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Cotticelli A, Matera R, Piscopo N, Bosco A, Claps S, Del Serrone P, Zoratti A, Castaldo E, Veneziano V, Rufrano D, Neglia G, Buono F. Efficacy and Safety of Neem Oil for the Topical Treatment of Bloodsucking Lice Linognathus stenopsis in Goats under Field Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2541. [PMID: 37570349 PMCID: PMC10417451 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of neem oil on caprine pediculosis and on kids' growth performances. The neem (Azadirachta indica) belongs to the Meliaceae family, and in Eastern countries it is mainly considered for the insecticidal activities of the kernel oil. The neem seeds contain bioactive principles, such as azadirachtin A, salannin, nimbin, and nimbolide. The trial was carried out on 24 kids, 120 days old, maintained in open yards. Animals were divided in 4 homogeneous groups (n = 6 animals/group) based on age, louse count, body condition score (BCS) and live body weight: Control Group (C, saline NaCl, 0.9%), Neem Group 1 (NO-100, 100 mL of neem oil per 10 kg), Neem Group 2 (NO-200, 200 mL/10 kg), Neem Group 3 (NO-300, 300 mL/10 kg). The treatments were performed by spraying the insecticide on the goat's body. The study lasted 56 days, and weekly, the kids underwent louse count, BCS and body weight determination, and FAMACHA score. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures. The species of lice identified was Linognathus stenopsis. Kids belonging to NO-200 and NO-300 showed a stronger reduction of louse count throughout the study (>95%). The daily weight gain recorded was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in NO-300 than C. No differences were found for BCS and FAMACHA scores. The results of this trial showed that the administration of neem oil to control caprine pediculosis caused by sucking lice represents an alternative to synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cotticelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (N.P.); (A.B.); (V.V.); (G.N.); (F.B.)
| | - Roberta Matera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (N.P.); (A.B.); (V.V.); (G.N.); (F.B.)
| | - Nadia Piscopo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (N.P.); (A.B.); (V.V.); (G.N.); (F.B.)
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (N.P.); (A.B.); (V.V.); (G.N.); (F.B.)
| | - Salvatore Claps
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Bella Muro, 85051 Bella, Italy; (S.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Paola Del Serrone
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Via Salaria 31, Monterotondo, 00016 Rome, Italy;
| | - Aloma Zoratti
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Elisa Castaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (N.P.); (A.B.); (V.V.); (G.N.); (F.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (N.P.); (A.B.); (V.V.); (G.N.); (F.B.)
| | - Domenico Rufrano
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Bella Muro, 85051 Bella, Italy; (S.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (N.P.); (A.B.); (V.V.); (G.N.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesco Buono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (N.P.); (A.B.); (V.V.); (G.N.); (F.B.)
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Manzoor MA, Shah IH, Ali Sabir I, Ahmad A, Albasher G, Dar AA, Altaf MA, Shakoor A. Environmental sustainable: Biogenic copper oxide nanoparticles as nano-pesticides for investigating bioactivities against phytopathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:115941. [PMID: 37100366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are of interest in human physiopathology and have been extensively studied for their effects on the endocrine system. Research also focuses on the environmental impact of EDCs, including pesticides and engineered nanoparticles, and their toxicity to organisms. Green nanofabrication has surfaced as an environmentally conscious and sustainable approach to manufacture antimicrobial agents that can effectively manage phytopathogens. In this study, we examined the current understanding of the pathogenic activities of Azadirachta indica aqueous formulated green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) against phytopathogens. The CuONPs were analyzed and studied using a range of analytical and microscopic techniques, such as UV-visible spectrophotometer, Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD spectral results revealed that the particles had a high crystal size, with an average size ranging from 40 to 100 nm. TEM and SEM images were utilized to verify the size and shape of the CuONPs, revealing that they varied between 20 and 80 nm. The existence of potential functional molecules involved in the reduction of the nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR spectra and UV analysis. Biogenically synthesized CuONPs revealed significantly enhanced antimicrobial activities at 100 mg/L concentration in vitro by the biological method. The synthesized CuONPs at 500 μg/ml had a strong antioxidant activity which was examined through the free radicle scavenging method. Overall results of the green synthesized CuONPs have demonstrated significant synergetic effects in biological activities which can play a crucial impact in plant pathology against numerous phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir Manzoor
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Iftikhar Hussain Shah
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Irfan Ali Sabir
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gadah Albasher
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Awais Shakoor
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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Khan MR, Huang C, Ullah R, Ullah H, Qazi IM, Nawaz T, Adnan M, Khan A, Su H, Ren L. Effects of Various Polymeric Films on the Pericarp Microstructure and Storability of Longan (cv. Shixia) Fruit Treated with Propyl Disulfide Essential Oil from the Neem (Azadirachta indica) Plant. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030536. [PMID: 35160524 PMCID: PMC8839377 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts represent a rich repository of metabolites with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a medicinal plant considered the tree of the 21st century. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of propyl disulfide (PD), a major volatile compound in neem seed, against the pericarp browning (BI), microbial decay incidence (DI), and water loss of longan fruit. Fresh longan cv. Shixia samples were packaged in oriented polypropylene (OPP) and polyethene (PE) packages of different thicknesses (20, 40, and 60 µm). Sterile gauze was fixed inside the packages and 500 uL of PD was placed on them to avoid the direct contact of PD with fruit samples. Packages were sealed immediately to minimize vaporization and stored at 12 ± 1 °C for 18 days. Fruit samples packaged in open net packages served as controls. The results showed that fruit treated with PD in OPP and PE packages significantly prevented losses of water, DI, and BI compared to control treatment. PD also maintained the color, TSS values, TA values, pH values, high peel firmness, high TPC content, and high TFC content, and reduced the activity levels of PPO and POD. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicated that the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp of longan peel were smooth, uniform, and compact with no free space compared to control, where crakes, a damaged and loose structure, and a lot of fungal mycelia were found. The shortest shelf life of 9 days was observed in control as compared to 18 days in OPP-20 and OPP-40; 15 days in OPP-60, PE-20, and PE-40; and 12 days in PE-60 packaging films. Therefore, PD as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, in combination with OPP-20 and OPP-40 polymeric films, could successfully be applied commercially to extend the postharvest shelf life of longan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafiullah Khan
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Chongxing Huang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Rafi Ullah
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi 25130, Pakistan; (R.U.); (H.U.)
| | - Hakim Ullah
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi 25130, Pakistan; (R.U.); (H.U.)
| | - Ihsan Mabood Qazi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (I.M.Q.); (T.N.)
| | - Taufiq Nawaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (I.M.Q.); (T.N.)
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresorces, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Abdullah Khan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresorces, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Hongxia Su
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Liu Ren
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (L.R.)
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Khan MR, Chonhenchob V, Huang C, Suwanamornlert P. Antifungal Activity of Propyl Disulfide from Neem ( Azadirachta indica) in Vapor and Agar Diffusion Assays against Anthracnose Pathogens ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum) in Mango Fruit. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040839. [PMID: 33920016 PMCID: PMC8070996 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms causing anthracnose diseases have a medium to a high level of resistance to the existing fungicides. This study aimed to investigate neem plant extract (propyl disulfide, PD) as an alternative to the current fungicides against mango’s anthracnose. Microorganisms were isolated from decayed mango and identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum. Next, a pathogenicity test was conducted and after fulfilling Koch’s postulates, fungi were reisolated from these symptomatic fruits and we thus obtained pure cultures. Then, different concentrations of PD were used against these fungi in vapor and agar diffusion assays. Ethanol and distilled water were served as control treatments. PD significantly (p ≤ 0.05) inhibited more of the mycelial growth of these fungi than both controls. The antifungal activity of PD increased with increasing concentrations. The vapor diffusion assay was more effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of these fungi than the agar diffusion assay. A good fit (R2, 0.950) of the experimental data in the Gompertz growth model and a significant difference in the model parameters, i.e., lag phase (λ), stationary phase (A) and mycelial growth rate, further showed the antifungal efficacy of PD. Therefore, PD could be the best antimicrobial compound against a wide range of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafiullah Khan
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU, Thailand), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Vanee Chonhenchob
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU, Thailand), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (C.H.)
| | - Chongxing Huang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (C.H.)
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Mulla M, Ahmed J, Alagarsamy S, K Habeebullah SF. Utilization of novel and rapid techniques for characterization of neem Azadirachta indica seed oil and palm oil blends. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2020-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe authentication of neem oil and its blending with inexpensive vegetable oil, such as, palm oil is a common practice in the neem oil industry. This study was conducted to investigate the neem kernel (Azadirachta indica) oil (NKO) by blending with palm oil and characterize it by studying its effect on the physicochemical properties, dielectric properties and fatty acid profiles of the blend. Blending significantly influenced the color, dielectric, structural and antimicrobial properties of the virgin oil. The NKO was rich in oleic (44.97%), stearic (21.27%), palmitic (16.88%) and linoleic acids (14.08%). The addition of palm oil into NKO significantly influenced the fatty acids profile , which was further confirmed by the FTIR spectra and the dielectric data. Overall, determination of moisture content, palmitic and stearic acid content, color parameter "a" and dielectric measurements were found to be fastest and precise way to detect the NKO and PO blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrajfatema Mulla
- Food and Nutrition Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Jasim Ahmed
- Food and Nutrition Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Surendraraj Alagarsamy
- Food and Nutrition Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Sabeena Farvin K Habeebullah
- Food and Nutrition Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
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Ouerfelli M, Villasante J, Ben Kaâb LB, Almajano M. Effect of Neem ( Azadirachta indica L.) on Lipid Oxidation in Raw Chilled Beef Patties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E305. [PMID: 31416174 PMCID: PMC6720949 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the total polyphenol content, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and to evaluate their effect on shelf-life stability of raw beef patties during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C. During 11 days of storage, the antioxidant effect of A. indica on ground beef meat was investigated by the determination of lipid oxidation, pH, anti-radical activity, color, hexanal content, and microbial growth. The results obtained showed that fresh A. indica leaves and synthetic conservative behaved in the same way and retarded the lipid oxidation of chilled beef patties while increasing their pH (5.40 and 5.45, respectively). It can also be said that A. indica limited the loss of color, reduced the metmyoglobin formation (36.70%) and had a significant effect on bacterial growth and hexanal content. In addition, the results obtained through anti-radical and antimicrobial properties showed proportional values of total polyphenol content and radical scavenging activity of leaf extracts as they showed their antimicrobial effect against some bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, among others. These results support the involvement of A. indica in the food industry as a natural antioxidant that could replace synthetic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Ouerfelli
- Research Unit "Nutrition et Métabolisme Azotés et Protéines de Stress" (UR/ES-13-29), Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (FST), University of Tunis El-Manar (UTM), University Campus of Tunis El-Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
- Chemical Engineering Department (DEQ), School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Villasante
- Chemical Engineering Department (DEQ), School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leila Bettaieb Ben Kaâb
- Research Unit "Nutrition et Métabolisme Azotés et Protéines de Stress" (UR/ES-13-29), Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (FST), University of Tunis El-Manar (UTM), University Campus of Tunis El-Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - MaríaPilar Almajano
- Chemical Engineering Department (DEQ), School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Lee NK, Paik HD. Status, Antimicrobial Mechanism, and Regulation of Natural Preservatives in Livestock Food Systems. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:547-57. [PMID: 27621697 PMCID: PMC5018516 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.4.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the status, antimicrobial mechanisms, application, and regulation of natural preservatives in livestock food systems. Conventional preservatives are synthetic chemical substances including nitrates/nitrites, sulfites, sodium benzoate, propyl gallate, and potassium sorbate. The use of artificial preservatives is being reconsidered because of concerns relating to headache, allergies, and cancer. As the demand for biopreservation in food systems has increased, new natural antimicrobial compounds of various origins are being developed, including plant-derived products (polyphenolics, essential oils, plant antimicrobial peptides (pAMPs)), animal-derived products (lysozymes, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, ovotransferrin, antimicrobial peptide (AMP), chitosan and others), and microbial metabolites (nisin, natamycin, pullulan, ε-polylysine, organic acid, and others). These natural preservatives act by inhibiting microbial cell walls/membranes, DNA/RNA replication and transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolism. Natural preservatives have been recognized for their safety; however, these substances can influence color, smell, and toxicity in large amounts while being effective as a food preservative. Therefore, to evaluate the safety and toxicity of natural preservatives, various trials including combinations of other substances or different food preservation systems, and capsulation have been performed. Natamycin and nisin are currently the only natural preservatives being regulated, and other natural preservatives will have to be legally regulated before their widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Sujarwo W, Keim AP, Caneva G, Toniolo C, Nicoletti M. Ethnobotanical uses of neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.; Meliaceae) leaves in Bali (Indonesia) and the Indian subcontinent in relation with historical background and phytochemical properties. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 189:186-193. [PMID: 27178630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Neem (Azadirachta indica; Meliaceae) is widely known for its cold pressed seed oil, mainly used as insecticide, but also for cosmetic, medicinal and agricultural uses. The seed oil is widely employed in the Indian subcontinent, and the leaves seem to have a lower relevance, but the ethnobotanical information of Bali (Indonesia) considers the utilisation of leaves for medicinal properties. AIM OF THE STUDY We report ethnopharmacological information about current uses of neem, in particular of the leaves, besides the insecticidal one, we discuss on the historical background of their uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data were collected using both literature and scientific references and semi-structured interviews with 50 informants (ages ranged between 14 and 76 years old) through the snowball method in thirteen aga (indigenous Balinese) villages, following Ethic code procedures. The informants were asked to specify: which part of the plant was used, and how that plant part was used. Plant specimens were collected, identified and made into herbarium voucher. In consideration of the high variability and complex chemical constituent of neem, a HPTLC analysis of neem leaves coming from both the Indonesian island of Bali and the Indian subcontinent was carried out. RESULTS The data on the medical use of traditional preparations from leaves of neem display a wide spectrum of applications. In the Indian subcontinent, neem leaves are used to treat dental and gastrointestinal disorders, malaria fevers, skin diseases, and as insects repellent, while the Balinese used neem leaves as a diuretic and for diabetes, headache, heartburn, and stimulating the appetite. Differences in utilisation cannot be related to chemical differences and other constituents besides limonoids must be investigated and related to the multipurpose activity of neem. CONCLUSION This study revealed that neem leaves are believed to treat diabetes in both Balinese and Indian communities. Limonoids can not be considered the only responsible of digestive properties. Further research would be the validation of this report by enzymatic tests and the identification of active constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wawan Sujarwo
- Bali Botanical Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Candikuning Baturiti, Tabanan 82191, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ary P Keim
- Botany Division (Herbarium Bogoriense), Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong Science Center, 16911 West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Giulia Caneva
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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