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Feed Supplementation Detection during the Last Productive Stage of the Acorn-Fed Iberian Pig through a Faecal Volatilome Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020226. [PMID: 36670765 PMCID: PMC9854645 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The acorn-fed Iberian pig is known worldwide due to the quality of the resulting products commercialized after a natural and free grazing period of fattening in the dehesa agroforestry ecosystem. The quality regulation of the pig breed reserves "acorn" denomination for only those products obtained from animals exclusively fed grazing acorns and other natural resources; however, sometimes, feed supplementation of the pig's diet is fraudulently employed to reach an earlier slaughtering weight and to increase pig stocking rate, a strategy called postre (meaning "feed supplement"). In this sense, although many studies focused on Iberian pig diet have been published, the field detection of feed use for acorn-fed pig during the last finishing stage foraging in the dehesa, a practice which clashes with the official regulation, has not been explored yet. The present study employs a volatilome analysis (gas chromatography coupled to ion mobility spectrometry) of a non-invasive biological sample (faeces) to discriminate the grazing diet of only natural resources, that acorn-fed Iberian pigs are supposed to have, from those pigs that are also supplemented with feed. The results obtained show the suitability of the methodology used and the usefulness of the information obtained from faeces samples to discriminate and detect the fraudulent use of feed for acorn-fed Iberian pig fattening: a classification success ranging between 86.4% and 100% was obtained for the two chemometric approaches evaluated. These, together with the results of discriminant models, are discussed, in addition to the importance that the methodology optimized implies for the Iberian pig sector and market, which is also introduced. This methodology could be adapted to control organic farming animals or other upstanding livestock production systems which are supposed to be fully dependent on a natural grazing diet.
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González-Domínguez R, Sayago A, Santos-Martín M, Fernández-Recamales Á. Comprehensive and High-Throughput Method for Quantitative Fingerprinting of Phenolic Compounds. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2571:1-12. [PMID: 36152145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2699-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate, robust, and wide-coverage analytical tools are needed in polyphenol research to deal with the high physicochemical complexity of the secondary plant metabolome. In this chapter, a novel method based on reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and mass spectrometry is presented, which enables high-throughput, comprehensive, and quantitative fingerprinting of a broad spectrum of phenolic compounds and related metabolites in different food products. The simplicity, low-cost, and excellent analytical performance of this method would facilitate its implementation in food science for quality control and authenticity purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González-Domínguez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Ana Sayago
- Agrifood Laboratory, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - María Santos-Martín
- Agrifood Laboratory, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Ángeles Fernández-Recamales
- Agrifood Laboratory, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
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NMR-Based Characterization of Citrus Tacle Juice and Low-Level NMR and UV-Vis Data Fusion for Monitoring Its Fractions from Membrane-Based Operations. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010002. [PMID: 36670864 PMCID: PMC9854473 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacle is a citrus variety which recently gained further interest due to its antioxidant and biological properties. This study suggests using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging to characterize Tacle juice's metabolic composition as it is intimately linked to its quality. First, polar and apolar solvent systems were used to identify a significant fraction of the Tacle metabolome. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity and the total content of flavonoids, polyphenols and β-carotene in the juice were investigated with UV-Visible spectroscopy. Tacle juice was clarified and fractionated by ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes in order to recover and purify its bioactive principles. Finally, the second part of this work sheds light on the spectrophotometric assays and 1H-NMR spectra of fractions coming from membrane operations coupled with a multivariate data analysis technique, PCA, to explore the impact of UF and NF processes on the metabolic profile of the juice.
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An Overview on the Application of Chemometrics Tools in Food Authenticity and Traceability. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233940. [PMID: 36496748 PMCID: PMC9738746 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of advanced chemometrics tools in food authenticity research is crucial for managing the huge amount of data that is generated by applying state-of-the-art analytical methods such as chromatographic, spectroscopic, and non-targeted fingerprinting approaches. Thus, this review article provides description, classification, and comparison of the most important statistical techniques that are commonly employed in food authentication and traceability, including methods for exploratory data analysis, discrimination, and classification, as well as for regression and prediction. This literature revision is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to provide a general overview to non-expert readers in the use of chemometrics in food science. Overall, the available literature suggests that the selection of the most appropriate statistical technique is dependent on the characteristics of the data matrix, but combining complementary tools is usually needed for properly handling data complexity. In that way, chemometrics has become a powerful ally in facilitating the detection of frauds and ensuring the authenticity and traceability of foods.
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Go YS, Won EJ, Kim SH, Lee DH, Kang JH, Shin KH. Stepwise Approach for Tracing the Geographical Origins of the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum Using Dual-Element Isotopes and Carbon Isotopes of Fatty Acids. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131965. [PMID: 35804779 PMCID: PMC9265916 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are many studies that have reported methods for tracing the geographical origin of seafoods, most of them have focused on identifying parameters that can be used effectively and not the direct application of these methods. In this study, we attempted to differentiate the geographical origins of the Manila clam R. philippinarum collected from different sites in Korea, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and China using a combination of analyses based on dual-element isotopes, fatty acids (FAs), and compound-specific isotopic analysis of FAs. We hypothesized that a stepwise application of new parameters to unclassified samples could achieve this objective by integrating new information while reducing time and labor. The FA profiles and compound-specific carbon isotopic values of FAs were found to enhance the discrimination power of determining the geographic origin up to 100%. Our findings demonstrate the advantageousness of using several parameters simultaneously over the conventional method of employing individual analytical methods when identifying geographic origins of the Manila clam, which could have implications for tracing the origins of different shellfish species or other food products as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Shin Go
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.-S.G.); (S.-H.K.); (D.-H.L.)
- Marine Environmental Management Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Won
- Institute of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - Seung-Hee Kim
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.-S.G.); (S.-H.K.); (D.-H.L.)
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.-S.G.); (S.-H.K.); (D.-H.L.)
- Marine Environmental Management Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Jung-Ha Kang
- Aquaculture Industry Division, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Incheon 22383, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (Y.-S.G.); (S.-H.K.); (D.-H.L.)
- Institute of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5536
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Impact of Heat Stress on Meat Quality and Antioxidant Markers in Iberian Pigs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121911. [PMID: 34943014 PMCID: PMC8750345 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is associated with impaired meat quality and disruption of redox balance. This study investigated the effect of chronic exposure to high temperature on meat quality and antioxidant markers of muscles (longissimus lumborum and gluteus medius) of growing Iberian pigs. Twenty-four pure Iberian pigs were allocated during 28 days to one of three treatments (n = 8/treatment): thermoneutral conditions (20 °C) and ad libitum feeding (TN), heat stress conditions (30 °C) and ad libitum feeding (HS) and thermoneutral and pair-fed with HS (TN-pf). Muscles of the HS group had greater intramuscular fat content than the TN-pf group and higher Zn levels than TN and TN-pf, whereas differences on fatty acid composition were negligible. Heat exposure did not affect pH, color coordinates of redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) and MDA values but had a positive influence on lightness and drip losses. Moreover, chronic heat stress stimulated the activity of antioxidant defenses SOD, CAT and GPx. The statistical factor analysis adequately classified the muscles studied, but was unable to differentiate samples according with treatments. Findings of the present study support an adaptive response of the Iberian pig to high temperatures and show the high Iberian meat quality even under adverse climate situations.
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Recent Developments in Identification of Genuine Odor- and Taste-Active Compounds in Foods. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071628. [PMID: 34359497 PMCID: PMC8303592 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Chemical Characteristics of Croatian Traditional Istarski pršut (PDO) Produced from Two Different Pig Genotypes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144140. [PMID: 34299415 PMCID: PMC8303308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical characteristics of raw and processed Istarski pršut (PDO) produced from two different pig genotypes were studied with special emphasis on amino and fatty acid composition and factors of lipid stability. Raw hams of Large White (LW)xLandrace (L), and (LWxL)xDuroc (D) pig genotypes were used in the study (20 hams of each genotype). All left raw hams from each carcass were processed in accordance with the PDO specification of Istarski pršut, and other half (the right ones) of LWxL)xD genotype were used for analyses of raw hams (fresh muscles). Istarski pršut was evaluated on the basis of the chemical parameters of the raw and matured lean ham. The process of dry curing significantly influenced the chemical properties of Istarski pršut. Despite the higher content of intramuscular fat and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the fat of (LWxL)xD ham was much more resistant to hydrolysis and oxidation, suggesting that fatty acid profile and other factors, also play a significant role. Significant differences between pig genotypes in the amino acid and fatty acid profiles were found. The analyzed Istarski pršut may be distinguished by prints of multivariate chemometric statistical analysis, based on their amino acid and fatty acid compositions.
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Effect of season, feeding, and anatomical region on the triacylglycerol profile of Iberian pig fat. Food Chem 2021; 361:130070. [PMID: 34023684 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The work studies the effects of season, feeding type, and anatomical region on the Iberian pig fat triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles, considered as compositional data (CoDa). The analysis consisted of applying exploratory tools in the simplex and standard multivariate techniques to data transformed into the Euclidean space (ilr coordinates). Compositional biplot showed differences in TAG containing palmitic (P) and oleic (O) acids between the 2005 and 2003/2004 seasons but not within these. PPP (clr variance, 0.139), OLL (0.095), PPS (0.075), POPo + PLP (0.074), and PSS (0.629) showed high CoDa variability among treatments. The ANOVA analysis found significant (p ≤ 0.05) effects of season, feeding type, and anatomical region on pig fat TAG profile, but only that for 2005 season was well predicted (97.5%) by discriminant analysis (DA). Overall, season was more influential on the Iberian pig fat TAG profile than montanera length and sampling region, which effects were not significant for some statistical techniques.
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Effect of Fattening Period Length on Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Fatty Acid Profiles in Iberian Pigs Finished in the Montanera Sustainable System. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12197937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four extensively reared Iberian pigs were used to study the influence of fattening period length (30, 60 or 90 days) on the fatty acid profiles of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat and the relationships between both profiles. Regarding fatty acid (FA) percentage, PUFA was greater in backfat and MUFA was greater in intramuscular fat (IMF), regardless of fattening period length. The longer fattening period increased MUFA content in backfat (which had a more marked change in oleic acid) and decreased PUFA content in backfat and IMF, but it did not affect SFA content. Within the three-layer subcutaneous backfat, SFA content was greater in the inner layer, MUFA was greater in the outer layer and PUFA was greater in both of these layers. The few differences in FA composition between both adipose tissues suggest that the changes due to the feeding regime are slow and, therefore, although the length of the fattening phase was increased, the fatty acid profile did not change substantially. The strong relationship between the FA profiles of IMF and backfat might be used to predict one profile from the other one when the latter is more readily available for sampling or analytical reasons.
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