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González-Rodríguez T, García-Lara S. Maize hydroxycinnamic acids: unveiling their role in stress resilience and human health. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1322904. [PMID: 38371498 PMCID: PMC10870235 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1322904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize production is pivotal in ensuring food security, particularly in developing countries. However, the crop encounters multiple challenges stemming from climatic changes that adversely affect its yield, including biotic and abiotic stresses during production and storage. A promising strategy for enhancing maize resilience to these challenges involves modulating its hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) content. HCAAs are secondary metabolites present in plants that are essential in developmental processes, substantially contributing to defense mechanisms against environmental stressors, pests, and pathogens, and exhibiting beneficial effects on human health. This mini-review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of HCAAs in maize, including their biosynthesis, functions, distribution, and health potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silverio García-Lara
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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2
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Weng V, Cardeira M, Bento-Silva A, Serra AT, Brazinha C, Bronze MR. Arabinoxylan from Corn Fiber Obtained through Alkaline Extraction and Membrane Purification: Relating Bioactivities with the Phenolic Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:5621. [PMID: 37570593 PMCID: PMC10420191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabinoxylan has prebiotic properties, as it is able to resist digestion in the small intestine and undergoes fermentation in the large intestine. In this work, arabinoxylan was extracted from corn fiber using an alkaline solution and further purified with membrane processing. It was found that the extracts were mainly composed of xylose (50-52%), arabinose (37-39%), galactose (9%) and glucose (1-4%), with an A/X ratio of 0.72-0.77. All the extracts were composed of phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid derivatives such as dimers, trimers and tetramers. The purified extract had a lower concentration of ferulic and p-coumaric acid (0.004 and 0.02 mg/mgdry_weight, respectively) when compared to raw extract (19.30 and 2.74 mg/mgdry_weight, respectively). The same effect was observed for the antioxidant activity, with purified extracts having a lower value (0.17 ± 0.02 µmol TEAC/mg) when compared to the raw extract (2.20 ± 0.35 µmol TEAC/mg). The purified extract showed a greater antiproliferative effect against the HT29 cell line with EC50 = 0.12 ± 0.02 mg/mL when compared to the raw extract (EC50 = 5.60 ± 1.6 mg/mL). Both raw and purified extracts did not show any cytotoxicity to the Caco-2 cell line in the maximum concentration tested (10 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Weng
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Martim Cardeira
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (M.R.B.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta-do-Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Apartado 12, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andreia Bento-Silva
- FFULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Ana Teresa Serra
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (M.R.B.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta-do-Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Apartado 12, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carla Brazinha
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (M.R.B.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta-do-Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Apartado 12, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- iMed.ULisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Semay I, Lemaur V, Gekière A, Vanderplanck M, Duez P, Michez D, Gerbaux P. Evaluation of Tandem Mass Spectrometry Experiments in the Negative Ionization Mode for Phenolamide Regioisomer Characterization. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1274-1283. [PMID: 37133415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenolamides are abundant specialized metabolites found in nature and consist of hydroxycinnamic acids mono- or polyconjugated with polyamines. Their participation in flower development is well-documented, and their presence in pollen raises the question of their role in pollen/pollinator interactions. The structural characterization of phenolamides is complicated by the presence of positional isomers and stereoisomers. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ionization mode is becoming very popular in phenolamide structural characterization. However, collision-induced transamidation processes that cause the swapping of side chains have been detected, making it difficult to distinguish regioisomers with this technique. In the present report, we explore the dissociation processes undergone by the [M - H]- ions of spermidine-based phenolamides as model compounds. We describe two original competitive dissociation routes, namely, the phenolate and imidate pathways, to account for the observed fragmentation reactions undergone by collisional activated standard phenolamide anions. Whereas the phenolate pathway is regioselective at the central position for spermidine, the imidate pathway, requiring a deprotonated amide, only occurs at the extremities. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments on negatively charged phenolamide ions may then outperform their positive ionization mode counterparts for the distinction between phenolamide regioisomers and globally for the identification of phenolamides in natural extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Semay
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (S2MOs), Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Antoine Gekière
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Maryse Vanderplanck
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Duez
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (S2MOs), Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition of Mahewu (a Southern African Fermented Food Product) Derived from White and Yellow Maize (Zea mays) with Different Inocula. FERMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mahweu is an important indigenous beverage for many low-income and undernourished consumers in southern Africa. As a result, the nutritional and phytochemical profile of mahewu samples (obtained using optimized fermentation and boiling conditions from a previous study) as well as their related raw materials (white and yellow maize) were investigated. At these conditions, white and yellow maize mahewu (WM and YM) were prepared utilizing various inocula including sorghum malt, wheat, millet malt, or maize malt, and the pH, titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solid (TSS), and proximate analysis were determined. The mineral content, amino acid composition, and phenolic compound profile were also investigated using inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS), respectively. Fermentation was observed to have influenced the proximate composition of obtained mahewu samples compared to the raw flour with significant (p ≤ 0.05) improvement in protein from 8.59 to 9.7% (YM) and 8.78 to 9% (WM) as well as carbohydrate from 72.27 to 74.47% (YM) and 71.15 to 72.65% (WM). Sodium, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc were the minerals detected in the mahewu samples, while potassium was the most abundant mineral, having values ranging from 3051.61 to 3283.38 mg/kg (YM) and 2882.11 to 3129.97 mg/kg (WM). Heavy metals detected in this study were all below the recommended tolerable levels by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Arginine and leucine with values ranging from 0.47 to 0.52 g/100 g (YM) and 0.48 to 0.53 g/100 g (WM) as well as 0.91 to 1.04 g/100 g (YM) and 0.95 to 1.01 g/100 g (WM), respectively, were the most abundant essential amino acids, whereas for non-essential amino acids, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, and proline were observed to be abundant. Based on the different inocula, the derived mahewu samples prepared using either white or yellow maize have varying nutritional and health beneficial components and the choice of inocula might still be determined by consumer preference.
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Tsafack PB, Tsopmo A. Effects of bioactive molecules on the concentration of biogenic amines in foods and biological systems. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10456. [PMID: 36105466 PMCID: PMC9465362 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs) are a group of molecules naturally present in foods that contain amino acids, peptides, and proteins as well as in biological systems. In foods, their concentrations typically increase during processing and storage because of exposure to microorganisms that catalyze their formation by releasing amino acid decarboxylases. The concentrations of BAs above certain values are indicative of unsafe foods due to associate neuronal toxicity, allergenic reactions, and increase risks of cardiovascular diseases. There are therefore various strategies that focus on the control of BAs in foods mostly through elimination, inactivation, or inhibition of the growth of microorganisms. Increasingly, there are works on bioactive compounds that can decrease the concentration of BAs through their antimicrobial activity as well as the inhibition of decarboxylating enzymes that control their formation in foods or amine oxidases and N-acetyltransferase that control the degradation in vivo. This review focusses on the role of food-derived bioactive compounds and the mechanism by which they regulate the concentration of BAs. The findings are that most active molecules belong to polyphenols, one of the largest groups of plant secondary metabolites, additionally other useful +compounds are present in extracts of different herbs and spices. Different mechanisms have been proposed for the effects of polyphenols depending on the model system. Studies on the effects in vivo are limited and there is a lack of bioavailability and transport data which are important to assess the importance of the bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Blondin Tsafack
- Nutrition and Functional Food, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accorso, 16, Camerino, Italy
| | - Apollinaire Tsopmo
- Food Science and Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, K1S 5B6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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Doppler M, Bueschl C, Ertl F, Woischitzschlaeger J, Parich A, Schuhmacher R. Towards a broader view of the metabolome: untargeted profiling of soluble and bound polyphenols in plants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7421-7433. [PMID: 35678834 PMCID: PMC9482910 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine (Phe) is a central precursor for numerous secondary plant metabolites with a multitude of biological functions. Recent studies on the fungal disease Fusarium head blight in wheat showed numerous Phe-derived defence metabolites to be induced in the presence of the pathogen. These studies also suggest a partial incorporation of Phe-derived secondary metabolites into the cell wall. To broaden the view of the metabolome to bound Phe derivatives, an existing approach using 13C-labelled Phe as tracer was extended. The developed workflow consists of three successive extractions with an acidified acetonitrile-methanol-water mixture to remove the soluble plant metabolites, followed by cell wall hydrolysis with 4M aqueous NaOH, acidification with aqueous HCl, and liquid-liquid extraction of the hydrolysate with ethyl acetate. The untargeted screening of Phe-derived metabolites revealed 156 soluble compounds and 90 compounds in the hydrolysed samples including known cell wall constituents like ferulic acid, coumaric acid, and tricin. Forty-nine metabolites were found exclusively in the hydrolysate. The average cumulative extraction yield of the soluble metabolites was 99.6%, with a range of 91.8 to 100%. Repeatability coefficients of variation of the protocol ranged from 10.5 to 25.9%, with a median of 16.3%. To demonstrate the suitability of the proposed method for a typical metabolomics application, mock-treated and Fusarium graminearum-treated wheat samples were compared. The study revealed differences between the hydrolysates of the two sample types, confirming the differential incorporation of Phe-derived metabolites into the cell wall under infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Doppler
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria. .,Core Facility Bioactive Molecules: Screening and Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Florian Ertl
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jakob Woischitzschlaeger
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexandra Parich
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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7
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Nunes Alves Paim LF, Dos Santos PR, Patrocinio Toledo CA, Minello L, Lima da Paz JR, Castro Souza V, Salvador M, Moura S. Four almost unexplored species of Brazilian Connarus (Connaraceae): Chemical composition by ESI-QTof-MS/MS-GNPS and a pharmacologic potential. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:286-302. [PMID: 34510611 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Species of Connaraceae are globally used in traditional medicines. However, several of these have not been studied regarding their chemical composition, and some are even at risk of extinction without proper studies. Therefore, the chemical composition and pharmacological potential of Connarus blanchetii Planch., Connarus nodosus Baker, Connarus regnellii G. Schellenb., and Connarus suberosus Planch., which were previously unknown, were analyzed. OBJECTIVE This work aims to investigate the pharmacological potential of these four Connarus species. The chemical composition of different extracts was determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), with subsequent analysis by the GNPS platform and competitive fragmentation modeling (CFM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Leaf extracts (C. blanchetii, C. nodosus, C. regnellii, and C. suberosus) and bark extracts (C. regnellii and C. suberosus) were obtained by decoction, infusion, and maceration. LC/HRMS data were submitted to the GNPS platform and evaluated using CFM in order to confirm the structures. RESULTS The HRMS-GNPS/CFM analysis indicated the presence of 23 compounds that were mainly identified as phenolic derivatives from quercetin and myricetin, of which 21 are unedited in the Connarus genus. Thus, from the analyses performed, we can identify different compounds with pharmacological potential, as well as the most suitable forms of extraction. CONCLUSION Using HRMS-GNPS/CFM, 21 unpublished compounds were identified in the studied species. Therefore, our combination of data analysis techniques can be used to determine their chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Roberto Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luana Minello
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius Castro Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"-ESALQ, University of São Paulo-USP, Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvador
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Moura
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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Elisa DH, Marcela GM, Janet Alejandra GU, Martha Elena DH. The nutraceutical value of maize (Zea mays L.) landraces and the determinants of its variability: A review. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bento-Silva A, Duarte N, Belo M, Mecha E, Carbas B, Brites C, Vaz Patto MC, Bronze MR. Shedding Light on the Volatile Composition of Broa, a Traditional Portuguese Maize Bread. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101396. [PMID: 34680029 PMCID: PMC8533067 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Portugal, maize has been used for centuries to produce an ethnic bread called broa, employing traditional maize varieties, which are preferred by the consumers in detriment of commercial hybrids. In order to evaluate the maize volatiles that can influence consumers’ acceptance of broas, twelve broas were prepared from twelve maize varieties (eleven traditional and one commercial hybrid), following a traditional recipe. All maize flours and broas were analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS (headspace solid-phase microextraction) and broas were appraised by a consumer sensory panel. In addition, the major soluble phenolics and total carotenoids contents were quantitated in order to evaluate their influence as precursors or inhibitors of volatile compounds. Results showed that the major volatiles detected in maize flours and broas were aldehydes and alcohols, derived from lipid oxidation, and some ketones derived from carotenoids’ oxidation. Both lipid and carotenoids’ oxidation reactions appeared to be inhibited by soluble phenolics. In contrast, phenolic compounds appeared to increase browning reactions during bread making and, consequently, the production of pyranones. Traditional samples, especially those with higher contents in pyranones and lower contents in aldehydes, were preferred by the consumer sensory panel. These findings suggest that, without awareness, consumers prefer broas prepared from traditional maize flours with higher contents in health-promoting phenolic compounds, reinforcing the importance of preserving these valuable genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Bento-Silva
- FCT NOVA, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus da Caparica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.B.); (E.M.); (M.C.V.P.)
- DCFM, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- iMed.ULisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Noélia Duarte
- iMed.ULisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Maria Belo
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.B.); (E.M.); (M.C.V.P.)
| | - Elsa Mecha
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.B.); (E.M.); (M.C.V.P.)
| | - Bruna Carbas
- INIAV, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Carla Brites
- INIAV, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.B.); (E.M.); (M.C.V.P.)
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.B.); (E.M.); (M.C.V.P.)
- iMed.ULisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Apartado 12, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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10
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Bento-Silva A, Duarte N, Mecha E, Belo M, Serra AT, Vaz Patto MC, Bronze MR. Broa, an Ethnic Maize Bread, as a Source of Phenolic Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:672. [PMID: 33925894 PMCID: PMC8145897 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is an important source of phenolic compounds, specially hydroxycinnamic acids, which are widely known for their antioxidant activity and associated health benefits. However, these effects depend on their bioaccessibility, which is influenced by the different techniques used for food processing. Several traditional products can be obtained from maize and, in Portugal, it is used for the production of an ethnic bread called broa. In order to evaluate the effect of processing on maize phenolic composition, one commercial hybrid and five open-pollinated maize flours and broas were studied. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu and ORAC assays, respectively. The major phenolics, namely ferulic and p-coumaric acids (in their soluble-free, soluble-conjugated and insoluble forms), insoluble ferulic acid dimers and soluble hydroxycinnamic acid amides were quantitated. Results show that the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and hydroxycinnamic acids resisted traditional processing conditions used in the production of broas. The content in soluble-free phenolics increased after processing, meaning that their bioaccessibility improved. Portuguese traditional broas, produced with open-pollinated maize varieties, can be considered an interesting dietary source of antioxidant compounds due to the higher content in hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Bento-Silva
- FCT NOVA, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus da Caparica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (E.M.); (M.B.); (M.C.V.P.)
- FFULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Noélia Duarte
- iMed.ULisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Elsa Mecha
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (E.M.); (M.B.); (M.C.V.P.)
| | - Maria Belo
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (E.M.); (M.B.); (M.C.V.P.)
| | - Ana Teresa Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta-do-Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Apartado 12, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (E.M.); (M.B.); (M.C.V.P.)
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (E.M.); (M.B.); (M.C.V.P.)
- iMed.ULisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta-do-Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Apartado 12, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
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