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Zhang YX, Zhang YD, Shi YP. Novel Small Molecule Matrix Screening for Simultaneous MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Multiple Lipids and Phytohormones. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6762-6771. [PMID: 38478706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Most of the traditional matrices cannot simultaneously image multiple lipids and phytohormones, so screening and discovery of novel matrices stand as essential approaches for broadening the application scope of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). In this work, 12 organic small molecule compounds were comprehensively screened and investigated as potential MALDI matrices for simultaneous imaging analysis of various lipids and phytohormones. In the positive ionization mode, p-nitroaniline, m-nitroaniline, and 2-aminoterephthalic acid displayed good performance for the highly sensitive detection of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), and triacylglycerols (TGs). Furthermore, p-nitroaniline possessed excellent characteristics of strong ultraviolet absorption and homogeneous cocrystallization, making it a desirable matrix for MALDI-MSI analysis of eight plant hormones. Compared with conventional matrices (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), and 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), the use of p-nitroaniline resulted in higher ionization efficiency, superior sensitivity, and clearer imaging images in dual polarity mode. Our research offers valuable guidance and new ideas for future endeavors in matrix screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Da Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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2
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Birse N, Burns DT, Walker MJ, Quaglia M, Elliott CT. Food allergen analysis: A review of current gaps and the potential to fill them by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3984-4003. [PMID: 37530543 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy remains a public health, business, and regulatory challenge. Risk analysis (RA) and risk management (RM) of food allergens are of great importance and analysis for food allergens is necessary for both. The current workhorse techniques for allergen analysis (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and real-time polymerase chain reaction) exhibit recognized challenges including variable and antibody specific responses and detection of species DNA rather than allergen protein, respectively. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enables protein identification, with potential for multiplex analysis and traceability to the System of International units (SI), aiding global measurement standardization. In this review, recent literature has been systematically reviewed to assess progress in LC-MS/MS and define the potential and benefits of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight MS (MALDI-ToF-MS) technology for allergen analysis. MALDI-ToF-MS of initially intact protein is already applied to verify in silico-derived peptide sequences for LC-MS/MS analysis. We describe the origins of MALDI and its future perspectives, including affinity bead-assisted assays coupled to MALDI. Based on the proliferation of reliable and reproducible MALDI-based clinical applications, the technique should emulate the detection capability (sensitivity) of established allergen detection techniques, whilst reducing technical support and having equivalent multiplexing potential to competing techniques, for example, LC-MS/MS and ELISA. Although unlikely to offer inherent SI traceability, MALDI-based allergen analysis will complement existing MS approaches for allergens. Affinity bead-MALDI appears capable of higher throughput at lower cost per sample than almost any existing technique, enabling repeated sub-sampling as a way to reduce representative sampling issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Birse
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Duncan Thorburn Burns
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michael J Walker
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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3
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Milosavljević D, Maksimović V, Milivojević J, Djekić I, Wolf B, Zuber J, Vogt C, Dragišić Maksimović J. Sugars and Organic Acids in 25 Strawberry Cultivars: Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2238. [PMID: 37375864 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
(1) The nutritional quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) fruits, among others, is largely maintained by the presence of soluble sugars and organic acids. As the primary products of photosynthesis, they are energy depots in plants, necessary for the construction of cell constituents, but also serve as precursors of aromatic compounds and signaling molecules. (2) In this study, fruits of 25 strawberry cultivars were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized concerning individual sugars and organic acids by HPLC, FT-ICR-MS, and MS imaging analysis. In addition, the total quality index (TQI), as a novel mathematical model, was used to compare all individual parameters evaluated to obtain a quantitative single score, as an indicator of overall fruit quality. (3) Regardless of a large number of cultivars and monitored parameters that were studded, several cultivars stood out in terms of selected primary metabolites, such as 'Rumba', 'Jeny', and 'Sandra', while the latter had the best TQI score. (4) Intercultivar variations in sugars and organic acids profiles, along with other bioactive compounds, should be considered for selection of promising cultivars with improved naturally occurring nutraceutical traits. Besides the search for a pleasant taste, increased awareness of healthy nutrition resulted in heightening consumer demand for high-quality fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Milosavljević
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk Maksimović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ilija Djekić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bianca Wolf
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Jan Zuber
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Carla Vogt
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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4
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Nutritional lipidomics for the characterization of lipids in food. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023. [PMID: 37516469 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipids represent one out of three major macronutrient classes in the human diet. It is estimated to account for about 15-20% of the total dietary intake. Triacylglycerides comprise the majority of them, estimated 90-95%. Other lipid classes include free fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and plant sterols as minor components. Various methods are used for the characterization of nutritional lipids, however, lipidomics approaches become increasingly attractive for this purpose due to their wide coverage, comprehensiveness and holistic view on composition. In this chapter, analytical methodologies and workflows utilized for lipidomics profiling of food samples are outlined with focus on mass spectrometry-based assays. The chapter describes common lipid extraction protocols, the distinct instrumental mass-spectrometry based analytical platforms for data acquisition, chromatographic and ion-mobility spectrometry methods for lipid separation, briefly mentions alternative methods such as gas chromatography for fatty acid profiling and mass spectrometry imaging. Critical issues of important steps of lipidomics workflows such as structural annotation and identification, quantification and quality assurance are discussed as well. Applications reported over the period of the last 5years are summarized covering the discovery of new lipids in foodstuff, differential profiling approaches for comparing samples from different origin, species, varieties, cultivars and breeds, and for food processing quality control. Lipidomics as a powerful tool for personalized nutrition and nutritional intervention studies is briefly discussed as well. It is expected that this field is significantly growing in the near future and this chapter gives a short insight into the power of nutritional lipidomics approaches.
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Wang J, Zhao J, Nie S, Xie M, Li S. MALDI mass spectrometry in food carbohydrates analysis: A review of recent researches. Food Chem 2023; 399:133968. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Wu W, Zhang L, Zheng X, Huang Q, Farag MA, Zhu R, Zhao C. Emerging applications of metabolomics in food science and future trends. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Luo Y, Song C, Mao J, Peng Z, Sun S, Zhang Y, Yu A, Zhang W, Zhao W, Ouyang G. Developing a Noncontact Heating Matrix Spraying Apparatus with Controllable Matrix Film Formation for MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12136-12143. [PMID: 35993787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix deposition plays an important role in obtaining high-quality and reliable molecular spatial location information for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). To control the matrix film formation, an automatic matrix spraying apparatus was developed with the introduction of a noncontact heating lamp. Compared with the unheated condition, the noncontact heating lamp suppressed the coffee-ring effect and the diffusion phenomenon of the analyte effectively by controllable matrix film formation. Meanwhile, the signal intensity was increased by 2-5 fold. To prove the ability of the matrix deposition apparatus, the apparatus combined with metabolomics analysis was used to show the spatial distribution of the substance in sprouted potato tubers. The potential biomarkers at m/z 868.5049 and m/z 852.5101 were identified as α-solanine and α-chaconine, and the synthesis pathways were further searched. To further demonstrate the quality of MALDI images including localization and spatial resolution, lipid distribution in rat brain tissue was investigated by the developed noncontact heating matrix spraying apparatus. An excellent match with distinguishable compartments of lipids in the rat brain was obtained between the H&E-stained sections and MALDI-MSI images. These results indicate that the developed noncontact heating matrix spraying apparatus is reliable and provides a low-cost, high-quality, rapid approach for MALDI-MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yake Luo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chenchen Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jian Mao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zifang Peng
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shihao Sun
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ajuan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Ajith A, Milnes PJ, Johnson GN, Lockyer NP. Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Spatial Chemical Profiling of Vegetative Parts of Plants. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091234. [PMID: 35567235 PMCID: PMC9102225 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The detection of chemical species and understanding their respective localisations in tissues have important implications in plant science. The conventional methods for imaging spatial localisation of chemical species are often restricted by the number of species that can be identified and is mostly done in a targeted manner. Mass spectrometry imaging combines the ability of traditional mass spectrometry to detect numerous chemical species in a sample with their spatial localisation information by analysing the specimen in a 2D manner. This article details the popular mass spectrometry imaging methodologies which are widely pursued along with their respective sample preparation and the data analysis methods that are commonly used. We also review the advancements through the years in the usage of the technique for the spatial profiling of endogenous metabolites, detection of xenobiotic agrochemicals and disease detection in plants. As an actively pursued area of research, we also address the hurdles in the analysis of plant tissues, the future scopes and an integrated approach to analyse samples combining different mass spectrometry imaging methods to obtain the most information from a sample of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Ajith
- Department of Chemistry, Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Phillip J. Milnes
- Syngenta, Jeolott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK;
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PY, UK;
| | - Nicholas P. Lockyer
- Department of Chemistry, Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Guo W, Shi Z, Zeng T, He Y, Cai Z, Zhang J. Metabolic study of aristolochic acid I-exposed mice liver by atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging and machine learning. Talanta 2022; 241:123261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Jiang H, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang X, He J, Jin H. Advanced applications of mass spectrometry imaging technology in quality control and safety assessments of traditional Chinese medicines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114760. [PMID: 34678417 PMCID: PMC9715987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have made great contributions to the prevention and treatment of human diseases in China, and especially in cases of COVID-19. However, due to quality problems, the lack of standards, and the diversity of dosage forms, adverse reactions to TCMs often occur. Moreover, the composition of TCMs makes them extremely challenging to extract and isolate, complicating studies of toxicity mechanisms. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this paper is therefore to summarize the advanced applications of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technology in the quality control, safety evaluations, and determination of toxicity mechanisms of TCMs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant studies from the literature have been collected from scientific databases, such as "PubMed", "Scifinder", "Elsevier", "Google Scholar" using the keywords "MSI", "traditional Chinese medicines", "quality control", "metabolomics", and "mechanism". RESULTS MSI is a new analytical imaging technology that can detect and image the metabolic changes of multiple components of TCMs in plants and animals in a high throughput manner. Compared to other chemical analysis methods, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), this method does not require the complex extraction and separation of TCMs, and is fast, has high sensitivity, is label-free, and can be performed in high-throughput. Combined with chemometrics methods, MSI can be quickly and easily used for quality screening of TCMs. In addition, this technology can be used to further focus on potential biomarkers and explore the therapeutic/toxic mechanisms of TCMs. CONCLUSIONS As a new type of analysis method, MSI has unique advantages to metabolic analysis, quality control, and mechanisms of action explorations of TCMs, and contributes to the establishment of quality standards to explore the safety and toxicology of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Beijing 100050, China.
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12
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Francischini DS, Arruda MA. When a picture is worth a thousand words: Molecular and elemental imaging applied to environmental analysis – A review. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Liu H, Han M, Li J, Qin L, Chen L, Hao Q, Jiang D, Chen D, Ji Y, Han H, Long C, Zhou Y, Feng J, Wang X. A Caffeic Acid Matrix Improves In Situ Detection and Imaging of Proteins with High Molecular Weight Close to 200,000 Da in Tissues by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11920-11928. [PMID: 34405989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, this was the first study in which caffeic acid (CA) was successfully evaluated as a matrix to enhance the in situ detection and imaging of endogenous proteins in three biological tissue sections (i.e., a rat brain and Capparis masaikai and germinating soybean seeds) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). Our results show several properties of CA, including strong ultraviolet absorption, a super-wide MS detection mass range close to 200,000 Da, micrometer-sized matrix crystals, uniform matrix deposition, and high ionization efficiency. More high-molecular-weight (HMW) protein ion signals (m/z > 30,000) could be clearly detected in biological tissues with the use of CA, compared to two commonly used MALDI matrices, i.e., sinapinic acid (SA) and ferulic acid (FA). Notably, CA shows excellent performance for HMW protein in situ detection from biological tissues in the mass range m/z > 80,000, compared to the use of SA and FA. Furthermore, the use of a CA matrix also significantly enhanced the imaging of proteins on the surface of selected biological tissue sections. Three HMW protein ion signals (m/z 50,419, m/z 65,874, and m/z 191,872) from a rat brain, two sweet proteins (mabinlin-2 and mabinlin-4) from a Capparis masaikai seed, and three HMW protein ion signals (m/z 94,838, m/z 134,204, and m/z 198,738) from a germinating soybean seed were successfully imaged for the first time. Our study proves that CA has the potential to become a standard organic acid matrix for enhanced tissue imaging of HMW proteins by MALDI-MSI in both animal and plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Liu
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Manman Han
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinming Li
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Qin
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qichen Hao
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dongxu Jiang
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Difan Chen
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hang Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Modi B, Timilsina H, Bhandari S, Achhami A, Pakka S, Shrestha P, Kandel D, GC DB, Khatri S, Chhetri PM, Parajuli N. Current Trends of Food Analysis, Safety, and Packaging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:9924667. [PMID: 34485507 PMCID: PMC8410450 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9924667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Food is a basic necessity for life, growth, survival, and maintaining a proper body function. Rising food demand leads both producers and consumers to search for alternative food sources with high nutritional value. However, food products may never be completely safe. The oxidation reaction may alter both the physicochemical and immunological properties of food products. Maillard and caramelization nonenzymatic browning reactions can play a pivotal role in food acceptance through the ways they influence quality factors such as flavor, color, texture, nutritional value, protein functionality, and digestibility. There is a multitude of adulterated foods that portray adverse risks to the human condition. To maintain food safety, the packaging material is used to preserve the quality and freshness of food products. Food safety is jeopardized by plenty of pathogens by the consumption of adulterated food resulting in multiple foodborne illnesses. Though different analytical tools are used in the analysis of food products, yet, adulterated food has repercussions for the community and is a growing issue that adversely impairs human health and well-being. Thus, pathogenic agents' rapid and effective identification is vital for food safety and security to avoid foodborne illness. This review highlights the various analytical techniques used in the analysis of food products, food structure, and quality of food along with chemical reactions in food processing. Moreover, we have also discussed the effect on health due to the consumption of adulterated food and focused on the importance of food safety, including the biodegradable packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Modi
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Hari Timilsina
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Sobika Bhandari
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Ashma Achhami
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Sangita Pakka
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Prakash Shrestha
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Devilal Kandel
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Dhan Bahadur GC
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Sabina Khatri
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Pradhumna Mahat Chhetri
- Department of Chemistry, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Leknath Marg, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Parajuli
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
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15
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Spatiotemporal Visualization of Insecticides and Fungicides within Fruits and Vegetables Using Gold Nanoparticle-Immersed Paper Imprinting Mass Spectrometry Imaging. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051327. [PMID: 34069856 PMCID: PMC8157356 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Food safety issues caused by pesticide residue have exerted far-reaching impacts on human daily life, yet the available detection methods normally focus on surface residue rather than pesticide penetration to the internal area of foods. Herein, we demonstrated gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-immersed paper imprinting mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for monitoring pesticide migration behaviors in various fruits and vegetables (i.e., apple, cucumber, pepper, plum, carrot, and strawberry). By manually stamping food tissues onto AuNP-immersed paper, this method affords the spatiotemporal visualization of insecticides and fungicides within fruits and vegetables, avoiding tedious and time-consuming sample preparation. Using the established MSI platform, we can track the migration of insecticides and fungicides into the inner region of foods. The results revealed that both the octanol-water partition coefficient of pesticides and water content of garden stuffs could influence the discrepancy in the migration speed of pesticides into food kernels. Taken together, this nanopaper imprinting MSI is poised to be a powerful tool because of its simplicity, rapidity, and easy operation, offering the potential to facilitate further applications in food analysis. Moreover, new perspectives are given to provide guidelines for the rational design of novel pesticide candidates, reducing the risk of food safety issues caused by pesticide residue.
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16
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MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Applications for Food Fraud Detection. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical analysis of food products relating to the detection of the most common frauds is a complex task due to the complexity of the matrices and the unknown nature of most processes. Moreover, frauds are becoming more and more sophisticated, making the development of reliable, rapid, cost-effective new analytical methods for food control even more pressing. Over the years, MALDI-TOF MS has demonstrated the potential to meet this need, also due to a series of undeniable intrinsic advantages including ease of use, fast data collection, and capability to obtain valuable information even from complex samples subjected to simple pre-treatment procedures. These features have been conveniently exploited in the field of food frauds in several matrices, including milk and dairy products, oils, fish and seafood, meat, fruit, vegetables, and a few other categories. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing MALDI-based applications for food quality assessment and detection of adulterations.
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17
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Yaqoob M, Sharma S, Aggarwal P. Imaging techniques in Agro-industry and their applications, a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Zhou Q, Fülöp A, Hopf C. Recent developments of novel matrices and on-tissue chemical derivatization reagents for MALDI-MSI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:2599-2617. [PMID: 33215311 PMCID: PMC8007514 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a fast-growing technique for visualization of the spatial distribution of the small molecular and macromolecular biomolecules in tissue sections. Challenges in MALDI-MSI, such as poor sensitivity for some classes of molecules or limited specificity, for instance resulting from the presence of isobaric molecules or limited resolving power of the instrument, have encouraged the MSI scientific community to improve MALDI-MSI sample preparation workflows with innovations in chemistry. Recent developments of novel small organic MALDI matrices play a part in the improvement of image quality and the expansion of the application areas of MALDI-MSI. This includes rationally designed/synthesized as well as commercially available small organic molecules whose superior matrix properties in comparison with common matrices have only recently been discovered. Furthermore, on-tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD) processes get more focused attention, because of their advantages for localization of poorly ionizable metabolites and their‚ in several cases‚ more specific imaging of metabolites in tissue sections. This review will provide an overview about the latest developments of novel small organic matrices and on-tissue chemical derivatization reagents for MALDI-MSI. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqin Zhou
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annabelle Fülöp
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.
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19
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Abstract
Analysis of intact proteins by native mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool for obtaining insight into subunit diversity, post-translational modifications, stoichiometry, structural arrangement, stability, and overall architecture. Typically, such an analysis is performed following protein purification procedures, which are time consuming, costly, and labor intensive. As this technology continues to move forward, advances in sample handling and instrumentation have enabled the investigation of intact proteins in situ and in crude samples, offering rapid analysis and improved conservation of the biological context. This emerging field, which involves various ion source platforms such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) for both spatial imaging and solution-based analysis, is expected to impact many scientific fields, including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and clinical sciences. In this Perspective, we discuss the information that can be retrieved by such experiments as well as the current advantages and technical challenges associated with the different sampling strategies. Furthermore, we present future directions of these MS-based methods, including current limitations and efforts that should be made to make these approaches more accessible. Considering the vast progress we have witnessed in recent years, we anticipate that the advent of further innovations enabling minimal handling of MS samples will make this field more robust, user friendly, and widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Vimer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gili Ben-Nissan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Sharon
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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20
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New Methodology for the Identification of Metabolites of Saccharides and Cyclitols by Off-Line EC-MALDI-TOF-MS. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155265. [PMID: 32722273 PMCID: PMC7432413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of electrochemistry (EC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (off-line EC-MALDI-TOF-MS) was applied for determination of the studied biologically active compounds (D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-pinitol, L-chiro-inositol, and myo-inositol) and their possible electrochemical metabolites. In this work, boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) was used as a working electrode. MALDI-TOF-MS experiments were carried out (both in positive and negative ion modes and using two matrices) to identify the structures of electrochemical products. This was one of the first applications of the EC system for the generation of electrochemical products produced from saccharides and cyclitols. Moreover, exploratory data analysis approaches (correlation networks, hierarchical cluster analysis, weighted plots) were used in order to present differences/similarities between the obtained spectra, regarding the class of analyzed compounds, ionization modes, and used matrices. This work presents the investigation and comparison of fragmentation patterns of sugars, cyclitols, and their respective products generated through the electrochemistry (EC) process.
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21
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Gálvez Ranilla L. The Application of Metabolomics for the Study of Cereal Corn ( Zea mays L.). Metabolites 2020; 10:E300. [PMID: 32717792 PMCID: PMC7463750 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop indigenous to the Americas, where its genetic biodiversity is still preserved, especially among native populations from Mesoamerica and South America. The use of metabolomics in corn has mainly focused on understanding the potential differences of corn metabolomes under different biotic and abiotic stresses or to evaluate the influence of genetic and environmental factors. The increase of diet-linked non-communicable diseases has increased the interest to optimize the content of bioactive secondary metabolites in current corn breeding programs to produce novel functional foods. This review provides perspectives on the role of metabolomics in the characterization of health-relevant metabolites in corn biodiversity and emphasizes the integration of metabolomics in breeding strategies targeting the enrichment of phenolic bioactive metabolites such as anthocyanins in corn kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gálvez Ranilla
- Laboratory of Research in Food Science, Universidad Catolica de Santa Maria, Urb. San Jose s/n, 04013 Arequipa, Peru
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22
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Yukihiro Y, Zaima N. Application of Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Visualizing Food Components. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050575. [PMID: 32375379 PMCID: PMC7278736 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consuming food is essential for survival, maintaining health, and triggering positive emotions like pleasure. One of the factors that drive us toward such behavior is the presence of various compounds in foods. There are many methods to analyze these molecules in foods; however, it is difficult to analyze the spatial distribution of these compounds using conventional techniques, such as mass spectrometry combined with high-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a two-dimensional ionization technology that enables detection of compounds in tissue sections without extraction, purification, separation, or labeling. There are many methods for ionization of analytes, including secondary ion mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and desorption electrospray ionization. Such MSI technologies can provide spatial information on the location of a specific analyte in food. The number of studies utilizing MSI technologies in food science has been increasing in the past decade. This review provides an overview of some of the recent applications of MSI in food science and related fields. In the future, MSI will become one of the most promising technologies for visualizing the distribution of food components and for identifying food-related factors by their molecular weights to improve quality, quality assurance, food safety, nutritional analysis, and to locate administered food factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimura Yukihiro
- Department of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe City 651-2180, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 204-3327 Nakamachi, Nara City 631-8505, Japan
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University,204-3327 Nakamachi, Nara City 631-8505, Japan
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23
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Enomoto H, Kotani M, Ohmura T. Novel Blotting Method for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Metabolites in Strawberry Fruit by Desorption/Ionization Using Through Hole Alumina Membrane. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040408. [PMID: 32244711 PMCID: PMC7230831 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a powerful technique for visualizing metabolites in the strawberry fruit. During sample preparation for MALDI-MSI, sectioning of the samples is usually required. In general, MALDI-MSI analysis of strawberry fruits that are larger than a single glass slide is difficult because thin sections cannot be prepared. In this study, we attempted to visualize metabolites in large strawberry fruits by MSI, employing a blotting method that uses desorption ionization using a through-hole alumina membrane (DIUTHAME) chip. Large strawberry fruits were cut and a DIUTHAME chip was set on the cross-section to blot the metabolites. After drying the DIUTHAME chip, the metabolites were measured in positive and negative ion modes using a commercial MALDI-type mass spectrometer. Several peaks were detected in both the ion modes. Various metabolites related to food quality, such as sugars, organic acids, and anthocyanins, were detected and successfully visualized by blotting on a DIUTHAME chip in MSI. These results suggest that blotting using a DIUTHAME chip in MSI is useful for visualizing the metabolites present in the strawberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Enomoto
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
- Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-28-627-7312
| | - Masahiro Kotani
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata 438-0193, Japan; (M.K.); (T.O.)
| | - Takayuki Ohmura
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata 438-0193, Japan; (M.K.); (T.O.)
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24
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Food Authentication: Techniques, Trends and Emerging Approaches. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030346. [PMID: 32191996 PMCID: PMC7142980 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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25
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Enomoto H, Furukawa T, Takeda S, Hatta H, Zaima N. Unique Distribution of Diacyl-, Alkylacyl-, and Alkenylacyl-Phosphatidylcholine Species Visualized in Pork Chop Tissues by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Foods 2020; 9:foods9020205. [PMID: 32079116 PMCID: PMC7073967 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major phospholipid in meat and influences meat qualities, such as healthiness. PC is classified into three groups based on the bond at the sn-1 position: Diacyl, alkylacyl, and alkenylacyl. To investigate their composition and distribution in pork tissues, including longissimus thoracis et lumborum (loin) spinalis muscles, intermuscular fat, and transparent tissues, we performed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI–MSI). Eleven diacyl-, seven alkylacyl-, and six alkenylacyl-PCs were identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis. Despite many alkylacyl- and alkenylacyl-PC species sharing identical m/z values, we were able to visualize these PC species using MALDI–MSI. Diacyl- and alkylacyl- and/or alkenylacyl-PC species showed unique distribution patterns in the tissues, suggesting that their distribution patterns were dependent on their fatty acid compositions. PCs are a major dietary source of choline in meat, and the amount was significantly higher in the muscle tissues. Consumption of choline mitigates age-related memory decline and neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, the consumption of pork muscle tissues could help to mitigate these diseases. These results support the use of MALDI–MSI analysis for assessing the association between PC species and the quality parameters of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Enomoto
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
- Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-28-627-7312
| | - Tomohiro Furukawa
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
| | - Shiro Takeda
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;
| | - Hajime Hatta
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan;
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan;
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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