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Cremasco G, Sutton AT, Funari CS, Arrua DR, Dussan KJ, Hilder EF, Bolzani VS, Rinaldo D. Sustainable and Biomimetic Methodology for Extraction of High-Value-Added Compounds in Almond Hulls. Molecules 2024; 29:3034. [PMID: 38998984 PMCID: PMC11243185 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Almond trees are the most cultivated nut tree in the world. The production of almonds generates large amounts of by-products, much of which goes unused. Herein, this study aimed to develop a green chemistry approach to identify and extract potentially valuable compounds from almond by-products. Initially, a screening was performed with 10 different Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs). The mixture lactic acid/glycerol, with a molar ratio 1:1 (1:50 plant material to NADES (w/v) with 20% v/v of water) was identified as the best extraction solvent for catechin, caffeoylquinic acid, and condensed tannins in almond hulls. Subsequently, a method was optimized by a Design of Experiment (DoE) protocol using a miniaturized extraction technique, Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), in conjunction with the chosen NADESs. The optimal conditions were found to be 70 °C with 15 min irradiation time. The optimal extraction conditions determined by the DoE were confirmed experimentally and compared to methods already established in the literature. With these conditions, the extraction of metabolites was 2.4 times higher, according to the increase in total peak area, than the established literature methods used. Additionally, by applying the multiparameter Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) and Green Analytical Process Index (GAPI) metrics, it was possible to conclude that the developed method was greener than the established literature methods as it includes various principles of green analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cremasco
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Adam T Sutton
- Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Cristiano S Funari
- Green Biotech Network, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Universitária, nº 3780-Altos do Paraíso, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Dario R Arrua
- Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kelly J Dussan
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Emily F Hilder
- Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Vanderlan S Bolzani
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rinaldo
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
- Green Biotech Network, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
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Viñas-Ospino A, Rita Jesus A, Paiva A, Esteve MJ, Frígola A, Blesa J, López-Malo D. Comparison of green solvents for the revalorization of orange by-products: Carotenoid extraction and in vitro antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2024; 442:138530. [PMID: 38271911 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Orange peels contain a considerable number of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, that can be used as ingredients in high-value products. The aim of this study was to compare orange peel extracts obtained with different green solvents (vegetable oils, fatty acids, and deep eutectic solvents (DES)). In addition, the chemical characterization of a new hydrophobic DES formed by octanoic acid and l-proline (C8:Pro) was performed. The extracts were compared in terms of carotenoid extraction, antioxidant activity by three methods, color, and environmental impact. The results confirmed that the mixture of C8:Pro is a DES and showed the highest carotenoid extraction (46.01 µg/g) compared to hexane (39.28 µg/g). The antioxidant activity was also the highest in C8:Pro (2438.8 µM TE/mL). Finally, two assessment models were used to evaluate the greenness and sustainability of the proposed extractions. These results demonstrated the potential use of orange peels in the circular economy and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Viñas-Ospino
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda., Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n., 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain; Universidad Tecnológica del Perú (UTP), Avda. Arequipa 265, Lima 15046, Peru
| | - Ana Rita Jesus
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA - School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA - School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria J Esteve
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda., Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n., 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
| | - Ana Frígola
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda., Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n., 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Jesús Blesa
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda., Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n., 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Daniel López-Malo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, Paseo de La Alameda, 7, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Hurkul MM, Cetinkaya A, Kaya SI, Yayla S, Ozkan SA. Investigation of Health Effects of Major Phenolic Compounds in Foods: Extraction Processes, Analytical Approaches and Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-35. [PMID: 38650305 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2336981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The escalating costs of healthcare services and a growing awareness of personal health responsibilities have led individuals to explore natural methods alongside conventional medicines for health improvement and disease prevention. The aging global population is experiencing increased health needs, notably related to conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension. Lifestyle-related diseases, poor dietary habits, and sedentary lifestyles underscore the importance of foods containing nutrients that can aid in preventing and managing these diseases. Phenolic compounds, a fundamental group of phytochemicals, are prominent in the chemical diversity of the natural world and are abundant in functional foods. Widely distributed in various plant parts, these compounds exhibit important functional and sensory properties, including color, taste, and aroma. Their diverse functionalities, particularly antioxidant activity, play a crucial role in mitigating cellular oxidative stress, potentially reducing damage associated with serious health issues such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disea23ses, and cancer. Phenolic compounds exist in different forms, some combined with glycosides, impacting their biological effects and absorption. Approximately 8000 polyphenols isolated from plants offer significant potential for natural medicines and nutritional supplements. Therefore, their extraction process and selective and sensitive food determination are very important. This review focuses on the extraction processes, analytical methods, and health effects of major phenolic compounds in foods. The examination encompasses a comprehensive analysis of analytical approaches and their applications in elucidating the presence and impact of these compounds on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mesud Hurkul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyda Yayla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ozkan G. Valorization of artichoke outer petals by using ultrasound-assisted extraction and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for the recovery of phenolic compounds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2744-2749. [PMID: 37989526 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as a novel green tool were used for the recovery of bioactive compounds with respect to the valorization of artichoke outer petals. NADES coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction was applied by varying the type of hydrogen bond acceptors (choline chloride or betain) and hydrogen bond donors (sucrose, lactic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and glycerol) in the NADES mixtures. Thereafter, extraction efficacy was assessed in terms of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and individual phenolic composition and their levels by comparing the results obtained by NADES with those for a reference methanolic extract. RESULTS Based on the results of the present study, the use of choline chloride and lactic acid mixtures was superior for obtaining extracts with high levels of phenolic compounds (12.96 g GAE kg-1 DW) and high antioxidant potential (60.68 g TE kg-1 DW). In addition, gallic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, luteolin, apigenin, rutin and quercetin were detected in all extracts by chromatographic evaluation. As major phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were found to be maximum in lactic acid-based NADES mixtures. CONCLUSION The present study reveals the potential treatment of various plants, wastes or by-products with NADES combined with an ultrasonication method for the extraction of bioactive compounds with enhanced recovery and selectivity, with the aim of incorporating them into various food and pharmaceutical formulations. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulay Ozkan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Zhou M, Fakayode OA, Li H. Green Extraction of Polyphenols via Deep Eutectic Solvents and Assisted Technologies from Agri-Food By-Products. Molecules 2023; 28:6852. [PMID: 37836694 PMCID: PMC10574355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are the largest group of phytochemicals with important biological properties. Their presence in conveniently available low-cost sources, such as agri-food by-products, has gained considerable attention in their recovery and further exploitation. Retrieving polyphenols in a green and sustainable way is crucial. Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been identified as a safe and environmentally benign medium capable of extracting polyphenols efficiently. This review encompasses the current knowledge and applications of DESs and assisted technologies to extract polyphenols from agri-food by-products. Particular attention has been paid to fundamental mechanisms and potential applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In this way, DESs and DESs-assisted with advanced techniques offer promising opportunities to recover polyphenols from agri-food by-products efficiently, contributing to a circular and sustainable economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (O.A.F.)
| | - Olugbenga Abiola Fakayode
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (O.A.F.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Haoxin Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (O.A.F.)
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Viñas-Ospino A, Panić M, Radojčić- Redovniković I, Blesa J, Esteve M. Using novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents to improve a sustainable carotenoid extraction from orange peels. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Extraction Systems and Analytical Techniques for Food Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223671. [PMID: 36429261 PMCID: PMC9689915 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are highly valuable food components due to their potential utilisation as natural bioactive and antioxidant molecules for the food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. For this purpose, the development and optimisation of efficient extraction methods is crucial to obtain phenolic-rich extracts and, for some applications, free of interfering compounds. It should be accompanied with robust analytical tools that enable the standardisation of phenolic-rich extracts for industrial applications. New methodologies based on both novel extraction and/or analysis are also implemented to characterise and elucidate novel chemical structures and to face safety, pharmacology, and toxicity issues related to phenolic compounds at the molecular level. Moreover, in combination with multivariate analysis, the extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds offer tools for plant chemotyping, food traceability and marker selection in omics studies. Therefore, this study reviews extraction techniques applied to recover phenolic compounds from foods and agri-food by-products, including liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction assisted by intensification technologies, solid-phase extraction, and combined methods. It also provides an overview of the characterisation techniques, including UV-Vis, infra-red, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and others used in minor applications such as Raman spectroscopy and ion mobility spectrometry, coupled or not to chromatography. Overall, a wide range of methodologies are now available, which can be applied individually and combined to provide complementary results in the roadmap around the study of phenolic compounds.
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