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Maung AT, Abdelaziz MNS, Mohammadi TN, Zhao J, Ei-Telbany M, Nakayama M, Matsusita K, Masuda Y, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T. Comparison of prevalence, characterization, antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes in recent 5 years in Japan. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106333. [PMID: 37673352 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence, serotype, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence potential, and biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes isolated in 2022 in Japan and compared their profiles with those of isolates in 2012 and 2017. A total of 85 chicken samples were randomly collected from different supermarkets in Fukuoka in 2022. L. monocytogenes were isolated by conventional method and characterized by MALDI-TOF MS. Among 85 samples tested in 2022, 9 (10.6%) were positive for L. monocytogenes and 17 strains were isolated from the positive samples. The isolates were serotyped as 1/2b (41.2%), 3a (29.4%), 3b (23.5%) and 1/2a (5.9%). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the 2022 isolates showed susceptibility to majority of the antibiotics, except cefoxitin, oxacillin, and fosfomycin. Compared to the previous surveillance results, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in 2022 (10.6%) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of the isolates in 2017 (24%) and 2012 (52.9%). The distribution of serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b decreased over time, and serotype 4b was not detected in the 2022 isolates. The proportion of multidrug resistant strains in 2022 (16.7%) was significantly lower than those in 2012 (46.7%) and 2017 (82.6%). Moreover, a total of 36 isolates (12 isolates/ year) were used to detect the virulence genes (hlyA, plcA, clpC, and inlA) and biofilm-forming capacity. Most of the isolates from different years harboured four virulence genes. The biofilm formation of the 2022 isolates was significantly weaker (p < 0.05) than those of the 2012 and 2017 isolates. Thus, despite the low rates of contamination in chicken meat and AMR of the isolates, virulent L. monocytogenes contamination in food should still be acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Thida Maung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Department of Animal Science, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Marwa Nabil Sayed Abdelaziz
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tahir Noor Mohammadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Junxin Zhao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Mohamed Ei-Telbany
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Motokazu Nakayama
- Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, 2-3-1, Matsukadai, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 813-8503, Japan
| | - Kaori Matsusita
- Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, 2-3-1, Matsukadai, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 813-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Masuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honjoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Tayeb BA, Mohamed-Sharif YH, Choli FR, Haji SS, Ibrahim MM, Haji SK, Rasheed MJ, Mustafa NA. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Meat Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:315-333. [PMID: 37389828 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to comprehensively understand antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Listeria monocytogenes (LM) isolated from meat and meat products. The study was performed following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Published articles from 2000 to 2022 were collected from six widely used online databases, including AGRICOLA, PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL-EBSCO. Prevalence rates and AMR of pathogen isolates were analyzed using MedCalc software, including the I2 statistic and Cochrane Q test for heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression were conducted to analyze potential sources of heterogeneity at a 95% significance level. The distribution and prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) were examined using a random-effect model. The pooled frequency of bacterial MDR was 22.97% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.95-32.13). The studies exhibited high heterogeneity (I2 = 94.82%, 95% CI = 93.74-95.71, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the most prevalent antibiotics resistance found in the majority of included studies were tetracycline, clindamycin, penicillin, ampicillin, and oxacillin (I2 = 86.66%, 95% CI = 73.20-93.36, p < 0.0001). This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of AMR in LM isolates, and the results indicate that none of the variable factors, including sampling location, sampling size, or methodology, significantly influenced the outcome of LM isolates resistant to multidrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhar Ahmed Tayeb
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary in Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
| | - Yousif Hamed Mohamed-Sharif
- Department of Food Microbiology, Ibrahim Khlail-Habur International Border, New-Standard Company, Zakho, Iraq
| | - Farhad Ramadhan Choli
- Food Safety and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Directorate in Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
| | - Shamal Subhi Haji
- Department of Food Microbiology, Ibrahim Khlail-Habur International Border, New-Standard Company, Zakho, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Mahmood Ibrahim
- Food Industry Department, Standardization and Quality Control Authority, Directorate of Quality Control, Zakho, Iraq
| | - Shana Khalid Haji
- Department of Food Microbiology, Ibrahim Khlail-Habur International Border, New-Standard Company, Zakho, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Jomaa Rasheed
- Food Industry Department, Standardization and Quality Control Authority, Directorate of Quality Control, Zakho, Iraq
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Kawacka I, Pietrzak B, Schmidt M, Olejnik-Schmidt A. Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Meat Products and Processing Environment in Poland Are Sensitive to Commonly Used Antibiotics, with Rare Cases of Reduced Sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030821. [PMID: 36983976 PMCID: PMC10051045 DOI: 10.3390/life13030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem, causing not only an increased mortality rate of bacterial infections but also economic losses due to, among other reasons, the need for longer hospital stays. Listeria monocytogenes is one of the foodborne pathogens with the ability to induce a serious illness called listeriosis, with approximately 20-30% fatal outcomes. The treatment regimen of listeriosis in humans includes the administration of antibiotics (in most cases, ampicillin or trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole in case of allergies to β-lactams), so the resistance of this pathogen to antibiotics can potentially lead to increased mortality. The antibiotic sensitivity status of n = 153 L. monocytogenes isolates originating from meat food samples (raw and processed) and meat-processing environment (both contacting and non-contacting with food) collected between October 2020 and November 2021 in Poland was examined in this study. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar plates. All collected samples were susceptible to 9 antibiotics: ampicillin (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), penicillin (10 IU), streptomycin (10 µg), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (1.25/23.75 µg), tetracycline (30 µg) and vancomycin (30 µg). Some of the isolates (n = 10; 6.5%) showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (5 µg), which was classified as an intermediate response. All these ten isolates were collected from surfaces contacting with food in food-processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Kawacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Pietrzak
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Schmidt
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Olejnik-Schmidt
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
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Zhang H, Luo X, Aspridou Z, Misiou O, Dong P, Zhang Y. The Prevalence and Antibiotic-Resistant of Listeria monocytogenes in Livestock and Poultry Meat in China and the EU from 2001 to 2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040769. [PMID: 36832844 PMCID: PMC9957035 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the prevalence and antibiotic resistance rate of Listeria monocytogenes in livestock and poultry (beef, pork and chicken) meat between China and the European Union (EU), a meta-analysis was conducted. Ninety-one out of 2156 articles in Chinese and English published between January 2001 and February 2022 were selected from four databases. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in livestock and poultry (beef, pork and chicken) meat in China and Europe was 7.1% (3152/56,511, 95% CI: 5.8-8.6%) and 8.3% (2264/889,309, 95% CI: 5.9-11.0%), respectively. Moreover, a decreasing trend was observed in both regions over time. Regarding antibiotic resistance, for the resistance to 15 antibiotics, the pooled prevalence was 5.8% (95% CI: 3.1-9.1%). In both regions, the highest prevalence was found in oxacillin, ceftriaxone and tetracycline, and a large difference was reported between China and the EU in ceftriaxone (52.6% vs. 17.3%) and cefotaxime (7.0% vs. 0.0%). Based on the above, it remains a significant challenge to enforce good control measures against the meat-sourced L. monocytogenes both in China and in the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Laboratory of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Zafeiro Aspridou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ourania Misiou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- Laboratory of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Laboratory of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence:
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Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria—A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081079. [PMID: 36009947 PMCID: PMC9404765 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A global problem of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among bacteria is the cause of hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. In response to the significant increase of MDR bacteria, legislative measures have widely been taken to limit or eliminate the use of antibiotics, including in the form of feed additives for livestock, but also in metaphylaxis and its treatment, which was the subject of EU Regulation in 2019/6. Numerous studies have documented that bacteria use both phenotypis and gentic strategies enabling a natural defence against antibiotics and the induction of mechanisms in increasing resistance to the used antibacterial chemicals. The mechanisms presented in this review developed by the bacteria have a significant impact on reducing the ability to combat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Moreover, the high prevalence of multi-resistant strains in the environment and the ease of transmission of drug-resistance genes between the different bacterial species including commensal flora and pathogenic like foodborne pathogens (E. coli, Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Staphylococcus spp.) favor the rapid spread of multi-resistance among bacteria in humans and animals. Given the global threat posed by the widespread phenomenon of multi-drug resistance among bacteria which are dangerous for humans and animals, the subject of this study is the presentation of the mechanisms of resistance in most frequent bacteria called as “foodborne pathoges” isolated from human and animals. In order to present the significance of the global problem related to multi-drug resistance among selected pathogens, especially those danger to humans, the publication also presents statistical data on the percentage range of occurrence of drug resistance among selected bacteria in various regions of the world. In addition to the phenotypic characteristics of pathogen resistance, this review also presents detailed information on the detection of drug resistance genes for specific groups of antibiotics. It should be emphasized that the manuscript also presents the results of own research i.e., Campylobacter spp., E. coli or Enetrococcus spp. This subject and the presentation of data on the risks of drug resistance among bacteria will contribute to initiating research in implementing the prevention of drug resistance and the development of alternatives for antimicrobials methods of controlling bacteria.
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Li S, Xu X, Wei L, Wang L, Lv Q. Acacetin Alleviates Listeria monocytogenes Virulence Both In Vitro and In Vivo via the Inhibition of Listeriolysin O. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 19:115-125. [PMID: 34809484 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous Gram-positive foodborne pathogen that is responsible for listeriosis in both humans and several animal species. The bacterium secretes a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, listeriolysin O (LLO), a major virulence factor involved in the activation of cellular processes. The ability of LLO to lyse erythrocytes is a measure of LLO activity. We used hemolytic activity assay to screen the LLO inhibitors. Acacetin was found to be an LLO inhibitor, which is a di-hydroxy and mono-methoxy flavone present in various plants, including Black locust, Damiana, and Silver birch. As the features of acacetin are of low toxicity and have less acquired resistance, it comes to a hotspot in drug development. In our study, we report that acacetin antagonized the hemolytic activity of L. monocytogenes culture supernatants and purified LLO by directly interfering with the formation of oligomers without inhibiting the bacterial growth and the expression of LLO. Acacetin also relieved the injury of alveolar epithelial cells by inhibiting LLO activity. Further, acacetin significantly promoted the clearance of L. monocytogenes and alleviated the histopathological damage, thereby raising survival rate, which conferred mice with effective protection against L. monocytogenes infection. Using molecular docking and dynamics simulation, we further proved the mechanism of acacetin antagonizing LLO pore-forming activity by direct binding to the second membrane-inserting helix bundle (HB2) of LLO domain 3. These data suggested that acacetin recedes the virulence of L. monocytogenes both in vivo and in vitro, and this study provided a promising candidate and potential alternative for the prevention and treatment of L. monocytogenes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangzhu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Laigang Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianghua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ji J, Shankar S, Royon F, Salmieri S, Lacroix M. Essential oils as natural antimicrobials applied in meat and meat products-a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:993-1009. [PMID: 34309444 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1957766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Meat and meat products are highly susceptible to the growth of micro-organism and foodborne pathogens that leads to severe economic loss and health hazards. High consumption and a considerable waste of meat and meat products result in the demand for safe and efficient preservation methods. Instead of synthetic additives, the use of natural preservative materials represents an interest. Essential oils (EOs), as the all-natural and green-label trend attributing to remarkable biological potency, have been adopted for controlling the safety and quality of meat products. Some EOs, such as thyme, cinnamon, rosemary, and garlic, showed a strong antimicrobial activity individually and in combination. To eliminate or reduce the organoleptic defects of EOs in practical application, EOs encapsulation in wall materials can improve the stability and antimicrobial ability of EOs in meat products. In this review, meat deteriorations, antimicrobial capacity (components, effectiveness, and interactions), and mechanisms of EOs are reviewed, as well as the demonstration of using encapsulation for masking intense aroma and conducting control release is presented. The use of EOs individually or in combination and encapsulated applications of EOs in meat and meat products are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ji
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS Armand-Frappier, Health and Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shiv Shankar
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS Armand-Frappier, Health and Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fiona Royon
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS Armand-Frappier, Health and Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Salmieri
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS Armand-Frappier, Health and Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Monique Lacroix
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS Armand-Frappier, Health and Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Effect of Gaseous Ozone on Listeria monocytogenes Planktonic Cells and Biofilm: An In Vitro Study. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071484. [PMID: 34206833 PMCID: PMC8306814 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among food-borne pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes continues to pose concerns to food business operators due to its capacity to form biofilm in processing environments. Ozone may be an eco-friendly technology to control microbial contaminations, but data concerning its effect on Listeria monocytogenes biofilm are still limited. In this study, the effect of gaseous ozone at 50 ppm on planktonic cells and biofilm of reference and food-related Listeria monocytogenes strains was evaluated. Ozone caused a reduction in microbial loads of 3.7 ± 0.4 and 3.9 ± 0.4 Log10 CFU/mL after 10 and 30 min, respectively. A complete inactivation of planktonic cells after 6 h of treatment was observed. Biofilm inhibition and eradication treatments (50 ppm, 6 h) resulted in a significant decrease of the biofilm biomass for 59% of the strains tested, whilst a slight dampening of live cell loads in the biofilm state was observed. In conclusion, gaseous ozone is not sufficient to completely counteract Listeria monocytogenes biofilm, but it may be useful as an additional tool to contrast Listeria monocytogenes free-living cells and to improve the existing sanitization procedures in food processing environments.
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Pateiro M, Domínguez R, Lorenzo JM. Recent Research Advances in Meat Products. Foods 2021; 10:1303. [PMID: 34200135 PMCID: PMC8230034 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent trends in meat products have their origin in the new needs of consumers that are related to nutrition, health concerns, well-being and natural products [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, rúa Galicia No. 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (R.D.); (J.M.L.)
| | - Rubén Domínguez
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, rúa Galicia No. 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (R.D.); (J.M.L.)
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, rúa Galicia No. 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (R.D.); (J.M.L.)
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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