large-scale production processes and maintain phycocyanin stability, which is a highly unstable protein. The aim of this review is to update the scientific knowledge on phycocyanin applications and to describe the reported production, extraction, and purification methods, including the main physical and chemical parameters that may affect the purity, recovery, and stability of phycocyanin. By implementing different techniques such as complete cell disruption, extraction at temperatures below 45 °C and a pH of 5.5-6.0, purification through ammonium sulfate, and filtration and chromatography, both the purity and stability of phycocyanin have been significantly improved. Moreover, the use of saccharides, crosslinkers, or natural polymers as preservatives has contributed to the increased market value of phycocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernandes
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Joana Campos
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Mónica Serra
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Javier Fidalgo
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Hugo Almeida
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Casas
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Duarte Toubarro
- CBA and Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus No 13, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Ana I R N A Barros
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Composition and apparent digestibility coefficients of essential nutrients and energy of cyanobacterium meal produced from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) for freshwater-phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) pre-smolts. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Tolpeznikaite E, Bartkevics V, Skrastina A, Pavlenko R, Mockus E, Zokaityte E, Starkute V, Klupsaite D, Ruibys R, Rocha JM, Santini A, Bartkiene E. Changes in Spirulina's Physical and Chemical Properties during Submerged and Solid-State Lacto-Fermentation. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:75. [PMID: 36668894 PMCID: PMC9862786 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to select a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain for bio-conversion of Spirulina, a cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae"), into an ingredient with a high concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for human and animal nutrition. For this purpose, ten different LAB strains and two different fermentation conditions (SMF (submerged) and SSF (solid state fermentation)) were tested. In addition, the concentrations of fatty acids (FA) and biogenic amines (BA) in Spirulina samples were evaluated. It was established that Spirulina is a suitable substrate for fermentation, and the lowest pH value (4.10) was obtained in the 48 h SSF with Levilactobacillus brevis. The main FA in Spirulina were methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate and gamma-linolenic acid methyl ester. Fermentation conditions were a key factor toward glutamic acid concentration in Spirulina, and the highest concentration of GABA (2395.9 mg/kg) was found in 48 h SSF with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei samples. However, a significant correlation was found between BA and GABA concentrations, and the main BA in fermented Spirulina samples were putrescine and spermidine. Finally, the samples in which the highest GABA concentrations were found also displayed the highest content of BA. For this reason, not only the concentration of functional compounds in the end-product must be controlled, but also non-desirable substances, because both of these compounds are produced through similar metabolic pathways of the decarboxylation of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesta Tolpeznikaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Zemgales Priekšpilsēta, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Skrastina
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Zemgales Priekšpilsēta, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Romans Pavlenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Zemgales Priekšpilsēta, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ernestas Mockus
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Egle Zokaityte
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Starkute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Klupsaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Romas Ruibys
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, LT-44244 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
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El-Shall NA, Jiang S, Farag MR, Azzam M, Al-Abdullatif AA, Alhotan R, Dhama K, Hassan FU, Alagawany M. Potential of Spirulina platensis as a feed supplement for poultry to enhance growth performance and immune modulation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1072787. [PMID: 36798131 PMCID: PMC9927202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1072787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increase in drug resistance as well as ineffective immunization efforts against various pathogens (viruses, bacteria and fungi) pose a significant threat to the poultry industry. Spirulina is one of the most widely used natural ingredients which is becoming popular as a nutritional supplement in humans, animals, poultry and aquaculture. It contains protein, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, pigments, and essential amino acids. Moreover, it also has considerable quantities of unique natural antioxidants including polyphenols, carotenoids, and phycocyanin. Dietary supplementation of Spirulina can beneficially affect gut microbial population, serum biochemical parameters, and growth performance of chicken. Additionally, it contains polyphenolic contents having antibacterial effects. Spirulina extracts might inhibit bacterial motility, invasion, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing in addition to acting directly on the bacterium by weakening and making the bacterial cell walls more porous, subsequently resulting in cytoplasmic content leakage. Additionally, Spirulina has shown antiviral activities against certain common human or animal viruses and this capability can be considered to exhibit potential benefits against avian viruses also. Spirulan, a calcium-rich internal polysaccharide of Spirulina, is potentially responsible for its antiviral effect through inhibiting the entry of several viruses into the host cells, boosting the production of nitric oxide in macrophages, and stimulating the generation of cytokines. Comparatively a greater emphasis has been given to the immune modulatory effects of Spirulina as a feed additive in chicken which might boost disease resistance and improve survival and growth rates, particularly under stress conditions. This manuscript reviews biological activities and immune-stimulating properties of Spirulina and its potential use as a dietary supplement in poultry to enhance growth, gut health and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed A El-Shall
- Department Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Shouqun Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Azzam
- Department of Animal Production College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Poultry Production Department, Agriculture Faculty, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Abdullatif
- Department of Animal Production College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Recearch-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Institute of animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Formulation, optimization of a poultry feed and analysis of spectrometry, biochemical composition and energy facts. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Improvement in the Sequential Extraction of Phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira platensis Using Green Technologies. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111896. [PMID: 36431030 PMCID: PMC9692409 DOI: 10.3390/life12111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis (commercially known as Spirulina) is an excellent source of phycobiliproteins, especially C-phycocyanin. Phycobiliproteins are significant bioactive compounds with useful biological applications. The extraction process plays a significant role in downstream microalga production and utilisation. The important pigments found in A. platensis include chlorophyll and carotenoids as nonpolar pigments and phycobiliproteins as polar pigments. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as a green extraction technology for the high-value metabolites of microalgae has potential for trends in food and human health. The nonpolar bioactive compounds, chlorophyll and carotenoids of A. platensis, were primarily separated using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) solvent-free fluid extraction pressure; the temperature and ethanol as cosolvent conditions were compared. The residue from the A. platensis cells was subjected to phycobiliprotein extraction. The phosphate and water extraction of A. platensis SFE residue were compared to evaluate phycobiliprotein extraction. The SFE results exhibited higher pressure (350 bar) and temperature extraction (50 °C) with ethanol-free extraction and increased nonpolar pigment. Phycobiliprotein yield was obtained from A. platensis SFE residue by ethanol-free buffer extraction as a suitable process with antioxidant properties. The C-phycocyanin was isolated and enhanced to 0.7 purity as food grade. This developed method can be used as a guideline and applied as a sustainable process for important pigment extraction from Arthrospira microalgae.
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Quality and Processability of Modern Poultry Meat. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202766. [PMID: 36290153 PMCID: PMC9597840 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry meat industry has gone through many changes. It moved from growing dual-purpose birds (meat and egg production) taking ~110 days to reach 1.2 kg 100 years ago, to developing specialized meat breeds that grow to 2.5 kg within ~40 days. It also moved from selling ~80% whole birds to mostly selling cut up and further processed products in the Western world. This necessitated building large, centralized processing plants, capable of processing 15,000 birds per hr on a single line (60 years ago only 2500), that require higher bird uniformity (size, color, texture). Furthermore, consumer demand for convenient products resulted in introducing many cut-up fresh poultry (some companies have 500 SKU) and further processed products (chicken nuggets did not exist 50 years ago). Those developments were possible due to advancements in genetics, nutrition, medicine, and engineering at the farm and processing plant levels. Challenges keep on coming and today a rise in myopathies (e.g., so called woody breast, white striping, spaghetti meat), requires solutions from breeders, farmers, and processing plants, as more automation also requires more uniformity. This review focuses on the changes and challenges to the processing industry segment required to keep supplying high quality poultry to the individual consumer.
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Digestive Constraints of Arthrospira platensis in Poultry and Swine Feeding. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192984. [PMID: 36230060 PMCID: PMC9562253 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as novel sources for monogastric animals’ diets since they are rich in many nutrients, including proteins. Arthrospira platensis is particularly rich in proteins (up to 76% of dry matter), lipids, minerals and pigments. However, its rigid peptidoglycan cell wall interferes with the digestibility, bio-accessibility and bioavailability of nutrients for monogastric animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the digestibility, bio-accessibility, bioavailability and protein quality of nutrients from A. platensis for poultry and swine feeding, searching all the studies available in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar in June 2022 concerning this subject. Overall, digestibility values of A. platensis proteins or amino acids varying from 66.1 to 68.7% for poultry (microalgae at 1% feed) and from 75.4 to 80.6% for swine (10% feed) have been reported. Therefore, the extraction of microalgae components using mechanical or non-mechanical pre-treatments is required to promote cell disruption and improve digestibility and bio-accessibility. Although A. platensis is a promising feedstuff to support future needs, it is important to perform more investigation concerning digestibility, dietary inclusion level and possible treatments to disrupt microalga cell walls and increase bioavailability of nutrients.
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Fish Food Production Using Agro-Industrial Waste Enhanced with Spirulina sp. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14106059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The supply of animal feed is one of the main concerns of producers in the aquaculture industry, including aspects such as the cost of fish flour and its nutritional balance. The aim of this study was the preparation of a pellet-type fish food using powdered Spirulina sp. cultivated as a protein source supplemented with agro-industrial waste, and its evaluation to comply with the necessary parameters for the elaboration of extruded pellets. Spirulina sp. was cultivated in a photobioreactor at a volume of 50 L, separated by decantation and dried. The proximal characterization was 6.79% ± 0.05 moisture, 6.93% ± 0.01 ash, 66.88% ± 0.33 protein, and 5.50% ± 0.26 fat. Subsequently, flours were prepared using cassava leaves, gliricidia leaves, and rice husks. The results for the cohesion showed that the flours obtained to comply with the necessary parameters for the elaboration of extruded food. The fish feed was prepared in pellet form using the formulation for fattening Tilapia: Spirulina sp. (20%), cassava leaf flour (50%), gliricidia leaf flour (20%) and flour of rice husk (10%). Floatation analysis showed that 60% of the pellets floated for more than 40 min, and 80% retained their shape for 4 h. The results show that the obtained product can be used as fish feed, due to the lowest disintegration, together with its great capacity for water absorption and especially, its greater flotage due to the expansion effect, are physic characteristic determinants so that the fish has more time to consume extruded diets and avoid losses.
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