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Savić Gajić IM, Savić IM, Ivanovska AM, Vunduk JD, Mihalj IS, Svirčev ZB. Improvement of Alginate Extraction from Brown Seaweed ( Laminaria digitata L.) and Valorization of Its Remaining Ethanolic Fraction. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:280. [PMID: 38921591 PMCID: PMC11204654 DOI: 10.3390/md22060280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the conventional procedure of alginate isolation from the brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata L.) biomass and investigate the possibility of further valorization of the ethanolic fraction representing the byproduct after the degreasing and depigmentation of biomass. The acid treatment of biomass supported by ultrasound was modeled and optimized regarding the alginate yield using a response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design. A treatment time of 30 min, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 30 mL/g, and a treatment temperature of 47 °C were proposed as optimal conditions under which the alginate yield related to the mass of dry biomass was 30.9%. The use of ultrasonic radiation significantly reduced the time required for the acid treatment of biomass by about 4 to 24 times compared to other available conventional procedures. The isolated alginate had an M/G ratio of 1.08, which indicates a greater presence of M-blocks in its structure and the possibility of forming a soft and elastic hydrogel with its use. The chemical composition of the ethanolic fraction including total antioxidant content (293 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight), total flavonoid content (14.9 mg rutin equivalent/g dry weight), contents of macroelements (the highest content of sodium, 106.59 mg/g dry weight), and microelement content (the highest content of boron, 198.84 mg/g dry weight) was determined, and the identification of bioactive compounds was carried out. The results of ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of 48 compounds, of which 41 compounds were identified as sugar alcohol, phenolic compounds, and lipids. According to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, the radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic fraction (the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 42.84 ± 0.81 μg/mL) indicated its strong activity, which was almost the same as in the case of the positive control, synthetic antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 36.61 ± 0.79 μg/mL). Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus) were more sensitive to the ethanolic fraction compared to Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella sonnei). The obtained results indicated the possibility of the further use of the ethanolic fraction as a fertilizer for plant growth in different species and antifouling agents, applicable in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana M. Savić Gajić
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Nis, Bulevar oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
| | - Ivan M. Savić
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Nis, Bulevar oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra M. Ivanovska
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jovana D. Vunduk
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana S. Mihalj
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.S.M.); (Z.B.S.)
| | - Zorica B. Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.S.M.); (Z.B.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Hayes M, Aluko RE, Aurino E, Mora L. Generation of Bioactive Peptides from Porphyridium sp. and Assessment of Their Potential for Use in the Prevention of Hypertension, Inflammation and Pain. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:422. [PMID: 37623703 PMCID: PMC10456242 DOI: 10.3390/md21080422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, hypertension, and negative heart health outcomes including cardiovascular disease are closely linked but the mechanisms by which inflammation can cause high blood pressure are not yet fully elucidated. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes play a role in pain, inflammation, and hypertension development, and inhibition of these enzymes is currently of great interest to researchers and pharmaceutical companies. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the drug of choice in terms of COX inhibition but can have negative side effects for consumers. Functional food ingredients containing cyclooxygenase inhibitors offer a strategy to inhibit cyclooxygenases without negative side effects. Several COX inhibitors have been discovered, to date, from marine and other resources. We describe here, for the first time, the generation and characterization of a bioactive hydrolysate generated using Viscozyme® and Alcalase from the red microalga Porphyridium sp. The hydrolysate demonstrates in vitro COX-1 inhibitory activity and antihypertensive activity in vivo, assessed using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Peptides were identified and sequenced using MS and assessed using an in silico computational approach for potential bioactivities. The peptides predicted to be bioactive, including GVDYVRFF, AIPAAPAAPAGPKLY, and LIHADPPGVGL were chemically synthesized and cyclooxygenase inhibition was confirmed. Peptides AIPAAPAAPAGPKLY and LIHADPPGVGL had COX-1 IC50 values of 0.2349 mg/mL (0.16 µM) and 0.2193 mg/mL (0.2 µM), respectively. The hydrolysate was included in a food carrier (jelly candies) and an antihypertensive effect was observed in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hayes
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rotimi E. Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Elena Aurino
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Leticia Mora
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
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Chi CF, Wang B. Marine Bioactive Peptides-Structure, Function and Application. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050275. [PMID: 37233469 DOI: 10.3390/md21050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms live in harsh marine habitats, causing them to have significantly different and more diverse proteins than those of terrestrial organisms [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Feng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Engineering Research Centre for Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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Biparva P, Mirzapour-Kouhdasht A, Valizadeh S, Garcia-Vaquero M. Advanced Processing of Giant Kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera) for Protein Extraction and Generation of Hydrolysates with Anti-Hypertensive and Antioxidant Activities In Vitro and the Thermal/Ionic Stability of These Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030775. [PMID: 36979023 PMCID: PMC10045072 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, giant kelp was explored under various conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions for the extraction of protein, its hydrolysis, and ultrafiltration to generate multiple fractions. The amino acid composition of all the fractions and their biological activities in vitro, including angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE) inhibitory activity and antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power (RP), and ferrous chelating (FC) activities) were tested by storing the compounds for 2 weeks at various temperatures (-20-60 °C) and pHs (2-11) to elucidate their thermal and ionic stability, respectively. The yield of protein extraction using the conventional method was lower (≈39%) compared to the use of UAE (150 W, 15 min), which achieved protein recoveries of approximately 60%. After enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrafiltration, low-molecular-weight (MW) hydrolysates had the highest levels of ACE inhibitory (80%), DPPH (84%), RP (0.71 mM trolox equivalents), and FC (81%) activities. Amino acids associated with peptides of high biological activities, such as Val, Ala, Asx, Gly, Lys, Met, Leu, and His, were at higher levels in the low MW fraction compared to any other sample. The biological activities in vitro of all the samples fluctuated under the multiple storage conditions studied, with the highest stability of all the samples appreciated at -20 °C and pH 7. This study shows for the first time the use of giant kelp as a promising source of bioactive peptides and indicates the optimum processing and storing conditions for the use of these compounds as nutraceuticals or functional foods that could help in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders and multiple chronic diseases associated with oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Biparva
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Armin Mirzapour-Kouhdasht
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shahriyar Valizadeh
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Marco Garcia-Vaquero
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Purcell D, Packer MA, Hayes M. Identification of Bioactive Peptides from a Laminaria digitata Protein Hydrolysate Using In Silico and In Vitro Methods to Identify Angiotensin-1-Converting Enzyme (ACE-1) Inhibitory Peptides. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:90. [PMID: 36827131 PMCID: PMC9967564 DOI: 10.3390/md21020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides range in size from 2-30 amino acids and may be derived from any protein-containing biomass using hydrolysis, fermentation or high-pressure processing. Pro-peptides or cryptides result in shorter peptide sequences following digestion and may have enhanced bioactivity. Previously, we identified a protein hydrolysate generated from Laminaria digitata that inhibited ACE-1 in vitro and had an ACE-1 IC50 value of 590 µg/mL compared to an ACE-1 IC50 value of 500 µg/mL (~2.3 µM) observed for the anti-hypertensive drug Captopril©. A number of peptide sequences (130 in total) were identified using mass spectrometry from a 3 kDa permeate of this hydrolysate. Predicted bioactivities for these peptides were determined using an in silico strategy previously published by this group utilizing available databases including Expasy peptide cutter, BIOPEP and Peptide Ranker. Peptide sequences YIGNNPAKGGLF and IGNNPAKGGLF had Peptide Ranker scores of 0.81 and 0.80, respectively, and were chemically synthesized. Synthesized peptides were evaluated for ACE-1 inhibitory activity in vitro and were found to inhibit ACE-1 by 80 ± 8% and 91 ± 16%, respectively. The observed ACE-1 IC50 values for IGNNPAKGGLF and YIGNNPAKGGLF were determined as 174.4 µg/mL and 133.1 µg/mL. Both peptides produced sequences following simulated digestion with the potential to inhibit Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Purcell
- Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | | | - Maria Hayes
- Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
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Hayes M, Mora L, Lucakova S. Identification of Bioactive Peptides from Nannochloropsis oculata Using a Combination of Enzymatic Treatment, in Silico Analysis and Chemical Synthesis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121806. [PMID: 36551234 PMCID: PMC9775090 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro ACE-1 inhibitory peptides were characterised previously from a number of microalgal species including Spirulina platensis (peptide IAPG), Chlorella vulgaris (peptides FDL, AFL, VVPPA), Isochrysis galbana (peptide YMGLDLK), Chlorella sorokiniana (peptides IW and LW) and indeed Nannochloropsis oculata (peptides GMNNLTP and LEQ). The isolation of protein from Nannochloropsis oculata using a combination of ammonium salt precipitation and xylanase treatment of resulting biomass combined with molecular weight cut off filtration to produce a permeate and characterisation of bioactive peptides is described. The Angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE-1) IC50 value for the generated permeate fraction was 370 µg/mL. Ninety-five peptide sequences within the permeate fraction were determined using mass spectrometry and eight peptides were selected for chemical synthesis based on in silico analysis. Synthesized peptides were novel based on a search of the literature and relevant databases. In silico, simulated gastrointestinal digestion identified further peptides with bioactivities including ACE-1 inhibitory peptides and peptides with antithrombotic and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CAMKII) inhibition. This work highlights the potential of Nannochloropsis oculata biomass as both a protein and bioactive peptide resource, which could be harnessed for use in the development of functional foods and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hayes
- Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-8059957
| | - Leticia Mora
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Burjassot CSIC, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Simona Lucakova
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 135/1, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
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