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Chemical conversions of free phytosterols during the bleaching of corn oil. Food Chem 2023; 412:135512. [PMID: 36731234 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols have health benefits; however, they are partially removed during the bleaching of corn oil. We evaluated the chemical conversion of free phytosterols (FPs) during bleaching. FP degradation accelerated with increased time and temperature, following a first-order kinetic model. In the n-heptane system, air and activated clay promoted the chemical conversion of the FPs. Sterenes formation was analysed under different conditions using a zero-order kinetic model. The apparent activation energies revealed sterene formation decreasing in the following order: campesta-3,5-diene ≈ stigmasta-3,5,22-triene > stigmasta-3,5-diene. Isomers of the above were not detected, indicating that these sterenes were the only primary products of FPs. The desorption test indicated that the FP loss from corn oil was not only due to FPs being adsorbed the activated clay, but also FPs adsorbed at acidic activated sites being degraded. This study presents a vital scientific foundation for retaining FPs to develop healthier and more nutritious oils.
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Ye Z, Luo S, Lv Y, Liu Y. Influences of Illumination Pretreatment on Soybean Oil Activated Clay Bleaching Effects and Soybean Oil Quality Evaluation. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051038. [PMID: 36900555 PMCID: PMC10001297 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visible light has been widely studied for possible applications in food industry as being a kind of clean energy. Presently, the influences of illumination pretreatment on soybean oil quality followed by conventional activated clay bleaching, including the oil color, fatty acid composition, oxidation stability, and micronutrient content, were investigated. Results demonstrated that the illumination pretreatment increased the color differences between the non-illuminated and illuminated soybean oils, which indicated that the light exposure could improve the decoloring effects. The fatty acids composition and the peroxide value (POV) and oxidation stability index (OSI) of the soybean oils showed little changes during this process. Although the illumination pretreatment affected the content of lipid-soluble micronutrients, including phytosterols and tocopherols, no significant differences could be observed (p > 0.05). Moreover, it showed that the illumination pretreatment showed significant effects for decreasing the following activated clay bleaching temperature, indicating the energy saving potential of this novel soybean oil decoloring process. The present study might provide new insights for developing eco-friendly and efficient vegetable oil bleaching technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shufan Luo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yaping Lv
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0510-8587-6799
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Golimowski W, Teleszko M, Zając A, Kmiecik D, Grygier A. Effect of the Bleaching Process on Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Raw Hemp Seed Oil ( Cannabis sativa). Molecules 2023; 28:769. [PMID: 36677827 PMCID: PMC9863655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many refined oils from soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower, among others, are available on the food market, except olive oil. Refining, on the small production scale of niche oils, is not used due to the high cost of the refining process. Unrefined oils are characterized by intense taste, odor, color, and undesirable nutrients. The problem to be solved is determining the effects of incomplete refining of niche oils on their composition. One process, which does not require the use of complex apparatus, is the bleaching process. The results presented in this article relate to the research stage, in which the aim is to evaluate the changes occurring in the oil due to the low-temperature bleaching process with different process parameters. The presented research results provide evidence of the absence of adverse changes in the fatty acid profile of hemp oil of the varieties 'Finola', 'Earlina 8FC', and 'Secuieni Jubileu'. Seven different types of bleaching earth were used to bleach the oil in amounts of 2.5 and 5 g/100 g of vegetable oil. The fatty acid profile was obtained by gas chromatography (GC-FID). The obtained chromatograms were subjected to statistical analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The results show that there was no effect of the type of bleaching earth and its amount on the change in the fatty acid profile of bleached oils. Only real differences between the types of hemp oils were observed. However, an overall positive effect of the bleaching process on hemp oil was found. The amount of saturated fatty acid (SFA) was reduced by 17.1% compared with the initial value, resulting in an increase in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by 4.4%, resulting in an unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) proportion of 90%. There was a significant improvement in the SFA/PUFA ratio by 26% over the baseline, and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio by 8.9% to a value of 3.1:1. The new knowledge from this study is evidence of the positive effect of the low-temperature bleaching process on the fatty acid profile. In contrast, the parameters of the bleaching process itself are not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Golimowski
- Department of Agroengineering and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mirosława Teleszko
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118/120 Street, 53–345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Kmiecik
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Grygier
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
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Wang W, Yang B, Huang F, Zheng C, Li W, Liu T, Liu C. Synchronous pressing and refining after solid-phase preadsorption technology as a new method for rapeseed oil preparation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Quality, Key Production Factors, and Consumption Volume of Niche Edible Oils Marketed in the European Union. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Consumer’s awareness of the health-promoting aspects of food and their search for products with high nutritional value is driving increased interest in niche oils. Such oils are produced on a small scale due to limited access to raw material and its low oil content. The aim of this multi-criteria analysis was to position niche oils. Data for the study were collected based on a literature review regarding twenty-three niche oils available on the European Union market. Analysis of quality parameters, key production factors, waste reusability, and average annual consumption volume in 2015–2020 was performed. Based on the research, it was concluded that linseed (flaxseed) oil, hemp oil, mustard oil, raspberry seed oil, and sesame oil should be of the most interest to consumers. They are characterized by the highest content of tocopherols, sterols, polyphenols, and carotenoids, a favorable ratio of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and pro-ecological and sustainable production technology. Based on the results of the study, the need for empirical research was identified, the key to filling the knowledge gaps in the area of edible niche oils.
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Serrano-Bermúdez LM, Monroy-Peña CA, Moreno D, Abril A, Imbachi Niño AD, Martínez Riascos CA, Buitrago Hurtado G, Narváez Rincón PC. Kinetic models for degumming and bleaching of phospholipids from crude palm oil using citric acid and Super Flo B80® and Tonsil®. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Attempts of Physical Refining of Sterol-Rich Sunflower Press Oil to Obtain Minimally Processed Edible Oil. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081901. [PMID: 34441678 PMCID: PMC8394065 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New phytosterol (PS)-enriched sunflower seeds, which are higher in campesterol and ∆7-stigmastenol, have recently been developed. Crude oils obtained from these new sunflower seeds in 2015 and 2017 were used in this study. Oils extracted only by press (PO) and with subsequent solvent extraction (SO) were characterized. Physical refining (PhR) was used to obtain edible PO by minimal processing and to keep the PS levels as high as possible. Oils obtained by chemical processing were also studied for comparative purposes. Different bleaching treatments were examined to reduce the contents of phospholipids in the PO to levels required for PhR (<10 mg kg-1). Phosphorous levels in PO from 2015 (9-12 mg kg-1) were reduced to optimal levels by bleaching with 0.1% Trisyl and 1% Tonsil 278 FF. Contrarily, treatments with Trisyl and Tonsil (278 FF or 114 FF) were not sufficient to reduce the higher levels in PO from 2017 (15-36 mg/kg-1), thereby they were subjected to chemical refining (ChR). The PhR applied to PO from 2015 did not lead to substantial changes in the composition and total content of PS. In contrast, losses of up to approximately 30% of total PS were found owing to ChR, although the oils preserved their unique PS profiles.
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Improved Shelf-Life and Consumer Acceptance of Fresh-Cut and Fried Potato Strips by an Edible Coating of Garden Cress Seed Mucilage. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071536. [PMID: 34359406 PMCID: PMC8303181 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coatings that reduce the fat content of fried food are an alternate option to reach both health concerns and consumer demand. Mucilage of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seed extract (MSE) was modified into an edible coating with or without ascorbic acid (AA) to coat fresh-cut potato strips during cold storage (5 °C and 95% RH for 12 days) and subsequent frying. Physical attributes such as color, weight loss, and texture of potato strips coated with MSE solutions with or without AA showed that coatings efficiently delayed browning, reduced weight loss, and maintained the texture during cold storage. Moreover, MSE with AA provided the most favorable results in terms of reduction in oil uptake. In addition, the total microbial count was lower for MSE-coated samples when compared to the control during the cold storage. MSE coating also performed well on sensory attributes, showing no off flavors or color changes. As a result, the edible coating of garden cress mucilage could be a promising application for extending shelf-life and reducing the oil uptake of fresh-cut potato strips.
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Mis Solval K, Chouljenko A, Theegala C, Sathivel S. Physicochemical Properties of Purified Biodiesel Based on Oil Recovered from Catfish (
Ictalurus punctatus
) Viscera. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mis Solval
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of Georgia Griffin GA 30223 USA
| | - Alexander Chouljenko
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences North Carolina State University, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology 303 College Circle, Morehead City NC 28557 USA
| | - Chandra Theegala
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803‐4300 USA
| | - Subramaniam Sathivel
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803‐4300 USA
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803‐4300 USA
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Zayed A, Badawy MT, Farag MA. Valorization and extraction optimization of Citrus seeds for food and functional food applications. Food Chem 2021; 355:129609. [PMID: 33799261 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Valorization of food byproducts has attracted recently considerable attention. Citrus fruits provide considerable non-edible residues reach 80% in juice production. They are considered agri-wastes to comprise peel, pulp and seeds. Previous investigations have focused on peel and pulp to recover value-added products. The review presents for the first-time phytochemical composition of Citrus seeds' products, i.e., oil and extracts. Fatty acids, phytosterols and tocopherols amounted as the major bioactives in Citrus seeds, in addition to limonoids, dietary fibers and flavonoids. Besides their nutritional values, these chemicals have promising applications including production of biodiesel, food enhancers and antioxidants, especially from mandarin and grapefruit seeds. Optimum conditions of the different Citrus seeds' valorization are discussed to improve extraction yield and lessen environmental hazards of solvent extraction. This review presents the best utilization practices for one of the largest cultivated fruit seeds worldwide and its different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, El-guish Street, 31527 Tanta, Egypt; Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marwa T Badawy
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
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Liu C, Wang W, Wu R, Liu Y, Lin X, Kan H, Zheng Y. Preparation of Acid- and Alkali-Modified Biochar for Removal of Methylene Blue Pigment. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30906-30922. [PMID: 33324799 PMCID: PMC7726758 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Walnut shell biochar (WSC) and wood powder biochar (WPC) prepared using the limited oxygen pyrolysis process were used as raw materials, and ZnCl2, KOH, H2SO4, and H3PO4 were used to modify them. The evaluation of the liquid-phase adsorption performance using methylene blue (MB) as a pigment model showed that modified biochar prepared from both biomasses had a mesoporous structure, and the pore size of WSC was larger than that of WPC. However, the alkaline modified was more conducive to the formation of pores in the biomass-modified biochar materials; KOH treatment resulted in the highest modified biochar-specific surface area. The isothermal adsorption of MB by the two biomass pyrolysis charcoals conformed to the Freundlich equation, and the adsorption process conformed to the quasi-second-order kinetic equation, which is mainly physical adsorption. The large number of oxygen-containing functional groups on the particle surface provided more adsorption sites for MB adsorption, which was beneficial to the adsorption reactions. The adsorption effects of woody biomass were obviously higher than that of shell biomass, and the adsorption capacities of the two raw materials' pyrolysis charcoal were in the order of WPC > WSC. The adsorption effects of different treatment reagents on MB were in the order ZnCl2 > KOH > H3PO4 > H2SO4. The maximum adsorption capacities of the two biomass treatments were 850.9 mg/g for WPC with ZnCl2 treatment and 701.3 mg/g for WSC with KOH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Key Laboratory of
State Forestry Administration for Highly-Efficient Utilization of
Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Materials
Science & Engineering, Southwest Forestry
University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Wendong Wang
- Key Laboratory of
State Forestry Administration for Highly-Efficient Utilization of
Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Materials
Science & Engineering, Southwest Forestry
University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of
State Forestry Administration for Highly-Efficient Utilization of
Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Materials
Science & Engineering, Southwest Forestry
University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- College
of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of
State Forestry Administration for Highly-Efficient Utilization of
Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Materials
Science & Engineering, Southwest Forestry
University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Huan Kan
- College
of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Yunwu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of
State Forestry Administration for Highly-Efficient Utilization of
Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Materials
Science & Engineering, Southwest Forestry
University, Kunming 650224, PR China
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