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Granito M, Alvarenga L, Ribeiro M, Carvalhosa P, Andrade T, Mesquita CT, Stockler-Pinto MB, Mafra D, Cardozo LF. Nattokinase as an adjuvant therapeutic strategy for non-communicable diseases: a review of fibrinolytic, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2024; 22:565-574. [PMID: 39404094 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2024.2416663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 11/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nattokinase (NK) is the primary ingredient of natto, a traditional Asian food made from fermented soybean by Bacillus subtilis natto. Studies have shown that natto reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality due to its fibrinolytic and antithrombotic properties. A new field of studies also demonstrates that NK can mitigate molecular pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress and can be considered an adjuvant strategy for use in many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This paper is a narrative review of the literature. A search was conducted in PubMed and ScienceDirect up to July 2024. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the possible effects of NK on mitigating the common complications of NCDs, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, it provides an update on the most addressed areas related to NK's fibrinolytic and antithrombotic activities. EXPERT OPINION Due to the fibrinolytic and antithrombotic activity of nattokinase, and more recently added to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, this enzyme can be used as a new adjuvant therapeutic strategy to mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress in NCDs, including CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Granito
- Graduate Program in Nutricional Sciences, Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Alvarenga
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Carvalhosa
- Graduate Program in Nutricional Sciences, Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaysi Andrade
- Graduate Program in Nutricional Sciences, Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Tinoco Mesquita
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Fmf Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wang L, Meng J, Yu X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang H, Feng H, Tian Q, Zhang L, Liu H. Construction of highly active and stable recombinant nattokinase by engineered bacteria and computational design. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 760:110126. [PMID: 39154817 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is an enzyme that has been recognized as a new potential thrombolytic drug due to its strong thrombolytic activity. However, it is difficult to maintain the enzyme activity of NK during high temperature environment of industrial production. In this study, we constructed six NK mutants with potential for higher thermostability using a rational protein engineering strategy integrating free energy-based methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Then, wild-type NK and NK mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), and their thermostability and thrombolytic activity were tested. The results showed that, compared with wild-type NK, the mutants Y256P, Q206L and E156F all had improved thermostability. The optimal mutant Y256P showed a higher melting temperature (Tm) of 77.4 °C, an increase of 4 °C in maximum heat-resistant temperature and an increase of 51.8 % in activity at 37 °C compared with wild-type NK. Moreover, we also explored the mechanism of the increased thermostability of these mutants by analysing the MD trajectories under different simulation temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Wang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Jinhui Meng
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Xiaomiao Yu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Huawei Feng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules, Shenyang, 110036, China; Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, 110036, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Qifeng Tian
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules, Shenyang, 110036, China; Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, 110036, China.
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules, Shenyang, 110036, China; Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, 110036, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China.
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Darbandi A, Elahi Z, Dadgar-Zankbar L, Ghasemi F, Kakavandi N, Jafari S, Darbandi T, Ghanavati R. Application of microbial enzymes in medicine and industry: current status and future perspectives. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:1419-1437. [PMID: 39269849 DOI: 10.1080/17460913.2024.2398337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes are a major source of enzymes due to their ability to be mass-cultivated and genetically modified. Compared with plant and animal enzymes, microbial enzymes are more stable and active. Enzymes are generally classified into six classes based on their reaction, substrate specificity and mechanism of action. In addition to their application in medicine for treating diseases, these compounds are used as anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and digestive agents. However, challenges such as immunogenicity, tissue specificity and short in vivo half-life make clinical trials complex. Enzymes are metabolic catalysts in industry and their production and extraction must be optimized to preserve profitability due to rising demand. The present review highlights the increasing importance of bacterial enzymes in industry and medicine and explores methods for their production, extraction and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Darbandi
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Elahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dadgar-Zankbar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghasemi
- Department of Pathobiology, Division of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Kakavandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Jafari
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Talieh Darbandi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghanavati
- School of Medicine, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
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4
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Muric M, Nikolic M, Todorovic A, Jakovljevic V, Vucicevic K. Comparative Cardioprotective Effectiveness: NOACs vs. Nattokinase-Bridging Basic Research to Clinical Findings. Biomolecules 2024; 14:956. [PMID: 39199344 PMCID: PMC11352257 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) has brought a significant progress in the management of cardiovascular diseases, considered clinically superior to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) particularly in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic events. In addition, numerous advantages such as fixed dosing, lack of laboratory monitoring, and fewer food and drug-to-drug interactions make the use of NOACs superior to VKAs. While NOACs are synthetic drugs prescribed for specific conditions, nattokinase (NK) is a natural enzyme derived from food that has potential health benefits. Various experimental and clinical studies reported the positive effects of NK on the circulatory system, including the thinning of blood and the dissolution of blood clots. This enzyme showed not only fibrinolytic activity due to its ability to degrade fibrin, but also an affinity as a substrate for plasmin. Recent studies have shown that NK has additional cardioprotective effects, such as antihypertensive and anti-atherosclerotic effects. In this narrative review, we presented the cardioprotective properties of two different approaches that go beyond anticoagulation: NOACs and NK. By combining evidence from basic research with clinical findings, we aim to elucidate the comparative cardioprotective efficacy of these interventions and highlight their respective roles in modern cardiovascular care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Muric
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (V.J.)
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Marina Nikolic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (V.J.)
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Andreja Todorovic
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Ćuprija, 35230 Ćuprija, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (V.J.)
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Human Pathology, First Moscow State Medical, University IM Sechenov, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenija Vucicevic
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Hu M, Wang J, Gao Y, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Proteomic Analysis of the Characteristic Flavor Components in Bacillus subtilis BSNK-5-Fermented Soymilk. Foods 2024; 13:2399. [PMID: 39123590 PMCID: PMC11311612 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis significantly enhances the physiological activity and bioavailability of soymilk, but the resulting characteristic flavor seriously affects its industrial promotion. The objective of this study was to identify key proteins associated with characteristic flavors in B. subtilis BSNK-5-fermented soymilk using tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics. The results showed that a total of 765 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Seventy differentially expressed proteins related to characteristic flavor were screened through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. After integrating metabolomics data, fifteen key proteases of characteristic flavor components in BSNK-5-fermented soymilk were further identified, and free ammonia was added. In addition, there were five main formation mechanisms, including the decomposition of urea to produce ammonia; the degradation of glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase to produce ammonia; the degradation of threonine and non-enzymatic changes to form the derivative 2,5-dimethylpyrazine; the degradation of valine, leucine, and isoleucine to synthesize isovalerate and 2-methylbutyrate; and the metabolism of pyruvate and lactate to synthesize acetate. These results provide a theoretical foundation for the improvement of undesirable flavor in B. subtilis BSNK-5-fermented soy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (M.H.); (J.W.); (Y.G.); (B.F.)
| | - Jiao Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (M.H.); (J.W.); (Y.G.); (B.F.)
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (M.H.); (J.W.); (Y.G.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (M.H.); (J.W.); (Y.G.); (B.F.)
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (M.H.); (J.W.); (Y.G.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (M.H.); (J.W.); (Y.G.); (B.F.)
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Chiu HW, Chou CL, Lee KT, Shih CC, Huang TH, Sung LC. Nattokinase attenuates endothelial inflammation through the activation of SRF and THBS1. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131779. [PMID: 38679250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Natto contains a potent fibrinolytic enzyme called nattokinase (NK), which has thrombolytic, antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic and lipid-lowering effects. Although NK has been recognized for its beneficial effect on humans with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), the underlying mechanisms involved in vascular inflammation-atherosclerosis development remain largely unknown. The current study aimed to explore the effects of NK on gene regulation, autophagy, necroptosis and inflammasome in vascular inflammation. The transcriptional profiles of NK in endothelial cells (ECs) by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that NK affected THBS1, SRF and SREBF1 mRNA expression. In Q-PCR analysis, SRF and THBS1 were upregulated but SREBF1 was unaffected in ECs treated with NK. NK treatment induced autophagy and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome and necroptosis in ECs. Furthermore, the inhibition of SRF or THBS1 by siRNA suppressed autophagy and enhanced the NLRP3 inflammasome and necroptosis. In a mouse model, NK reduced vascular inflammation by activating autophagy and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and necroptosis. Our findings provide the first evidence that NK upregulates SRF and THBS1 genes, subsequently increasing autophagy and decreasing necroptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome formation to reduce vascular inflammation. Therefore, NK could serve as nutraceuticals or adjuvant therapies to reduce vascular inflammation and possible atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Lin Chou
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsin Kuo Min Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Ta Lee
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Shih
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Sung
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of General Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Kimijima M, Narisawa N, Hori E, Mandokoro K, Ito T, Ota Y, Sashida M, Kawai Y, Takenaga F. Nattokinase, a Subtilisin-like Alkaline-Serine Protease, Reduces Mutacin Activity by Inactivating the Competence-Stimulating Peptide in Streptococcus mutans. Pathogens 2024; 13:286. [PMID: 38668241 PMCID: PMC11054032 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a major cariogenic organism because of its ability to form biofilms on tooth surfaces. Bacteriocins produced by S. mutans (known as mutacins) are indirect pathogenic factors that play a role in the persistence of this microbe in the oral environment. Nattokinase, a subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease, potently inhibits biofilm formation without affecting S. mutans growth. However, effective strategies utilizing nattokinase to control mutacin production by S. mutans are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the effect of nattokinase on mutacin activity in 46 strains of S. mutans with different mutacin genotypes isolated from the dental plaques of pediatric patients with caries. Nattokinase reduced the activity of mutacin against oral streptococci at a concentration of 1 mg/mL in all clinical isolates. Furthermore, nattokinase reduced the expression of non-lantibiotic mutacin structural genes (nlmABCD) and inactivated the extracellular competence-stimulating peptide involved in comDE activation, which regulates non-lantibiotic mutacin gene expression. These results suggest that nattokinase may reduce the virulence of S. mutans and could potentially be used as a new caries-preventive agent as an alternative to conventional drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Kimijima
- Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa 252-0880, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.K.)
| | - Naoki Narisawa
- Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa 252-0880, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.K.)
| | - Eiji Hori
- Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa 252-0880, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.K.)
| | - Kengo Mandokoro
- Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa 252-0880, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.K.)
| | - Tatsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukina Ota
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Pediatric Dentistry, Matsudo 271-8587, Chiba, Japan
| | - Momoko Sashida
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawai
- Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa 252-0880, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.K.)
| | - Fumio Takenaga
- Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa 252-0880, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.K.)
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Hazare C, Bhagwat P, Singh S, Pillai S. Diverse origins of fibrinolytic enzymes: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26668. [PMID: 38434287 PMCID: PMC10907686 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes cleave fibrin which plays a crucial role in thrombus formation which otherwise leads to cardiovascular diseases. While different fibrinolytic enzymes have been purified, only a few have been utilized as clinical and therapeutic agents; hence, the search continues for a fibrinolytic enzyme with high specificity, fewer side effects, and one that can be mass-produced at a lower cost with a higher yield. In this context, this review discusses the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation and fibrinolysis, and current thrombolytic drugs in use. Additionally, an overview of the optimization, production, and purification of fibrinolytic enzymes and the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in optimization and the patents granted is provided. This review classifies microbial as well as non-microbial fibrinolytic enzymes isolated from food sources, including fermented foods and non-food sources, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Despite holding immense potential for the discovery of novel fibrinolytic enzymes, only a few fermented food sources limited to Asian countries have been studied, necessitating the research on fibrinolytic enzymes from fermented foods of other regions. This review will aid researchers in selecting optimal sources for screening fibrinolytic enzymes and is the first one to provide insights and draw a link between the implication of source selection and in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Hazare
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Prashant Bhagwat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
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Feng H, Liu C, Liu Q, Wang J, Zeng Y, Sun Y, Zhang M, Zhang H, Liu Z, Zhao J, Liu H. Study on the transport and internalisation mechanism of dietary supplement nattokinase in the small intestine using animal and Caco-2 cell monolayer models. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:670-680. [PMID: 37971898 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2284249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining proper blood flow is critical to promoting good health. Nattokinase is a serine protease from Bacillus subtilis that has significant in vitro thrombolytic activity, but its mechanism as a dietary supplement to prevent thrombosis through intestinal absorption and transport is still unclear.The purpose of this study is to study the transport and internalisation mechanism of NK in the small intestine using animal models and Caco-2 cell monolayer models.This study first evaluated the preventive effect of supplementing low dose (4000 FU (Fibrin Unit)/kg, n = 6), medium dose (8000 FU/kg, n = 6), and high dose (12000 FU/kg, n = 6) of nattokinase on carrageenan induced thrombosis in mice. Subsequently, we used the rat gut sac model, ligated intestinal loop model, and Caco-2 cell uptake model to study the intestinal transport mechanism of NK.Results indicate that NK is a moderately absorbed biomolecule whose transport through enterocytes is energy- and time-dependent. Chlorpromazine, nystatin and EIPA all inhibited the endocytosis of NK to varying degrees, indicating that the endocytosis of NK in Caco-2 cells involves macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated pathway. These findings offer a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanism of oral NK supplementation in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingyue Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhikui Liu
- Liaoning Huikang Testing and Evaluation Technology Co., Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
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Tanikawa T, Yu J, Hsu K, Chen S, Ishii A, Yokogawa T, Inoue Y, Kitamura M. Development of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies Against Nattokinase. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:153-156. [PMID: 37855913 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase is a protease produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto that exhibits various beneficial biological effects. Thus, a reliable assay to determine nattokinase levels is needed. In this study, we developed novel mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize nattokinase, and created a specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure nattokinase levels. The ELISA was developed using a combination of new mouse antinattokinase mAbs used as capture antibodies coated onto 96-well plates, with a peroxidase-conjugated antibody used for detection. This ELISA enabled detection of nattokinase at 1 ng/mL. We believe that the novel mAbs developed in this study will be useful in future for elucidating nattokinase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanikawa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - James Yu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hsu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Takami Yokogawa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitamura
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
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11
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Li X, Long J, Gao Q, Pan M, Wang J, Yang F, Zhang Y. Nattokinase Supplementation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:234. [PMID: 39076715 PMCID: PMC11266782 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2408234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As a fibrinolytic enzyme from fermented soybean, nattokinase has been shown to be potentially beneficial for cardiovascular health, but current clinical evidences regarding the nattokinase supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors are various. This study aims to evaluate the cardiovascular efficacy of nattokinase. Methods Four electronic databases were systematically searched to collect eligible randomized controlled trials. Data were extracted and summarized in a pre-designed form by two independent reviewers. Review Manager 5.4 software (Cochrane Library Software, Oxford, U.K.) was used for meta-analysis and bias risk assessment. Results Six studies were eligible for quantitative analysis with 546 participants. The overall methodological quality of included studies was high. Relatively low total dosage of nattokinase had a negative effect on blood total cholesterol (MD [mean difference] = 5.27, 95% CI [confidence intervals]: 3.74 to 6.81, p < 0.00001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD = -2.76, 95% CI: -3.88 to -1.64, p < 0.00001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD = 6.49, 95% CI: 0.83 to 12.15, p = 0.02). Nattokinase supplementation significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (MD = -3.45, 95% CI: -4.37 to -2.18, p < 0.00001) and diastolic blood pressure (MD = -2.32, 95% CI: -2.72 to -1.92, p < 0.00001), and led a slight increase in blood glucose (MD = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.60, p < 0.0001) as compared to placebo. Nattokinase group with relatively high total dosage also had a higher total cholesterol (MD = 3.18, 95% CI: 2.29 to 4.06, p < 0.00001) than control interventions, but no significant differences were found in levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. No significant correlation was found between nattokinase supplementation and triglyceride (p = 0.71). No notable adverse events were reported in all studies due to intake of nattokinase. Conclusions This study further supports that nattokinase can be used as an effective adjunctive therapy for hypertension, but relatively low-dose supplementation of nattokinase may have no significant lipid-lowering effect. More work will need to be done to determine whether the positive efficacy of nattokinase on cardiovascular risk factors is dose-dependent. Systematic Review Registration This work has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022315020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese
Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junzi Long
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine,
450046 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qian Gao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine,
450046 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengyang Pan
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine,
450046 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine,
450046 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fangjie Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine,
450046 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yasu Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine,
450046 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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12
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Di Micco P, Bernardi FF, Camporese G, Biglietto M, Perrella A, Ciarambino T, Russo V, Imbalzano E. Nattokinase historical sketch on experimental and clinical evidence. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2023; 17. [DOI: 10.4081/itjm.2023.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is a protease derived from food used mainly in the Japanese diet that has several properties. The main activity is related to improving fibrinolytic activities. Other activities have been demonstrated in the regulation of blood pressure by the action toward angiotensin proteases and in the antiplatelet activities. NK can be given orally and reaches its maximal concentration after 12 hours. In addition, an antithrombotic activity based on various NK activities has been proposed. First, increased fibrinolytic activity increases thrombus dissolution and/or the formation of atherosclerotic plaques; second, its enhanced antiplatelet action adds to clot dissolution. All activities have been studied in animals and humans in vitro and in vivo. Relevant adverse effects of NK therapy have not been described, however clinical experience is restricted to case series and volunteers and is not based on clinical studies, thus clinical trials are required to confirm.
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13
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Sheng Y, Yang J, Wang C, Sun X, Yan L. Microbial nattokinase: from synthesis to potential application. Food Funct 2023; 14:2568-2585. [PMID: 36857725 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is an alkaline serine protease with strong thrombolytic activity produced by Bacillus spp. or Pseudomonas spp. It is a potential therapeutic agent for thrombotic diseases because of its safety, economy, and lack of side effects. Herein, a comprehensive summary and analysis of the reports surrounding NK were presented, and the physical-chemical properties and producers of NK were first described. The process and mechanism of NK synthesis were summarized, but these are vague and not specific enough. Further results may be achieved if detection techniques such as multi-omics are used to explore the process of NK synthesis. The purification of NK has problems such as a complicated operation and low recovery rate, which were found when summarizing the techniques to improve the quality of finished products. If multiple simple and efficient precipitation methods and purification materials are combined to purify NK, it may be possible to solve the current challenges. Additionally, the application potential of NK in biomedicine was reviewed, but functional foods with NK are challenging for acceptance in daily life due to their unpleasant odor. Accordingly, multi-strain combination fermentation or food flavoring agents can improve the odor of fermented foods and increase people's acceptance of them. Finally, the possible future directions focused on NK studies were proposed and provided suggestions for subsequent researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sheng
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Jiani Yang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Xindi Sun
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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14
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Yao M, Yang Y, Fan J, Ma C, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang B, Sun Z, McClements DJ, Zhang J, Liu L, Xia G, Zhang N, Sun Q. Production, purification, and functional properties of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganism obtained from soy-based fermented foods: developments and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3725-3750. [PMID: 36315047 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a major cause of chronic illness around the globe. It has been reported that soy-based fermented food (SFF) is very effective in preventing thrombus (one of the most important contributing factors to CVD), which are mainly attributed to the bioactive substances, especially the fibrinolytic enzymes (FE) generated by microorganisms during the fermentation process of soybean food. This paper therefore mainly reviewed the microbial fibrinolytic enzymes (MFE) from SFF. We first discuss the use of microbial fermentation to produce FE, with an emphasis on the strains involved. The production, purification, physicochemical properties, structure-functional attributes, functional properties and possible application of MFE from SFF are then discussed. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives for the production, purification, and the practical application of MFE are discussed. MFE from SFF pose multiple health benefits, including thrombolysis, antihypertension, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemia, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral and other activities. Therefore, they exhibit great potential for functional foods and nutraceutical applications, especially foods with CVDs prevention potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Yao
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmin Ma
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | | | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Guanghua Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Quancai Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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15
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Effect of Adding Bifidobacterium animalis BZ25 on the Flavor, Functional Components and Biogenic Amines of Natto by Bacillus subtilis GUTU09. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172674. [PMID: 36076859 PMCID: PMC9455604 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natto is a high-value fermented soybean produced by B. subtilis. However, B. subtilis produces a pungent amine odor. This study compared the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), free amino acids (FAAs) and biogenic amines (BAs), nattokinase (NK) of natto made by two-strain fermentation with Bifidobacterium animalis BZ25 and Bacillus subtilis GUTU09 (NMBB) and that of natto made by single-strain fermentation with Bacillus subtilis GUTU09 (NMB). Compared with NMB, volatile amine substances disappeared, ketones and aldehydes of NMBB were reduced, and alcohols increased. Besides that, the taste activity value of other bitter amino acids was lowered, and BA content was decreased from 255.88 mg/kg to 238.35 mg/kg but increased NK activity from 143.89 FU/g to 151.05 FU/g. Correlation analysis showed that the addition of BZ25 reduced the correlation between GUTU09 and BAs from 0.878 to 0.808, and pH was changed from a positive correlation to a negative one. All these results showed that the quality of natto was improved by two-strain co-fermentation, which laid a foundation for its potential industrial application.
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