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Singhal R, Sarangi MK, Rath G. Injectable Hydrogels: A Paradigm Tailored with Design, Characterization, and Multifaceted Approaches. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2400049. [PMID: 38577905 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Biomaterials denoting self-healing and versatile structural integrity are highly curious in the biomedicine segment. The injectable and/or printable 3D printing technology is explored in a few decades back, which can alter their dimensions temporarily under shear stress, showing potential healing/recovery tendency with patient-specific intervention toward the development of personalized medicine. Thus, self-healing injectable hydrogels (IHs) are stunning toward developing a paradigm for tissue regeneration. This review comprises the designing of IHs, rheological characterization and stability, several benchmark consequences for self-healing IHs, their translation into tissue regeneration of specific types, applications of IHs in biomedical such as anticancer and immunomodulation, wound healing and tissue/bone regeneration, antimicrobial potentials, drugs, gene and vaccine delivery, ocular delivery, 3D printing, cosmeceuticals, and photothermal therapy as well as in other allied avenues like agriculture, aerospace, electronic/electrical industries, coating approaches, patents associated with therapeutic/nontherapeutic avenues, and numerous futuristic challenges and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Singhal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Malhaur Railway Station Road, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Sarangi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Malhaur Railway Station Road, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751030, India
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Anees Ur Rehman Qureshi M, Arshad N, Rasool A, Janjua NK, Butt MS, Naqeeb Ur Rehman Qureshi M, Ismail H. Kappa-carrageenan and sodium alginate-based pH-responsive hydrogels for controlled release of methotrexate. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231952. [PMID: 38660601 PMCID: PMC11040253 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in medical sciences, modern man is still fighting the battle against cancer. In 2022, only in the USA, 640 000 deaths and 2 370 000 patients were reported because of cancer. Chemotherapy is the most widely used for cancer treatments. However, chemotherapeutics have severe physicochemical side effects. Therefore, we have prepared poly(amididoamine) dendrimeric carrageenan (CG), sodium alginate (SA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels by using solution casting methodology. The constituents of hydrogels were cross-linked by mutable quantity of 3-aminopropyl(diethoxy)methyl silane (APDMS). Hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. Hydrogels exhibited higher swelling volumes in 5-7 pH range. In vitro biodegradation in ribonuclease-A solution and cytocompatibility analysis against DF-1 fibroblasts established their biodegradable and non-toxic nature, which enables them as a suitable carrier for chemotherapeutic compounds. Hence, methotrexate (MTX) as a model drug was loaded on CAP-8 hydrogel and its release was detected by the UV-visible spectrophotometer in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. In 13.5 h, 81.25% and 77.23% of MTX were released at pH 7.4 (blood pH) and 5.3 (tumour pH) in PBS, respectively. MTX was released by super case II mechanism and best fitted to zero-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The synthesized APDMS cross-linked CG/SA/PVA dendrimeric hydrogels could be an efficient model platform for the effective delivery of MTX in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasima Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Atta Rasool
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Shoaib Butt
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Hammad Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700 , Pakistan
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Sokołowska JJ. Durability of Concrete with Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) Assessed Using Depth of Carbonation and NDT Ultrasonic Methods. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:906. [PMID: 38399157 PMCID: PMC10890476 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The paper concerns destructive and non-destructive (NDT) evaluation of the effect of the addition of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) used as a carrier of mixing water and a means of internal curing on the durability of concrete. The research concerns testing of five concretes-an ordinary reference concrete and four concretes differing in the content of mixing water introduced into the concrete mix in the form of pre-saturated SAP particles (25%, two variants of 50% and 75% of the total mixing water in the form of SAP hydrogel). The research consisted of 4 stages of tests. The subsequent stages involved the analysis of the effect of using SAP as a carrier of mixing water on the particular characteristics of concrete mix and hardened concrete, i.e., consistency and density of concrete mix (1st stage), carbonation tested using two indicators-phenolphthalein and thymol phenolphthalein (2nd stage), and finally: the homogeneity of the concretes' structure by means of ultrasonic method (determination of ultrasonic pulse velocity) 28 days after production (3rd stage) and 3 years after production (4th stage). The ultrasonic pulse (or wave) velocity was then correlated with the content of water applied in the form of SAP hydrogel. The statistical analysis of results showed that the method of introducing the mixing water into the concrete mix in the form of pre-absorbed superabsorbent polymer, although it changed the concrete mix consistency, did not significantly affect the concrete ability to resist carbonation. Meanwhile, after 3 years, the densification of the microstructure of concrete with SAP has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Julia Sokołowska
- Department of Building Materials Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 16 Armii Ludowej, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Bhuyan MM, Jeong JH. Gamma Radiation-Induced Advanced 2,3-Dimethylacrylic Acid-(2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic Acid) Superabsorbent Hydrogel: Synthesis and Characterization. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050426. [PMID: 37233017 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma radiation technique for the preparation of pure hydrogels is gaining popularity worldwide. Superabsorbent hydrogels play vital roles in different fields of application. The present work mainly focuses on the preparation and characterization of 2,3-Dimethylacrylic acid-(2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) (DMAA-AMPSA) superabsorbent hydrogel by applying gamma radiation and optimization of the proper dose. To prepare DMAA-AMPSA hydrogel, different doses ranging from 2 kGy to 30 kGy were imparted on the blend aqueous solution of the monomers. The equilibrium swelling increases with increasing radiation dose, followed by decreasing after reaching a certain level, and the highest result is found to be 26,324.9% at 10 kGy. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of co-polymer by showing the characteristic functional groups and proton environment of the gel. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates the crystalline/amorphous nature of the gel. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) revealed the thermal stability of the gel. The surface morphology and constitutional elements were analyzed and confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Finally, it can be stated that hydrogels can be usable in metal adsorption, drug delivery, and other relevant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Murshed Bhuyan
- Thermal-Fluid Energy Machine Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Thermal-Fluid Energy Machine Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Manaila E, Demeter M, Calina IC, Craciun G. NaAlg-g-AA Hydrogels: Candidates in Sustainable Agriculture Applications. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040316. [PMID: 37102928 PMCID: PMC10138036 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the degradation of agricultural soil due to various factors should be a major concern for everyone. In this study, a new sodium alginate-g-acrylic acid-based hydrogel was developed simultaneously by cross-linking and grafting with accelerated electrons to be used as soil remediation. The effect of irradiation dose and NaAlg contents on the gel fraction, network and structural parameters, sol-gel analysis, swelling power, and swelling kinetics of NaAlg-g-AA hydrogels have been investigated. It was demonstrated that NaAlg hydrogels show significative swelling power that is greatly dependent on their composition and irradiation dose; they keep the structure and are not degraded in different pH conditions and different water sources. Diffusion data revealed a non-Fickian transport mechanism (0.61-0.99) also specific to cross-linked hydrogels. The prepared hydrogels were proved as excellent candidates in sustainable agriculture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Manaila
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Maria Demeter
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ion Cosmin Calina
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Gabriela Craciun
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
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Bhuyan MM, Jeong JH. Synthesis and Characterization of Gamma Radiation Induced Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride-Acrylic Acid-(3-Acrylamidopropyl) Trimethylammonium Chloride Superabsorbent Hydrogel. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020159. [PMID: 36826329 PMCID: PMC9956196 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The gamma radiation technique is simple and time-saving for the synthesis of pure hydrogels. The present work focuses on synthesizing and characterizing Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride-Acrylic acid-(3-Acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium Chloride (DADMAC-AAc-APTAC) superabsorbent hydrogels. The hydrogels were synthesized by applying gamma radiation of different doses (2 kGy to 30 kGy) to two different compositions of monomers. The equilibrium swelling was found to be 33483.48% of dried gel for a 1:0.5:1 composition ratio of monomers at a 2 kGy radiation dose. Therefore, on the basis of equilibrium swelling, 2 kGy is the optimum radiation dose for synthesizing the hydrogel. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization techniques were used to analyze and confirm the structure of the hydrogel. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) clearly showed the thermal stability and surface morphology of the gel. Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrogels can be used in metal adsorption, drug delivery, and other fields of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Murshed Bhuyan
- Research Institute of Environment for Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Thermal-Fluid Energy Machine Lab., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342, Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (M.M.B.); (J.-H.J.); Tel./Fax: +82-42-750-5654 (J.-H.J.)
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Thermal-Fluid Energy Machine Lab., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342, Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (M.M.B.); (J.-H.J.); Tel./Fax: +82-42-750-5654 (J.-H.J.)
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Hashmi S, Ahmed R, Rehman AU, García-Peñas A, Zahoor A, Khan F, Vatankhah-Varnosfaderani M, Alshahrani T, Stadler FJ. Study of the synergistic influence of zwitterionic interactions and graphene oxide on water diffusion mechanism and mechanical properties in hybrid hydrogel network. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137710. [PMID: 36592834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid hydrogels based on n-isopropylacrylamide, zwitterionic comonomer, and graphene oxide were synthesized to study their physical and mechanical properties. The compositional variation largely influenced the swelling characteristics of the hybrid hydrogels compared to mechanical properties, i.e., elongation and compression. Additionally, Rheometric swelling measurements on the swollen hydrogels were performed until they reached equilibrium showed a very low phase angle δ indicating strong covalent network, which intrun increases with increasing content of zwitterions and GO. Swelling kinetics were studied and found to follow Fickian dynamics, albeit zwitterion-containing gels showed a peculiar 2-step swelling pattern. Interestingly, differences in the swelling mechanism are also clear for the hydrogels with 2D GO (Graphene oxide) nano-fillers from its 1D nano-filler CNTs (Carbon nanotubes). In elongation, the samples break in a brittle fashion at Hencky strains εmax around 0.4-0.65 with the maximum stress being observed for samples with high Zw-content and 0.2% GO, which can be explained by the stress-rising properties of sharp edges of GO. In contrast, the data in compression profits from higher GO-contents as crack growth is less important in this deformation mode. This work will contribute to future composite gel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud Hashmi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Department of Polymer & Petrochemical Engineering NED University of Engineering & Technology, Pakistan
| | - Rafiq Ahmed
- Department of Polymer & Petrochemical Engineering NED University of Engineering & Technology, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Alberto García-Peñas
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química (IAAB), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Awan Zahoor
- Department of Polymer & Petrochemical Engineering NED University of Engineering & Technology, Pakistan
| | - Firoz Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Thamraa Alshahrani
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Florian J Stadler
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Tuning of Optical Stopband Wavelength and Effective Bandwidth of Gel-Immobilized Colloidal Photonic Crystal Films. Gels 2023; 9:gels9010056. [PMID: 36661822 PMCID: PMC9857892 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that both the optical stopband wavelength and effective bandwidth of films of gel-immobilized loosely packed colloidal photonic crystals can be controlled over a wide range. When the gelation reagent of the charge-stabilized colloidal crystals was photopolymerized under ultraviolet light using different upper- and bottom-light intensities, it resulted in a gel-immobilized colloidal crystal film with a broadened Bragg reflection peak. Moreover, the width of the Bragg peak increased from 30 to 190 nm as the difference between the light intensities increased. Films with wider Bragg peaks exhibited a brighter reflection color because of the superposition of the shifted Bragg reflections. Furthermore, the Bragg wavelength could be varied over a wide range (500-650 nm) while maintaining the same broadened effective bandwidth by varying the swelling solvent concentration. These findings will expand the applicability of colloidal crystals for use in photonic devices and color pigments.
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Brăzdaru L, Staicu T, Albu Kaya MG, Chelaru C, Ghica C, Cîrcu V, Leca M, Ghica MV, Micutz M. 3D Porous Collagen Matrices-A Reservoir for In Vitro Simultaneous Release of Tannic Acid and Chlorhexidine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010076. [PMID: 36678705 PMCID: PMC9865545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of wounds occurring accidentally or as a result of chronic diseases most frequently requires the use of appropriate dressings, mainly to ensure tissue regeneration/healing, at the same time as treating or preventing potential bacterial infections or superinfections. Collagen type I-based scaffolds in tandem with adequate antimicrobials can successfully fulfill these requirements. In this work, starting from the corresponding hydrogels, we prepared a series of freeze-dried atelocollagen type I-based matrices loaded with tannic acid (TA) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHDG) as active agents with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and also as crosslinkers for the collagen network. The primary aim of this study was to design an original and reliable algorithm to in vitro monitor and kinetically analyze the simultaneous release of TA and CHDG from the porous matrices into an aqueous solution of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4, 37 °C) containing micellar carriers of a cationic surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, HTAB) as a release environment that roughly mimics human extracellular fluids in living tissues. Around this central idea, a comprehensive investigation of the lyophilized matrices (morpho-structural characterization through FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, swelling behavior, resistance against the collagenolytic action of collagenase type I) was carried out. The kinetic treatment of the release data displayed a preponderance of non-Fickian-Case II diffusion behavior, which led to a general anomalous transport mechanism for both TA and CHDG, irrespective of their concentrations. This is equivalent to saying that the release regime is not governed only by the gradient concentration of the releasing components inside and outside the matrix (like in ideal Fickian diffusion), but also, to a large extent, by the relaxation phenomena of the collagen network (determined, in turn, by its crosslinking degree induced by TA and CHDG) and the dynamic capacity of the HTAB micelles to solubilize the two antimicrobials. By controlling the degree of physical crosslinking of collagen with a proper content of TA and CHDG loaded in the matrix, a tunable, sustainable release profile can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Brăzdaru
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodora Staicu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Ciprian Chelaru
- Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Mincu St., 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ghica
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 105 bis Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Viorel Cîrcu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Minodora Leca
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Violeta Ghica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marin Micutz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, Romanian Academy, 202 Spl. Independenţei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (M.M.)
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Editorial on Special Issue "Advances in Hydrogels". Gels 2022; 8:gels8120787. [PMID: 36547311 PMCID: PMC9777966 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are a class of soft materials with crosslinked network structures [...].
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γ-Irradiation crosslinking of graphene oxide/cellulose nanofiber/poly (acrylic acid) hydrogel as a urea sensing patch. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:1037-1046. [PMID: 35714553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) nanocomposite hydrogel was fabricated as a sensing patch for non-invasive dual detection of urea in sweat. The hydrogel was prepared by γ-irradiation crosslinking of PAA solution incorporated with graphene oxide (GO) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF). With high water-sorption capacity and transparency, the hydrogel was suitable to accommodate coloring reagents and enzymes for colorimetric sensing of urea in sweat. The colorimetric sensor exhibited vivid color change towards the increase of urea concentration in a linear range of 40-80 mM covering a cut-off value (60 mM) for chronic kidney disease (CKD) indication. Furthermore, the hydrogel could be directly applied as a substrate for direct quantitation of urea in sweat by laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy (LDI-MS). While CNF improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogel, GO played a key role in enhancing laser desorption ionization of urea in LDI-MS and increased the hydrogel functionalities. LDI-MS verified that GO/CNF/PAA hydrogel could act as a direct matrix for promoting urea ionization and these results corresponded well with the colorimetric sensor. Hence, this hydrogel patch might be a potential material to be applied in non-invasive and dual-detection of CKD in medical diagnosis.
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