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Tasic AM, Ninković M, Pavlović I. Validation and application of a method for determination of multi-class pesticides in muscle chicken breast fillets using QuEChERS extraction and GC/MS. J Vet Res 2024; 68:223-232. [PMID: 38947162 PMCID: PMC11210362 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The occurrence of pesticide residues in animal products deserves attention because of the contamination by environmental pollutants and pesticides that may be present in the food that animals are fed. The goal of this work was the validation of a method for detection of residues of multiple classes of pesticide and determination of their residues in chicken breast fillets. Material and Methods Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used for analysis. A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was put into practice for its validation and applied to real samples. The study optimised mass detection and investigated the effect of a freezing step during the preparation of samples. Pesticides were determined in samples from conventional and organic production. Results The impact of the matrix effect decreased, with the largest number of pesticides and satisfactory recovery determined by the application of mixed solvent acetonitrile and ethyl acetate for extraction. Detection of pesticide residues was achieved in a linear range between 5 and 50 µg/kg with satisfactory excellent correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The recovery of all the pesticide residues ranged between 71.2 and 118.80%. The relative standard deviation was from 2.9% to 18.1% for all validated pesticide residues. The limits of quantification were in the range of 3.0-4.9 µg/kg. Out of 56 pesticide residues analysed in real samples, 5 were detected: α endosulfan, cypermethrin, endosulfan sulphate, permethrin and p,p´-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their concentrations ranged from 4.9 to 15.2 µg/kg. Conclusion All tested samples were compliant with the evaluation criteria, and detected values of pesticide residues were lower than the maximum residual levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Pavlović
- Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, 11000Belgrade, Serbia
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Đokić M, Nekić T, Varenina I, Varga I, Solomun Kolanović B, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Kmetič I, Murati T, Vratarić D, Bilandžić N. Distribution of Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Food of Animal Origin in Croatia. Foods 2024; 13:528. [PMID: 38397505 PMCID: PMC10887917 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants. When entering the food chain, they can represent a public health problem due to their negative effects on health. In this study, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), pyrethroids, carbamates, and PCBs-a total 73 compounds-were determined in a total of 2268 samples of fat tissues (beef, pork, sheep, goat, poultry, game, horse, rabbit) and processed fat, meat, and processed meat products collected in Croatia during an 8-year period. In fatty tissues, 787 results exceeded the limits of quantification (LOQ): 16 OCPs, eight OPPs, six pyrethroids, one carbamate, and seven PCBs. The most positive results in fat samples were found for OCPs, with a frequency of quantification in the range of 57.5-87.5%. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) were quantified in the highest percentages, in the ranges of 5.5-66.7% and 5.4-55.8%. Concentrations above the MRL values were determined for chlorpyrifos in pork fat and for resmethrin in six fat samples and one pâté. In 984 samples of meat and meat products, only 62 results exceeded the LOQ values. The highest frequency of quantification was determined for OCPs (25 samples), of which 40% were DDT isomers (60% DDE). Frequency quantifications of PCBs in fat samples were between 7.23 and 36.7%. An evaluation of the health risk assessment showed that the consumption of fat, meat, and meat products does not pose a threat to consumer health, since all EDI values were well below the respective toxicological reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Đokić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Tamara Nekić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Marija Sedak
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Bruno Čalopek
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
| | - Ivana Kmetič
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Teuta Murati
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Darija Vratarić
- Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Croatia, Planinska 2a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.Đ.); (T.N.); (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (M.S.); (B.Č.)
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Ostadgholami M, Zeeb M, Amirahmadi M, Daraei B. Multivariate Optimization and Validation of a Modified QuEChERS Method for Determination of PAHs and PCBs in Grilled Meat by GC-MS. Foods 2023; 13:143. [PMID: 38201171 PMCID: PMC10779142 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are recognized as carcinogens and mutagenic food contaminants that threaten public health. As for food safety aspects, control of these contaminants in processed and fatty food is necessary. In this study, eleven factors were screened by the Plackett-Burman design, and four variables were chosen to optimize with the central composite design (CCD) for the improvement of extraction and cleanup procedures of these food contaminants. The optimized variables include 5 g of sample, 2 mL mixture of 2/2/1 ethyl acetate/acetone/isooctane, 1.6 g of ammonium formate, 0.9 g of sodium chloride, and 0.25 g of sorbent Z-Sep+. A 5 min cleanup vortex time with the spike calibration curve strategy, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), led to the validated limits of quantification (LOQs) for 16 PAHs and 36 PCBs of 0.5-2 and 0.5-1 ng/g, respectively, and recoveries of 72-120%, with an average relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 17, for PAHs, and 80-120%, with an %RSD of 3, for PCBs. The method introduces excellent accuracy, precision, and efficiency, and minimizes matrix effects, and ensures a control procedure, adopted with international standards, for food authorities to determine the contaminants of interest in processed meat, and consequently, prevent food-borne disease to improve public health indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ostadgholami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1777613651, Iran; (M.O.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mohsen Zeeb
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1777613651, Iran; (M.O.); (M.Z.)
| | - Maryam Amirahmadi
- Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratory (FDRCL), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran 1113615911, Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center (FDLRC), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran 1113615911, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996835113, Iran
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Ohoro CR, Wepener V. Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22142. [PMID: 38045185 PMCID: PMC10692828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely used in agriculture and industry, causing serious health and ecological consequences upon exposure. This review offers a thorough overview of OCPs analysis emphasizing the necessity of ongoing work to enhance the identification and monitoring of these POPs in environmental and human samples. The benefits and drawbacks of the various OCPs analysis techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are discussed. Challenges associated with validation and optimization criteria, including accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), must be met for a method to be regarded as accurate and reliable. Suitable quality control measures, such as method blanks and procedural blanks, are emphasized. The LOD and LOQ are critical quality control measure for efficient quantification of these compounds, and researchers have explored various techniques for their calculation. Matrix interference, solubility, volatility, and partition coefficient influence OCPs occurrences and are discussed in this review. Validation experiments, as stated by European Commission in document SANTE/11813/2017, showed that the acceptance criteria for method validation of OCP analytes include ≤20 % for high precision, and 70-120 % for recovery. This may ultimately be vital for determining the human health risk effects of exposure to OCP and for formulating sensible environmental and public health regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Moriarity RJ, Tsuji LJS, Liberda EN. A probabilistic hazard and risk assessment of exposure to metals and organohalogens associated with a traditional diet in the Indigenous communities of Eeyou Istchee (northern Quebec, Canada). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:14304-14317. [PMID: 36152091 PMCID: PMC9908690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hunting, trapping, and fishing are part of an Indigenous lifestyle in subarctic Canada. However, this lifestyle may be a route of exposure to contaminants and may pose a risk for the people who rely on a subsistence diet. Monte Carlo simulations for the chemical concentration of eight game species and one fish species were carried out by randomly sampling 10,000 samples from the contaminant measures for each species. We then calculated a probabilistic non-carcinogenic hazard quotient or carcinogenic risk values to estimate the human health risk of exposure to contaminants. Of the species examined, ducks were of concern for potential carcinogenic risk. There was a modeled probabilistic 95th-percentile risk associated with the consumption of ducks and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) congener 153 in boys, women, and men (1.09 × 10-6, 1.57 × 10-6, and 2.17 × 10-6, respectively) and, to a lesser extent, with geese and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 153 in men (1.19 × 10-6). Contaminant concentration in the intake rate (food consumption) for PBB congener 153 exposure risk was more important than that for PCB congener 153, where intake rate had greater relevance. The consumption of waterfowl may increase the exposure to organohalogens; however, there are health and wellness benefits associated with the harvesting and consumption of subsistence foods that must also be considered. We recommend follow-up species-specific studies focused on ducks to clarify and elucidate the results in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Moriarity
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Leonard J S Tsuji
- Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric N Liberda
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Petrović J, Kartalović B, Mirčeta J, Radulović JP, Ratajac R, Mastanjević K. Organochlorine pesticides and NDL-PCBs in wild boars from flatland region with intensive agricultural activities. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2021; 15:20-30. [PMID: 34528463 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1976287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyse the content of OHCs and NDL-PCBs in wild boar population living in densely populated flatland region with intensive agricultural production. A total of 82 liver samples were analysed by GC-MS method, revealing the presence of minimum one residue in the liver of the majority of animals (92.7%). Most commonly detected residues included ∑ HCH (64.6%), ∑endrin (56.1%) and ∑dieldrin (32.3%). Mean concentrations were in the range ∑endrin > ∑dieldrin > ∑HCH > ∑NDL-PCB > ∑DDT > ∑CHL > ∑endosulfan > methoxychlor. The dominant compound within the total content of NDL-PCBs was PCB 153 (76%). The assessment of daily intake and determination of Health Index indicated that in 6.1% of the samples the consumption of one single portion of wild boar liver would be harmful to human health due to the presence of ∑endrin or NDL-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Petrović
- Department for food safety and drug analysis, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Brankica Kartalović
- Department for food safety and drug analysis, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovan Mirčeta
- Department for hunting and fishing, JP "Vojvodinšume", Petrovaradin, Serbia
| | - Jasna Prodanov Radulović
- Department for food safety and drug analysis, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Radomir Ratajac
- Department for food safety and drug analysis, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Wang X, Li C, Wu D, Shen J, Wei Y, Wang C. Enrichment of polychlorinated biphenyls in river water by using magnetic adsorbents with high selectivity to nonplanar aromatic compounds and their analysis with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- Department of Analytical Science, Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Analytical Science, Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Solid Phase Materials Sunresin New Materials Co., Ltd. Xi'an China
| | - Jiwei Shen
- Department of Analytical Science, Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Yinmao Wei
- Department of Analytical Science, Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Department of Analytical Science, Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an China
- Instrumental Analysis Lab National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Northwest University) Xi'an China
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A highly sensitive photoelectrochemical aptasensor based on BiVO 4 nanoparticles-TiO 2 nanotubes for detection of PCB72. Talanta 2021; 233:122551. [PMID: 34215054 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a simple and highly sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor has been developed for detecting PCB72 based on TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) decorated with BiVO4 nanoparticles (NPs). The BiVO4 NPs-TiO2 NTs composites prepared through a simple hydrothermal method exhibit good visible-light adsorption ability, high PEC response and perfect photo-excited stability. The synthesized composites were explored as the photoactive sensing materials for development of a PEC sensing platform for the first time. Here, Au nanoparticles (NPs) were first deposited the composites, and the anti-PCB72 aptamer molecules were immobilized on the Au NPs-deposited BiVO4 NPs-TiO2 NTs. The developed PEC aptasensor exhibits high sensitivity and specificity for PCB72 with a wide linear range from 1 ng/L to 500 ng/L and a low detection limit of 0.23 ng/L. The application of the aptasensor was evaluated by determining PCB 72 in the environment water samples. Thus, a simple and efficient PEC sensing platform was established for detecting the content of PCBs in the environment.
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Romero-González R. Detection of Residual Pesticides in Foods. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051113. [PMID: 34069839 PMCID: PMC8157370 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
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