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Petelinšek N, Mommer S. Tough Hydrogels for Load-Bearing Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307404. [PMID: 38225751 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Tough hydrogels have emerged as a promising class of materials to target load-bearing applications, where the material has to resist multiple cycles of extreme mechanical impact. A variety of chemical interactions and network architectures are used to enhance the mechanical properties and fracture mechanics of hydrogels making them stiffer and tougher. In recent years, the mechanical properties of tough, high-performance hydrogels have been benchmarked, however, this is often incomplete as important variables like water content are largely ignored. In this review, the aim is to clarify the reported mechanical properties of state-of-the-art tough hydrogels by providing a comprehensive library of fracture and mechanical property data. First, common methods for mechanical characterization of such high-performance hydrogels are introduced. Then, various modes of energy dissipation to obtain tough hydrogels are discussed and used to categorize the individual datasets helping to asses the material's (fracture) mechanical properties. Finally, current applications are considered, tough high-performance hydrogels are compared with existing materials, and promising future opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Petelinšek
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Mommer
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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Kim YW, Park JM, Park CS, Na H, Kang YW, Lee W, Sun JY. Anisotropically Conductive Hydrogels with Directionally Aligned PEDOT:PSS in a PVA Matrix. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4013-4023. [PMID: 38189267 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrical anisotropy, which is characterized by the efficient transmission of electrical signals in specific directions, is prevalent in both natural and engineered systems. However, traditional anisotropically conductive materials are often rigid and dry, thus limiting their utility in applications aiming for the seamless integration of various technologies with biological tissues. In the present study, we introduce a method for precisely controlling the microstructures of conductive and insulating polymers to create highly anisotropically conductive composite hydrogels. Our methodology involves combining aligned poly(vinyl alcohol) microfibrils, infused poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate, and sodium citrate precipitation to form dense, aligned conductive paths. This significantly enhances the electrical conductivity anisotropy (σ∥/σ⊥ ≈ 60.8) within these composite hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Man Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonuk Na
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseop Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Peng S, Cao X, Sun Y, Chen L, Ma C, Yang L, Zhao H, Liu Q, Liu Z, Ma C. Polyurethane Shape Memory Polymer/pH-Responsive Hydrogel Hybrid for Bi-Function Synergistic Actuations. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050428. [PMID: 37233019 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive actuating hydrogels response to the external stimulus with complex deformation behaviors based on the programmable anisotropic structure design are one of the most important smart soft materials, which have great potential applications in artificial muscles, smart values, and mini-robots. However, the anisotropic structure of one actuating hydrogel can only be programmed one time, which can only provide single actuating performance, and subsequently, has severely limited their further applications. Herein, we have explored a novel SMP/hydrogel hybrid actuator through combining polyurethane shape memory polymer (PU SMP) layer and pH-responsive polyacrylic-acid (PAA) hydrogel layer by a napkin with UV-adhesive. Owing to both the super-hydrophilicity and super-lipophilicity of the cellulose-fiber based napkin, the SMP and the hydrogel can be bonded firmly by the UV-adhesive in the napkin. More importantly, this bilayer hybrid 2D sheet can be programmed by designing a different temporary shape in heat water which can be fixed easily in cool water to achieve various fixed shapes. This hybrid with a fixed temporary shape can achieve complex actuating performance based on the bi-functional synergy of temperature-triggered SMP and pH-responsive hydrogel. The relatively high modulus PU SMP achieved high to 87.19% and 88.92% shape-fixing ratio, respectively, correspond to bending and folding shapes. The hybrid actuator can actuate with the 25.71 °/min actuating speed. Most importantly, one SMP/hydrogel bi-layer hybrid sheet was repeatedly programmed at least nine times in our research to fix various temporary 1D, 2D and 3D shapes, including bending, folding and spiraling shapes. As a result, only one SMP/hydrogel hybrid can provide various complex stimuli-responsive actuations, including the reversable bending-straightening, spiraling-unspiraling. A few of the intelligent devices have been designed to simulate the movement of the natural organisms, such as bio-mimetic "paw", "pangolin" and "octopus". This work has developed a new SMP/hydrogel hybrid with excellent multi-repeatable (≥9 times) programmability for high-level complex actuations, including the 1D to 2D bending and the 2D to 3D spiraling actuations, which also provides a new strategy to design other new soft intelligent materials and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ye Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Safe Evaluation and Research of Degradable Material for State Market Regulation, Products Quality Supervision and Testing Institute of Hainan Province, Haikou 570203, China
| | - Qijie Liu
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Medical Devices and Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Medical Devices and Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Chunxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Safe Evaluation and Research of Degradable Material for State Market Regulation, Products Quality Supervision and Testing Institute of Hainan Province, Haikou 570203, China
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Osmanthus Fragrans Loaded NIPAAM Hydrogel Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100659. [PMID: 36286160 PMCID: PMC9601630 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to find long-acting, natural osteogenesis-promoting drug systems. In this study, first the potential targets and mechanism of osmanthus fragrans (O. fragrans) extract in regulating osteogenic differentiation based on autophagy were analyzed by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Then, osmanthus fragrans was extracted using the ethanol reflux method and an osmanthus fragrans extract loaded Poly N-isopropylacrylamide (OF/NIPAAM) hydrogel was prepared by electron beam radiation. The chemical components of the osmanthus fragrans extract and the microstructure of OF/NIPAAM hydrogels were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells MC3T3-E1 were cultured with different concentrations of OF/NIPAAM hydrogel to discover cell proliferation activity by CCK-8 assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were used to observe the differentiation and calcification. Through experimental exploration, we found that a total of 11 targets were predicted, which are TP53, CASP3, SIRT1, etc., and osmanthus fragrans had good binding activity to TP53. In vitro, except for proliferation promotion, OF/NIPAAM hydrogel enhanced ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules of MC3T3-E1 cells at a concentration equal to or less than 62.5 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reduced ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation.
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